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Ashfaq A, Clochard MC, Coqueret X, Dispenza C, Driscoll MS, Ulański P, Al-Sheikhly M. Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2877. [PMID: 33266261 PMCID: PMC7760743 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation has become the most effective way to modify natural and synthetic polymers through crosslinking, degradation, and graft polymerization. This review will include an in-depth analysis of radiation chemistry mechanisms and the kinetics of the radiation-induced C-centered free radical, anion, and cation polymerization, and grafting. It also presents sections on radiation modifications of synthetic and natural polymers. For decades, low linear energy transfer (LLET) ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and up to 10 MeV electron beams, has been the primary tool to produce many products through polymerization reactions. Photons and electrons interaction with polymers display various mechanisms. While the interactions of gamma ray and X-ray photons are mainly through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair-production, the interactions of the high-energy electrons take place through coulombic interactions. Despite the type of radiation used on materials, photons or high energy electrons, in both cases ions and electrons are produced. The interactions between electrons and monomers takes place within less than a nanosecond. Depending on the dose rate (dose is defined as the absorbed radiation energy per unit mass), the kinetic chain length of the propagation can be controlled, hence allowing for some control over the degree of polymerization. When polymers are submitted to high-energy radiation in the bulk, contrasting behaviors are observed with a dominant effect of cross-linking or chain scission, depending on the chemical nature and physical characteristics of the material. Polymers in solution are subject to indirect effects resulting from the radiolysis of the medium. Likewise, for radiation-induced polymerization, depending on the dose rate, the free radicals generated on polymer chains can undergo various reactions, such as inter/intramolecular combination or inter/intramolecular disproportionation, b-scission. These reactions lead to structural or functional polymer modifications. In the presence of oxygen, playing on irradiation dose-rates, one can favor crosslinking reactions or promotes degradations through oxidations. The competition between the crosslinking reactions of C-centered free radicals and their reactions with oxygen is described through fundamental mechanism formalisms. The fundamentals of polymerization reactions are herein presented to meet industrial needs for various polymer materials produced or degraded by irradiation. Notably, the medical and industrial applications of polymers are endless and thus it is vital to investigate the effects of sterilization dose and dose rate on various polymers and copolymers with different molecular structures and morphologies. The presence or absence of various functional groups, degree of crystallinity, irradiation temperature, etc. all greatly affect the radiation chemistry of the irradiated polymers. Over the past decade, grafting new chemical functionalities on solid polymers by radiation-induced polymerization (also called RIG for Radiation-Induced Grafting) has been widely exploited to develop innovative materials in coherence with actual societal expectations. These novel materials respond not only to health emergencies but also to carbon-free energy needs (e.g., hydrogen fuel cells, piezoelectricity, etc.) and environmental concerns with the development of numerous specific adsorbents of chemical hazards and pollutants. The modification of polymers through RIG is durable as it covalently bonds the functional monomers. As radiation penetration depths can be varied, this technique can be used to modify polymer surface or bulk. The many parameters influencing RIG that control the yield of the grafting process are discussed in this review. These include monomer reactivity, irradiation dose, solvent, presence of inhibitor of homopolymerization, grafting temperature, etc. Today, the general knowledge of RIG can be applied to any solid polymer and may predict, to some extent, the grafting location. A special focus is on how ionizing radiation sources (ion and electron beams, UVs) may be chosen or mixed to combine both solid polymer nanostructuration and RIG. LLET ionizing radiation has also been extensively used to synthesize hydrogel and nanogel for drug delivery systems and other advanced applications. In particular, nanogels can either be produced by radiation-induced polymerization and simultaneous crosslinking of hydrophilic monomers in "nanocompartments", i.e., within the aqueous phase of inverse micelles, or by intramolecular crosslinking of suitable water-soluble polymers. The radiolytically produced oxidizing species from water, •OH radicals, can easily abstract H-atoms from the backbone of the dissolved polymers (or can add to the unsaturated bonds) leading to the formation of C-centered radicals. These C-centered free radicals can undergo two main competitive reactions; intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinking. When produced by electron beam irradiation, higher temperatures, dose rates within the pulse, and pulse repetition rates favour intramolecular crosslinking over intermolecular crosslinking, thus enabling a better control of particle size and size distribution. For other water-soluble biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and RNA, the abstraction of H atoms or the addition to the unsaturation by •OH can lead to the direct scission of the backbone, double, or single strand breaks of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Marie-Claude Clochard
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS-CNRS- Ecole Polytechnique UMR 7642, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Xavier Coqueret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Istituto di BioFisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mark S. Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Piotr Ulański
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Rahman N, Hossen MS, Miah AR, Marjub MM, Dafader NC, Shahnaz S, Alam MF. Removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using amidoximated non-woven polyethylene-g-acrylonitrile fabric. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:183-194. [PMID: 31297208 PMCID: PMC6582179 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pre-irradiation method was applied to graft acrylonitrile (AN) onto non-woven polyethylene film. Graft yield reached 130% at 70 kGy radiation dose, 60% monomer concentration and 4 h reaction time when H2SO4 was used as an additive. The modification of AN grafted films with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride was done for the preparation of amidoxime adsorbent. The constructed adsorbent was characterized using FTIR, DMA and SEM. The amidoxime adsorbent was used for adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(VI). Adsorption capacity was investigated under different conditions: contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration. The optimum condition for maximum adsorption was found to be contact time 72 h and initial metal concentration 500 ppm for all the metal ions studied and pH 5.2 for Cu(II), 5.4 for Pb(II), 1.5 for Cr(VI). Kinetic adsorption data was elucidated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. The equilibrium experimental data of metal adsorption matched Langmuir isotherm model. From the Langmuir equation, the monolayer saturation adsorption capacity (highest adsorption capacity) of the adsorbent was found to be 74.62 mg/g for Cu(II), 107 mg/g for Pb(II) and 156.25 mg/g for Cr(VI). The thermodynamics of metal adsorption was also investigated. Furthermore, desorption and reuse of the adsorbent film was studied. The results suggest that the adsorbent can be effective for adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Rahman
