1
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Tsuchiya H, Shimada M, Tsukada K, Meng Q, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto Y. THE ROLE OF DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR THROUGH NON-HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING IN THE DOSE-RATE EFFECT IN TERMS OF CLONOGENIC ABILITY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:990-997. [PMID: 36083749 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is generally and widely accepted that the biological effects of a given dose of ionizing radiation, especially those of low linear energy transfer radiations like X-ray and gamma ray, become smaller as the dose rate becomes lower. This phenomenon, known as 'dose-rate effect (DRE),' is considered due to the repair of sublethal damage during irradiation but the precise mechanisms for DRE have remained to be clarified. We recently showed that DRE in terms of clonogenic cell survival is diminished or even inversed in rodent cells lacking Ku, which is one of the essential factors in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here we review and discuss the involvement of NHEJ in DRE, which has potential implications in radiological protection and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Tsuchiya
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kaima Tsukada
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Qingmei Meng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Science at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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2
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Yarnold JR, Brunt AM, Chatterjee S, Somaiah N, Kirby AM. From 25 Fractions to Five: How Hypofractionation has Revolutionised Adjuvant Breast Radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:332-339. [PMID: 35318945 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a sound empirical basis for hypofractionation in radiotherapy for breast cancer. This article reviews the radiobiological implications of hypofractionation in breast cancer derived from a series of clinical trials that began when 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks was commonplace. These trials led first to 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks and, subsequently, to 26 Gy in five fractions over 1 week being adopted as standards of care for many patients prescribed whole- or partial-breast radiotherapy after primary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Yarnold
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A M Brunt
- School of Medicine, University of Keele, Keele, UK
| | - S Chatterjee
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tata Medical Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - N Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - A M Kirby
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
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3
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Brand DH, Kirby AM, Yarnold JR, Somaiah N. How Low Can You Go? The Radiobiology of Hypofractionation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:280-287. [PMID: 35260319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypofractionated radical radiotherapy is now an accepted standard of care for tumour sites such as prostate and breast cancer. Much research effort is being directed towards more profoundly hypofractionated (ultrahypofractionated) schedules, with some reaching UK standard of care (e.g. adjuvant breast). Hypofractionation exerts varying influences on each of the major clinical end points of radiotherapy studies: acute toxicity, late toxicity and local control. This review will discuss these effects from the viewpoint of the traditional 5 Rs of radiobiology, before considering non-canonical radiobiological effects that may be relevant to ultrahypofractionated radiotherapy. The principles outlined here may assist the reader in their interpretation of the wealth of clinical data presented in the tumour site-specific articles in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Brand
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A M Kirby
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J R Yarnold
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N Somaiah
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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4
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Anbalagan S, Ström C, Downs JA, Jeggo PA, McBay D, Wilkins A, Rothkamm K, Harrington KJ, Yarnold JR, Somaiah N. TP53 modulates radiotherapy fraction size sensitivity in normal and malignant cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7119. [PMID: 33782505 PMCID: PMC8007815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in breast and prostate cancer have established that fewer, larger daily doses (fractions) of radiotherapy are safe and effective, but these do not represent personalised dosing on a patient-by-patient basis. Understanding cell and molecular mechanisms determining fraction size sensitivity is essential to fully exploit this therapeutic variable for patient benefit. The hypothesis under test in this study is that fraction size sensitivity is dependent on the presence of wild-type (WT) p53 and intact non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Using single or split-doses of radiation in a range of normal and malignant cells, split-dose recovery was determined using colony-survival assays. Both normal and tumour cells with WT p53 demonstrated significant split-dose recovery, whereas Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts and tumour cells with defective G1/S checkpoint had a large S/G2 component and lost the sparing effect of smaller fractions. There was lack of split-dose recovery in NHEJ-deficient cells and DNA-PKcs inhibitor increased sensitivity to split-doses in glioma cells. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of p53 in fibroblasts reduced split-dose recovery. In summary, cells defective in p53 are less sensitive to radiotherapy fraction size and lack of split-dose recovery in DNA ligase IV and DNA-PKcs mutant cells suggests the dependence of fraction size sensitivity on intact NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Penny A Jeggo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - David McBay
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Wilkins
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John R Yarnold
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK.
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5
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Li S, Miyamoto C, Wang B, Giaddui T, Micaily B, Hollander A, Weiss SE, Weaver M. A unified multi-activation (UMA) model of cell survival curves over the entire dose range for calculating equivalent doses in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), high dose rate brachytherapy (HDRB), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Med Phys 2021; 48:2038-2049. [PMID: 33590493 PMCID: PMC8248130 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Application of linear-quadratic (LQ) model to large fractional dose treatments is inconsistent with observed cell survival curves having a straight portion at high doses. We have proposed a unified multi-activation (UMA) model to fit cell survival curves over the entire dose range that allows us to calculate EQD2 for hypofractionated SBRT, SRT, SRS, and HDRB. METHODS A unified formula of cell survival S = n / e D D o + n - 1 using only the extrapolation number of n and the dose slope of Do was derived. Coefficient of determination, R2 , relative residuals, r, and relative experimental errors, e, normalized to survival fraction at each dose point, were calculated to quantify the goodness in modeling of a survival curve. Analytical solutions for α and β, the coefficients respectively describe the linear and quadratic parts of the survival curve, as well as the α/β ratio for the LQ model and EQD2 at any fractional doses were derived for tumor cells undertaking any fractionated radiation therapy. RESULTS Our proposed model fits survival curves of in-vivo and in-vitro tumor cells with R2 > 0.97 and r < e. The predicted α, β, and α/β ratio are significantly different from their values in the LQ model. Average EQD2 of 20-Gy SRS of glioblastomas and melanomas metastatic to the brain, 10-Gy × 5 SBRT of the lung cancer, and 7-Gy × 5 HDRB of endometrial and cervical carcinomas are 36.7 (24.3-48.5), 114.1 (86.6-173.1),, and 45.5 (35-52.6) Gy, different from the LQ model estimates of 50.0, 90.0, and 49.6 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION Our UMA model validated through many tumor cell lines can fit cell survival curves over the entire dose range within their experimental errors. The unified formula theoretically indicates a common mechanism of cell inactivation and can estimate EQD2 at all dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Curtis Miyamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tawfik Giaddui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bizhan Micaily
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Hollander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Weiss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Falk M, Hausmann M. A Paradigm Revolution or Just Better Resolution-Will Newly Emerging Superresolution Techniques Identify Chromatin Architecture as a Key Factor in Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair Regulation? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E18. [PMID: 33374540 PMCID: PMC7793109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) have been recognized as the most serious lesions in irradiated cells. While several biochemical pathways capable of repairing these lesions have been identified, the mechanisms by which cells select a specific pathway for activation at a given DSB site remain poorly understood. Our knowledge of DSB induction and repair has increased dramatically since the discovery of ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIFs), initiating the possibility of spatiotemporally monitoring the assembly and disassembly of repair complexes in single cells. IRIF exploration revealed that all post-irradiation processes-DSB formation, repair and misrepair-are strongly dependent on the characteristics of DSB damage and the microarchitecture of the whole affected chromatin domain in addition to the cell status. The microscale features of IRIFs, such as their morphology, mobility, spatiotemporal distribution, and persistence kinetics, have been linked to repair mechanisms. However, the influence of various biochemical and structural factors and their specific combinations on IRIF architecture remains unknown, as does the hierarchy of these factors in the decision-making process for a particular repair mechanism at each individual DSB site. New insights into the relationship between the physical properties of the incident radiation, chromatin architecture, IRIF architecture, and DSB repair mechanisms and repair efficiency are expected from recent developments in optical superresolution microscopy (nanoscopy) techniques that have shifted our ability to analyze chromatin and IRIF architectures towards the nanoscale. In the present review, we discuss this relationship, attempt to correlate still rather isolated nanoscale studies with already better-understood aspects of DSB repair at the microscale, and consider whether newly emerging "correlated multiscale structuromics" can revolutionarily enhance our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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7
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Eke I, Zong D, Aryankalayil MJ, Sandfort V, Bylicky MA, Rath BH, Graves EE, Nussenzweig A, Coleman CN. 53BP1/RIF1 signaling promotes cell survival after multifractionated radiotherapy. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1314-1326. [PMID: 31822909 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifractionated irradiation is the mainstay of radiation treatment in cancer therapy. Yet, little is known about the cellular DNA repair processes that take place between radiation fractions, even though understanding the molecular mechanisms promoting cancer cell recovery and survival could improve patient outcome and identify new avenues for targeted intervention. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically characterized how cells respond differentially to multifractionated and single-dose radiotherapy, using a combination of genetics-based and functional approaches. We found that both cancer cells and normal fibroblasts exhibited enhanced survival after multifractionated irradiation compared with an equivalent single dose of irradiation, and this effect was entirely dependent on 53BP1-mediated NHEJ. Furthermore, we identified RIF1 as the critical effector of 53BP1. Inhibiting 53BP1 recruitment to damaged chromatin completely abolished the survival advantage after multifractionated irradiation and could not be reversed by suppressing excessive end resection. Analysis of the TCGA database revealed lower expression of 53BP1 pathway genes in prostate cancer, suggesting that multifractionated radiotherapy might be a favorable option for radio-oncologic treatment in this tumor type. We propose that elucidation of DNA repair mechanisms elicited by different irradiation dosing regimens could improve radiotherapy selection for the individual patient and maximize the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dali Zong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Veit Sandfort