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G. P. O. Box-3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdur Rahim Miah
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G. P. O. Box-3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nirmal Chandra Dafader
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G. P. O. Box-3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. Shahnaz
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G. P. O. Box-3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. F. Alam
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G. P. O. Box-3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Radiation-Induced Grafting with One-Step Process of Waste Polyurethane onto High-Density Polyethylene. MATERIALS 2015; 9:ma9010013. [PMID: 28787813 PMCID: PMC5456578 DOI: 10.3390/ma9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recycling of waste polyurethane (PU) using radiation-induced grafting was investigated. The grafting of waste PU onto a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix was carried out using a radiation technique with maleic anhydride (MAH). HDPE pellets and PU powders were immersed in a MAH-acetone solution. Finally, the prepared mixtures were irradiated with an electron beam accelerator. The grafted composites were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), surface morphology, and mechanical properties. To make a good composite, the improvement in compatibility between HDPE and PU is an important factor. Radiation-induced grafting increased interfacial adhesion between the PU domain and the HDPE matrix. When the absorbed dose was 75 kGy, the surface morphology of the irradiated PU/HDPE composite was nearly a smooth and single phase, and the elongation at break increased by approximately three times compared with that of non-irradiated PU/HDPE composite.
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Tukulula M, Hayeshi R, Fonteh P, Meyer D, Ndamase A, Madziva MT, Khumalo V, Labuschagne P, Lubuschagne P, Naicker B, Swai H, Dube A. Curdlan-Conjugated PLGA Nanoparticles Possess Macrophage Stimulant Activity and Drug Delivery Capabilities. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2713-26. [PMID: 25724161 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is significant interest in the application of nanoparticles to deliver immunostimulatory signals to cells. We hypothesized that curdlan (immune stimulating polymer) could be conjugated to PLGA and nanoparticles from this copolymer would possess immunostimulatory activity, be non-cytotoxic and function as an effective sustained drug release system. METHODS Carbodiimide chemistry was employed to conjugate curdlan to PLGA. The conjugate (C-PLGA) was characterized using (1)H and (13)C NMR, FTIR, DSC and TGA. Nanoparticles were synthesized using an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Immunostimulatory activity was characterized in THP-1 derived macrophages. MTT assay and real-time impedance measurements were used to characterize polymer and nanoparticle toxicity and uptake in macrophages. Drug delivery capability was assessed across Caco-2 cells using rifampicin as a model drug. RESULTS Spectral characterization confirmed successful synthesis of C-PLGA. C-PLGA nanoparticles enhanced phosphorylated ERK production in macrophages indicating cell stimulation. Nanoparticles provided slow release of rifampicin across Caco-2 cells. Polymers but not nanoparticles altered the adhesion profiles of the macrophages. Impedance measurements suggested Ca(2+) dependent uptake of nanoparticles by the macrophages. CONCLUSIONS PLGA nanoparticles with macrophage stimulating and sustained drug delivery capabilities have been prepared. These nanoparticles can be used to stimulate macrophages and concurrently deliver drug in infectious disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matshawandile Tukulula
- Encapsulation and Delivery Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1 Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Xie L, Xie Y, Wu Q, Wang M, Wu Q, Zhou X, Ge X. Effect of Poly(acrylic acid)-Modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate) on Improving the Integrated Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Elastomer Blend. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Xie
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Xie
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qianghua Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mozhen Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qichao Wu
- Guangdong Tianan New Material Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Guangdong Tianan New Material Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Xuewu Ge
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Preparation of High Density Polyethylene/Waste Polyurethane Blends Compatibilized with Polyethylene-Graft-Maleic Anhydride by Radiation. MATERIALS 2015; 8:1626-1635. [PMID: 28788022 PMCID: PMC5507029 DOI: 10.3390/ma8041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is a very popular polymer that is used in a variety of applications due to its good mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, PU recycling has received significant attention due to environmental issues. In this study, we developed a recycling method for waste PU that utilizes the radiation grafting technique. Grafting of waste PU was carried out using a radiation technique with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA). The PE-g-MA-grafted PU/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite was prepared by melt-blending at various concentrations (0–10 phr) of PE-g-MA-grafted PU. The composites were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their surface morphology and thermal/mechanical properties are reported. For 1 phr PU, the PU could be easily introduced to the HDPE during the melt processing in the blender after the radiation-induced grafting of PU with PE-g-MA. PE-g-MA was easily reacted with PU according to the increasing radiation dose and was located at the interface between the PU and the HDPE during the melt processing in the blender, which improved the interfacial interactions and the mechanical properties of the resultant composites. However, the elongation at break for a PU content >2 phr was drastically decreased.