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michelle A Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara H Rath
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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8
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Willers H, Keane FK, Kamran SC. Toward a New Framework for Clinical Radiation Biology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:929-945. [PMID: 31668212 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiation biology has entered the era of precision oncology, and this article reviews time-tested factors that determine the effects of fractionated radiation therapy in a wide variety of tumor types and normal tissues: the association of tumor control with radiation dose, the importance of fractionation and overall treatment time, and the role of tumor hypoxia. Therapeutic gain can only be achieved if the increased tumor toxicity produced by biological treatment modifications is balanced against injury to early-responding and late-responding normal tissues. Developments in precision oncology and immuno-oncology will allow an emphasis on treatment individualization and predictive biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Florence K Keane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. https://twitter.com/KatieKeaneMD
| | - Sophia C Kamran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. https://twitter.com/sophia_kamran
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9
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Peng Q, Lin K, Shen Y, Zhou P, Fan S, Shen Y, Zhu Y. Identification of potential genes and pathways for response prediction of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer by systemic biological analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:492-501. [PMID: 30655792 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by radical surgery is the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no effective biomarkers for predicting patients who may benefit from neoadjuvant treatment. The aim of the current study was to screen potential crucial genes and pathways associated with the response to CRT in rectal cancer, and provide valid biological information to assist further investigation of CRT optimization. In the current study, differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified from the tumor samples of responders and non-responders to neoadjuvant CRT in the GSE35452 gene expression profile. Seven hub genes and one significant module were identified from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Functional enrichment analysis of all the DE genes and the hub genes, retrieved from PPI network analysis, revealed their associations with CRT response. Genes were identified that may be used to discriminate patients who would or would not clinically benefit from neoadjuvant CRT. Several important pathways enriched by the DE genes, hub genes and selected module were identified, and revealed to be closely associated with radiation response, including excision repair, homologous recombination, Ras signaling pathway, the forkhead box O signaling pathway, focal adhesion and the Wnt signaling pathway. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the identified gene signatures and pathways may be used as molecular biomarkers for predicting CRT response. Furthermore, combinations of these biomarkers may be helpful for optimizing CRT treatment and promoting understanding of the molecular basis of response differences; this needs to be confirmed by further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Peng
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Kaisu Lin
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Shaonan Fan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yaqun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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10
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Chernikova SB, Nguyen RB, Truong JT, Mello SS, Stafford JH, Hay MP, Olson A, Solow-Cordero DE, Wood DJ, Henry S, von Eyben R, Deng L, Gephart MH, Aroumougame A, Wiese C, Game JC, Győrffy B, Brown JM. Dynamin impacts homology-directed repair and breast cancer response to chemotherapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5307-5321. [PMID: 30371505 DOI: 10.1172/jci87191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After the initial responsiveness of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) to chemotherapy, they often recur as chemotherapy-resistant tumors, and this has been associated with upregulated homology-directed repair (HDR). Thus, inhibitors of HDR could be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy treatment of these cancers. We performed a high-throughput chemical screen for inhibitors of HDR from which we obtained a number of hits that disrupted microtubule dynamics. We postulated that high levels of the target molecules of our screen in tumors would correlate with poor chemotherapy response. We found that inhibition or knockdown of dynamin 2 (DNM2), known for its role in endocytic cell trafficking and microtubule dynamics, impaired HDR and improved response to chemotherapy of cells and of tumors in mice. In a retrospective analysis, levels of DNM2 at the time of treatment strongly predicted chemotherapy outcome for estrogen receptor-negative and especially for TNBC patients. We propose that DNM2-associated DNA repair enzyme trafficking is important for HDR efficiency and is a powerful predictor of sensitivity to breast cancer chemotherapy and an important target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia B Chernikova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rochelle B Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica T Truong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephano S Mello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason H Stafford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Douglas J Wood
- Data Coordinating Center, Department of Biomedical Data Science, and
| | - Solomon Henry
- Data Coordinating Center, Department of Biomedical Data Science, and
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Asaithamby Aroumougame
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Wiese
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John C Game
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Martin Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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11
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Yadav S, Kowolik CM, Lin M, Zuro D, Hui SK, Riggs AD, Horne DA. SMC1A is associated with radioresistance in prostate cancer and acts by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like properties. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:113-125. [PMID: 30242889 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a pressing health challenge in men worldwide. Radiation therapy (RT) is widely considered a standard therapy for advanced as well as localized prostate cancer. Although this primary therapy is associated with high cancer control rates, up to one-third of patients undergoing radiation therapy becomes radio-resistant and/or has tumor-relapse/recurrence. Therefore, focus on new molecular targets and pathways is essential to develop novel radio-sensitizing agents for the effective and safe treatment of prostate cancer. Here, we describe functional studies that were performed to investigate the role of structural maintenance of chromosome-1 (SMC1A) in radioresistance of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to suppress SMC1A in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, DU145 and PC3. Clonogenic survival assays, Western blot, RT-PCR, and γ-H2AX staining were used to assess the effect of SMC1A knockdown on radiation sensitivity of these prostate cancer cells. We demonstrate that SMC1A is overexpressed in human prostate tumors compared to the normal adjacent tissue. SMC1A knockdown limits the clonogenic potential, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties of DU145 and PC3 cells and enhanced efficacy of RT in these cells. Targeted inhibition of SMC1A not only plays a critical role in overcoming radio-resistance in prostate cancer cells, but also suppresses self-renewal and the tumor-propagating potential of x-irradiated cancer cells. We propose that SMC1A could be a potential molecular target for the development of novel radio-sensitizing therapeutic agents for management of radio-resistant metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Yadav
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.,Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Claudia M Kowolik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Darren Zuro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Susanta K Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - David A Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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12
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Wilkins A, Melcher A, Somaiah N. Science in Focus: Biological Optimisation of Radiotherapy Fraction Size in an Era of Immune Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:605-608. [PMID: 30041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wilkins
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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13
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Wilkins AC, Gusterson B, Szijgyarto Z, Haviland J, Griffin C, Stuttle C, Daley F, Corbishley CM, Dearnaley DP, Hall E, Somaiah N. Ki67 Is an Independent Predictor of Recurrence in the Largest Randomized Trial of 3 Radiation Fractionation Schedules in Localized Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:309-315. [PMID: 29559283 PMCID: PMC5947826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether the cellular proliferation marker Ki67 provides prognostic information and predicts response to radiation therapy fractionation in patients with localized prostate tumors participating in a randomized trial of 3 radiation therapy fractionation schedules (74 Gy/37 fractions vs 60 Gy/20 fractions vs 57 Gy/19 fractions). METHODS AND MATERIALS A matched case-control study design was used; patients with biochemical/clinical failure >2 years after radiation therapy (BCR) were matched 1:1 to patients without recurrence using established prognostic factors (Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen, tumor stage) and fractionation schedule. Immunohistochemistry was used to stain diagnostic biopsy specimens for Ki67, which were scored using the unweighted global method. Conditional logistic regression models estimated the prognostic value of mean and maximum Ki67 scores on BCR risk. Biomarker-fractionation interaction terms determined whether Ki67 was predictive of BCR by fractionation. RESULTS Using 173 matched pairs, the median for mean and maximum Ki67 scores were 6.6% (interquartile range, 3.9%-9.8%) and 11.0% (interquartile range, 7.0%-15.0%) respectively. Both scores were significant predictors of BCR in models adjusted for established prognostic factors. Conditioning on matching variables and age, the odds of BCR were estimated to increase by 9% per 1% increase in mean Ki67 score (odds ratio 1.09; 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.15, P = .001). Interaction terms between Ki67 and fractionation schedules were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic Ki67 did not predict BCR according to fractionation schedule in CHHiP; however, it was a strong independent prognostic factor for BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Wilkins
- Institute of Cancer Research-Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden, Sutton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Gusterson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Szijgyarto
- Institute of Cancer Research-Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Haviland
- Institute of Cancer Research-Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Griffin
- Institute of Cancer Research-Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Stuttle
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Daley
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Corbishley
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Dearnaley
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden, Sutton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hall