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A new approach of synthesis and morphological control of poly(ethylene terephthalate)-g-polyacrylonitrile composite film with a porous surface. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Na CK, Park HJ. Photoinduced grafting of vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride on polyester nonwoven fabric with surfactant coating and its anion-exchange properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Ki Na
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- Engineering Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 South Korea
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Rahman N, Sato N, Sugiyama M, Hidaka Y, Okabe H, Hara K. The effect of hot DMSO treatment on the γ-ray-induced grafting of acrylamide onto PET films. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rahman N, Sato N, Sugiyama M, Hidaka Y, Okabe H, Hara K. Selective Hg(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions of Hg(II) and Pb(II) by hydrolyzed acrylamide-grafted PET films. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:798-806. [PMID: 24679087 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.882209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective Hg(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions of Hg(II) and Pb(II) using hydrolyzed acrylamide (AAm)-grafted polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films was examined to explore the potential reuse of waste PET materials. Selective recovery of Hg(II) from a mixture of soft acids with similar structure, such as Hg(II) and Pb(II), is important to allow the reuse of recovered Hg(II). An adsorbent for selective Hg(II) adsorption was prepared by γ-ray-induced grafting of AAm onto PET films followed by partial hydrolysis through KOH treatment. The adsorption capacity of the AAm-grafted PET films for Hg(II) ions increased from 15 to 70 mg/g after partial hydrolysis because of the reduction of hydrogen bonding between -CONH2 groups and the corresponding improved access of metal ions to the amide groups. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The absorbent film showed high selectivity for the adsorption of Hg(II) over Pb(II) throughout the entire initial metal concentration range (100-500 mg/L) and pH range (2.2-5.6) studied. The high selectivity is attributed to the ability of Hg(II) ions to form covalent bonds with the amide groups. The calculated selectivity coefficient for the adsorbent binding Hg(II) over Pb(II) was 19.2 at pH 4.5 with an initial metal concentration of 100 mg/L. Selective Hg(II) adsorption equilibrium data followed the Langmuir model and kinetic data were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorbed Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions were effectively desorbed from the adsorbent film by acid treatment, and the regenerated film showed no marked loss of adsorption capacity upon reuse for selective Hg(II) adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Rahman
- a Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
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Liu H, Yu M, Ma H, Wang Z, Li L, Li J. Pre-irradiation induced emulsion co-graft polymerization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid onto a polyethylene nonwoven fabric. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ma L, Wang M, Ge X. Surface treatment of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by gamma-ray induced graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate and its toughening effect on poly(ethylene terephthalate)/elastomer blend. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Selective Cu(II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Including Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) by Modified Acrylic Acid Grafted PET Film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/536314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acrylic acid (AAc) grafted polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films were prepared by γ irradiation. The graft films showed little metal ion adsorption due to compact structure of the graft chains as shown by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images which restricted the access of metal ions to the functional groups. Therefore, the graft films were modified with KOH treatment for expansion of the graft chains to facilitate the access of metal ions to the functional groups. The modified films were used to study the selective Cu2+ adsorption from aqueous solution containing Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for interpretation of selective equilibrium adsorption data and Langmuir model showed better fitting with experimental data. Again pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations were used for interpretation of selective kinetic adsorption data and pseudo-second-order equation showed better prediction of experimental data. The adsorbent film showed high selectivity towards Cu2+ in presence of Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in the pH range of 1.5 to 4.5. Desorption and reuse of the adsorbent film were also studied which indicated that the film can be used repeatedly for selective Cu2+ sorption from aqueous solution.
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