- Institute of Cancer Research-Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden, Sutton, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Bur H, Haapasaari KM, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Kuittinen O, Auvinen P, Marin K, Soini Y, Karihtala P. Low Rap1-interacting factor 1 and sirtuin 6 expression predict poor outcome in radiotherapy-treated Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:679-689. [PMID: 28786706 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1344840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of histone deacetylases, which widely regulate cellular metabolism and are also involved in DNA repair. Rap1-interacting factor 1 (Rif1) and O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) are DNA-repair enzymes, which may potentially be involved in resistance to treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). We assessed the expression levels of (previously unstudied) SIRT1, SIRT4, SIRT6, Rif1, and MGMT immunohistochemically in 85 patients with untreated classical HL. Aberrant distributions of SIRT1, SIRT4, and SIRT6 were detected in Hodgkin neoplastic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells compared with reactive elements. Low-level expression of both Rif1 and SIRT6 predicted dismal relapse-free survival in radiotherapy-treated patients (multivariate analysis; HR 8.521; 95% CI 1.714-42.358; p = .0088). Expression levels of SIRT1, 4, and 6 were abnormally distributed in RS cells, suggesting a putative role of aberrant acetylation in classical HL carcinogenesis. Rif1 and SIRT6 may also have substantial prognostic and even predictive roles in classical HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bur
- a Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy , Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari
- b Department of Pathology , Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen
- a Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy , Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Outi Kuittinen
- a Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy , Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Päivi Auvinen
- c Department of Oncology , Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Katja Marin
- c Department of Oncology , Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Ylermi Soini
- d Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine , Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Peeter Karihtala
- a Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy , Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
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15
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Liu M, Wang H, Lee S, Liu B, Dong L, Wang Y. DNA repair pathway choice at various conditions immediately post irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:819-822. [PMID: 27622834 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify which DNA double-strand break repair pathway, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination repair (HRR) or both, plays a key role in potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR). METHODS AND MATERIALS Combining published data and our new potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) data, we explain whether similar to sublethal damage repair (SLDR), PLDR also mainly depends on NHEJ versus HRR. The PLDR data used the same cell lines: wild type, HRR or NHEJ-deficient fibroblast cells, as those SLDR data published by our laboratory previously. The PLDR condition that we used was as commonly described by many other groups: the cells were collected immediately or overnight post ionizing radiation for colony formation after cultured to a plateau phase with a low concentration of serum medium. RESULTS Enough data from other groups and our lab showed that wild type or HRR-deficient cells had efficient PLDR, but NHEJ deficient cells did not. CONCLUSION NHEJ contributes more to PLDR than HRR in mammalian cells, which is similar to SLDR. Since both SLDR and PLDR are relevant to clinical tumor status while undergoing radiotherapy, such clarification may benefit radiotherapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , the First Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b Department of Radiation Oncology , School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Solah Lee
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Bailong Liu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , the First Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b Department of Radiation Oncology , School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
| | - Lihua Dong
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , the First Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Ya Wang
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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16
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Seo Y, Tamari K, Yoshioka Y, Isohashi F, Suzuki O, Hayashi K, Takahashi Y, Baek S, Otani K, Ogawa K. Characterization of in vitro radiosensitization in mammalian cells using biomathematical modelling: implications for hypofractionated radiotherapy with a combined modality approach. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20150724. [PMID: 26975496 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether radiosensitization is beneficial when radiotherapy is administered at a high dose per fraction. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of radiation dose on the effectiveness of a broad range of radiosensitizers. METHODS We analyzed 653 pairs of clonogenic survival curves in 285 published articles, in which modifications of radiosensitivity were studied using the colony-forming assay. The modifications of radiosensitivity were arbitrarily classified into 20 classes. The survival curves were fitted to two biomathematical models: the linear-quadratic model and the repair-misrepair (RMR) model. RESULTS We found that radiosensitization was predominantly characterized by an increase of the α value (α-sensitization) without an increase of the β value (β-sensitization). A subset analysis revealed that all 20 classes showed significant α-sensitization. In contrast, only oxygen/hypoxic sensitizers (oxygen) and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibition (PARPi) exhibited β-sensitization. An analysis using the RMR model revealed two major sources of radiosensitization: an increased residual DNA lesion through repair inhibition and a shift from linear repairs to quadratic misrepairs, leading to enhanced lethal chromosomal aberrations. CONCLUSION Oxygen and PARPi were found to show β-sensitization, which was favourable for eliciting a comparable degree of sensitization in the higher dose range. Reduced fidelity of the repair was suggested to be a possible mechanism of β-sensitization. Further study targeting β-sensitization is needed to develop a novel combined modality therapy with high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Radiosensitization can be classified into two groups, α- and β-sensitizations. These two phenomena may stem from distinct underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - SungJae Baek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Otani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Shuryak I. Mechanistic Modeling of Dose and Dose Rate Dependences of Radiation-Induced DNA Double Strand Break Rejoining Kinetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146407. [PMID: 26741137 PMCID: PMC4711806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling of DNA double strand break (DSB) rejoining is important for quantifying and medically exploiting radiation-induced cytotoxicity (e.g. in cancer radiotherapy). Most radiation-induced DSBs are quickly-rejoinable and are rejoined within the first 1–2 hours after irradiation. Others are slowly-rejoinable (persist for several hours), and yet others are essentially unrejoinable (persist for >24 hours). The dependences of DSB rejoining kinetics on radiation dose and dose rate remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that the fraction of slowly-rejoinable and/or unrejoinable DSBs increases with increasing dose/dose rate. This radiation-dependent (RD) model was implemented using differential equations for three DSB classes: quickly-rejoinable, slowly-rejoinable and unrejoinable. Radiation converts quickly-rejoinable to slowly-rejoinable, and slowly-rejoinable to unrejoinable DSBs. We used large published data sets on DSB rejoining in yeast exposed to sparsely-ionizing (electrons and γ-rays, single or split-doses, high or low dose rates) and densely-ionizing (α-particles) radiation to compare the performances of the proposed RD formalism and the established two-lesion kinetic (TLK) model. These yeast DSB rejoining data were measured within the radiation dose range relevant for clonogenic cell survival, whereas in mammalian cells DSB rejoining is usually measured only at supra-lethal doses for technical reasons. The RD model described both sparsely-ionizing and densely-ionizing radiation data much better than the TLK model: by 217 and 14 sample-size-adjusted Akaike information criterion units, respectively. This occurred because: the RD (but not the TLK) model reproduced the observed upwardly-curving dose responses for slowly-rejoinable/unrejoinable DSBs at long times after irradiation; the RD model adequately described DSB yields at both high and low dose rates using one parameter set, whereas the TLK model overestimated low dose rate data. These results support the hypothesis that DSB rejoining is progressively impeded at increasing radiation doses/dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Borrego-Soto G, Ortiz-López R, Rojas-Martínez A. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA injury and damage detection in patients with breast cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2015; 38:420-32. [PMID: 26692152 PMCID: PMC4763322 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738420150019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Radiotherapy is frequently used in patients with breast cancer, but some patients may be more susceptible to ionizing radiation, and increased exposure to radiation sources may be associated to radiation adverse events. This susceptibility may be related to deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms that are activated after cell-radiation, which causes DNA damage, particularly DNA double strand breaks. Some of these genetic susceptibilities in DNA-repair mechanisms are implicated in the etiology of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (pathologic mutations in the BRCA 1 and 2 genes), but other less penetrant variants in genes involved in sporadic breast cancer have been described. These same genetic susceptibilities may be involved in negative radiotherapeutic outcomes. For these reasons, it is necessary to implement methods for detecting patients who are susceptible to radiotherapy-related adverse events. This review discusses mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, genes related to these functions, and the diagnosis methods designed and under research for detection of breast cancer patients with increased radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissela Borrego-Soto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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19
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Yarnold J, Somaiah N, Bliss JM. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in early breast cancer: Clinical, dosimetric and radio-genomic issues. Breast 2015; 24 Suppl 2:S108-13. [PMID: 26249121 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Yarnold
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research & Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research & Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Judith M Bliss
- Clinical Trials and Statistic Unit (ICR-CTSU), Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research & Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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20
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Wilkins A, Dearnaley D, Somaiah N. Genomic and Histopathological Tissue Biomarkers That Predict Radiotherapy Response in Localised Prostate Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:238757. [PMID: 26504789 PMCID: PMC4609338 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Localised prostate cancer, in particular, intermediate risk disease, has varied survival outcomes that cannot be predicted accurately using current clinical risk factors. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is one of the standard curative treatment options for localised disease and its efficacy is related to wide ranging aspects of tumour biology. Histopathological techniques including immunohistochemistry and a variety of genomic assays have been used to identify biomarkers of tumour proliferation, cell cycle checkpoints, hypoxia, DNA repair, apoptosis, and androgen synthesis, which predict response to radiotherapy. Global measures of genomic instability also show exciting capacity to predict survival outcomes following EBRT. There is also an urgent clinical need for biomarkers to predict the radiotherapy fraction sensitivity of different prostate tumours and preclinical studies point to possible candidates. Finally, the increased resolution of next generation sequencing (NGS) is likely to enable yet more precise molecular predictions of radiotherapy response and fraction sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkins
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - David Dearnaley
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
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21
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Somaiah N, Rothkamm K, Yarnold J. Where Do We Look for Markers of Radiotherapy Fraction Size Sensitivity? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2015; 27:570-8. [PMID: 26108884 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The response of human normal tissues to radiotherapy fraction size is often described in terms of cellular recovery, but the causal links between cellular and tissue responses to ionising radiation are not necessarily straightforward. This article reviews the evidence for a cellular basis to clinical fractionation sensitivity in normal tissues and discusses the significance of a long-established inverse association between fractionation sensitivity and proliferative indices. Molecular mechanisms of fractionation sensitivity involving DNA damage repair and cell cycle control are proposed that will probably require modification before being applicable to human cancer. The article concludes by discussing the kind of correlative research needed to test for and validate predictive biomarkers of tumour fractionation sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Somaiah
- The Institute of Cancer Research & The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - K Rothkamm
- University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - J Yarnold
- The Institute of Cancer Research & The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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22
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Liu M, Lee S, Liu B, Wang H, Dong L, Wang Y. Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining as the major pathway contributes to sublethal damage repair in mammalian cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:867-871. [PMID: 26189733 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1075178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sublethal damage repair (SLDR) is a type of repair that occurs in split-dose irradiated cells, which was discovered more than 50 years ago. However, due to conflicting reported data, it remains unclear which DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair, homologous recombination repair (HRR) or both, contributes to SLDR, particularly in human cells. We were interested in clarifying this question. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mammalian cell lines, including human, mouse and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, wild type, deficient in NHEJ or HRR were irradiated with either single dose or two split doses at 2- or 4-h intervals. The clonogenic assay was used to evaluate these cell radiosensitivities. RESULTS All wild-type or HRR-deficient cells (including human, mouse and CHO cells) showed a higher survival rate after exposure to split-dose versus single-dose radiation; however, all classical NHEJ-deficient cells (including human, mouse and hamster cells) did not show any apparent sensitivity changes between single-dose and split-dose irradiation. CONCLUSION Classical NHEJ mainly contributes to SLDR in mammalian cells (including human cells). These results have the potential to improve radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Solah Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Rothkamm K, Barnard S, Moquet J, Ellender M, Rana Z, Burdak-Rothkamm S. DNA damage foci: Meaning and significance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:491-504. [PMID: 25773265 DOI: 10.1002/em.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of DNA damage response proteins such as γH2AX, ATM, 53BP1, RAD51, and the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, that accumulate and/or are modified in the vicinity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break to form microscopically visible, subnuclear foci, has revolutionized the detection of these lesions and has enabled studies of the cellular machinery that contributes to their repair. Double-strand breaks are induced directly by a number of physical and chemical agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs, but can also arise as secondary lesions during replication and DNA repair following exposure to a wide range of genotoxins. Here we aim to review the biological meaning and significance of DNA damage foci, looking specifically at a range of different settings in which such markers of DNA damage and repair are being studied and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ellender
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Rana
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Im MM, Flanagan SA, Ackroyd JJ, Shewach DS. Drug metabolism and homologous recombination repair in radiosensitization with gemcitabine. Radiat Res 2015; 183:114-23. [PMID: 25564718 DOI: 10.1667/rr13807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (difluorodeoxycytidine; dFdCyd) is a potent radiosensitizer, noted for its ability to enhance cytotoxicity with radiation at noncytotoxic concentrations in vitro and subchemotherapeutic doses in patients. Radiosensitization in human tumor cells requires dFdCyd-mediated accumulation of cells in S phase with inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in ≥80% deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) depletion and errors of replication in DNA. Less is known of the role of specific DNA replication and repair pathways in the radiosensitization mechanism. Here the role of homologous recombination (HR) in relationship to the metabolic and cell cycle effects of dFdCyd was investigated using a matched pair of CHO cell lines that are either proficient (AA8 cells) or deficient (irs1SF cells) in HR based on expression of the HR protein XRCC3. The results demonstrated that the characteristics of radiosensitization in the rodent AA8 cells differed significantly from those in human tumor cells. In the AA8 cells, radiosensitization was achieved only under short (≤4 h) cytotoxic incubations, and S-phase accumulation did not appear to be required for radiosensitization. In contrast, human tumor cell lines were radiosensitized using noncytotoxic concentrations of dFdCyd and required early S-phase accumulation. Studies of the metabolic effects of dFdCyd demonstrated low dFdCyd concentrations did not deplete dATP by ≥80% in AA8 and irs1SF cells. However, at higher concentrations of dFdCyd, failure to radiosensitize the HR-deficient irs1SF cells could not be explained by a lack of dATP depletion or lack of S-phase accumulation. Thus, these parameters did not correspond to dFdCyd radiosensitization in the CHO cells. To evaluate directly the role of HR in radiosensitization, XRCC3 expression was suppressed in the AA8 cells with a lentiviral-delivered shRNA. Partial XRCC3 suppression significantly decreased radiosensitization [radiation enhancement ratio (RER) = 1.6 ± 0.15], compared to nontransduced (RER = 2.7 ± 0.27; P = 0.012), and a substantial decrease compared to nonspecific shRNA-transduced (RER = 2.5 ± 0.42; P = 0.056) AA8 cells. Although the results support a role for HR in radiosensitization with dFdCyd in CHO cells, the differences in the underlying metabolic and cell cycle characteristics suggest that dFdCyd radiosensitization in the nontumor-derived CHO cells is mechanistically distinct from that in human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Im
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Mo N, Lu YK, Xie WM, Liu Y, Zhou WX, Wang HX, Nong L, Jia YX, Tan AH, Chen Y, Li SS, Luo BH. Inhibition of autophagy enhances the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by reducing Rad51 expression. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1905-12. [PMID: 25175062 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has long been considered as the mainstay of treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis may occur in some patients due to the radiation resistance of cancer cells. Autophagy plays a vital role in protecting cells against radiation. However, the mechanism of autophagy in radiation therapy remains obscure. In the present study, we demonstrated that suppression of autophagy related 5 (Atg5) aggravated ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in human NPC cells without accelerating the cell cycle, whereas regulation of the cell cycle has been widely regarded as the most important determinant of IR sensitivity. Further study showed that inhibition of autophagy suppressed the mRNA expression of Rad51, a key protein of homologous recombination that has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks induced by radiation. Moreover, suppression of Atg5 had no impact on the radiosensitivity when cells were pre-treated by the Rad51 inhibitor, and the enhanced radiosensitivity by Atg5 suppression was reversed by overexpression of Rad51 in human NPC cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of autophagy enhances the susceptibility of NPC cells to radiation by reducing Rad51 expression. Therefore, Rad51 targeted therapy may be investigated as a potential novel agent for the adjuvant treatment of traditional radiation of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mo
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Kui Lu
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Min Xie
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xian Zhou
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xue Wang
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li Nong
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xian Jia
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Hua Tan
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Hua Luo
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
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Lund-Andersen C, Patzke S, Nähse-Kumpf V, Syljuåsen RG. PLK1-inhibition can cause radiosensitization or radioresistance dependent on the treatment schedule. Radiother Oncol 2014; 110:355-61. [PMID: 24502970 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PLK1-inhibitors are emerging as new potential anticancer agents. It is therefore important to explore the combined effects of PLK1-inhibitors with conventional therapies. Based on the functional roles of PLK1 in both mitosis and the G2 checkpoint, we hypothesized that the treatment schedule might influence the combined effects of PLK1-inhibiton and radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human osteosarcoma U2OS and colorectal cancer HT29 and SW620 cells were treated with the PLK1-inhibitor BI2536 before or after X-ray irradiation (0-6 Gy). Clonogenic assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and mCherry-53BP1 time-lapse imaging were used to assay cell survival, cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair. RESULTS Treatment with the PLK1-inhibitor for 24h before radiation caused cells to accumulate in G2/M and resulted in increased radiosensitivity. In contrast, the cytotoxic effects of the two treatments were less-than-additive when cells were treated with the PLK1-inhibitor for 24h after radiation. This resistance was associated with a prolonged G2 checkpoint causing enhanced repair of the radiation-induced damage and decreased BI2536-mediated mitotic damage. CONCLUSIONS PLK1-inhibitors need to be administrated several hours before radiation to achieve radiosensitization. If PLK1-inhibitors are given after radiation, cell killing is reduced due to the prolonged G2 checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Lund-Andersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Viola Nähse-Kumpf
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jo Armes
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicola J Brown
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Coles
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gary JR Cook
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Deborah F Fenlon
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Claire Foster
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M W Gee
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 4RH, UK
| | - Vicky Goh
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Michelle Harvie
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ingunn Holen
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bharat Jasani
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lesley Ann Martin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sue M Moss
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | | | | | - Carlo Palmieri
- The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher KT10 8NA, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Schmid
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Stein
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine J Watson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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