1
|
Huang X, Zhao JV. The Associations of Genetically Predicted Plasma Alanine with Coronary Artery Disease and its Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1020-1028. [PMID: 37640107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine is an amino acid commonly used as a nutritional supplement and plays a key role in the glucose-alanine cycle. Plasma alanine has been associated in observational studies with a higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and unhealthier lipid profiles. However, evidence from large randomized controlled trials is lacking. OBJECTIVES Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we assessed the unconfounded associations of plasma alanine with CAD and CAD risk factors. METHODS We applied single nucleotide polymorphisms that were strongly (P < 5 ×10-8) associated with plasma alanine as genetic instruments to large genome-wide association studies of CAD (63,108 cases; 296,901 controls), diabetes (90,612 cases; 583,493 controls), glucose (515,538 participants), lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B) (>1.1 million participants), blood pressure (BP) (757,601 participants), and body mass index (682,137 participants). Given the potential sex disparity, we also conducted sex-specific analyses. MR estimates per standard deviation increase in alanine concentrations were obtained using inverse variance weighting followed by sensitivity analyses using weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, and MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score. RESULTS Genetically predicted plasma alanine was not associated with CAD but with a higher risk of diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.72), higher glucose (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.19), LDL cholesterol (β: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.12), triglycerides (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.38), total cholesterol (β: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.20), apolipoprotein B (β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21), and BP (β: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.31, 2.04 for systolic BP: β: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.45 for diastolic BP) overall. The positive associations of serum alanine with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were more notable in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Alanine or factors affecting alanine may have causal effects on diabetes, blood glucose, lipid profiles, and BP but not on CAD. Further studies are needed to clarify possible mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
GARCIA NÁDIAF, MORAES CAMILADE, REBELO MACÁRIOA, PETERS SAVANAHMARIAG, CASTRO FÁBIOMDE, PUGGINA ENRICOF. Strength training with and without arteriovenous blood flow restriction improves performance, regardless of changes in muscle hypertrophy, in Wistar rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201147. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - ENRICO F. PUGGINA
- University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wangchuk P, Anderson D, Yeshi K, Loukas A. Identification of Small Molecules of the Infective Stage of Human Hookworm Using LCMS-Based Metabolomics and Lipidomics Protocols. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3264-3276. [PMID: 34767348 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infections affect millions of people worldwide and are responsible for impaired mental and physical growth in children, and anemias. There is no vaccine, and increasing anthelmintic drug resistance in nematodes of domestic animals, and reduced drug cure rates in nematode infections of humans is alarming. Despite this looming health problem, there is a significant knowledge gap in terms of nonproteinaceous "excretory/secretory products" (ESPs) and how they orchestrate a parasitic existence. In the current study, we have conducted the first metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of the infective third-stage filariform larvae (L3) of the predominant human hookworm Necator americanus using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Altogether, we have identified a total of 645 small molecules that were mainly produced through amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Putatively, 495 metabolites were unique to the somatic tissue extract, and 34 metabolites were present only in the ESP component. More than 21 novel mass features with nitrogen and sulfur functional groups were detected in the ESP component for the first time from helminths. While this study could not establish the biological functions of the metabolites identified, literature searches revealed that these metabolites possess various biological properties, including anti-inflammatory activities. These metabolites are likely used by the parasite upon exposure to a host to facilitate skin penetration, passage through different tissues, and immune regulation in the small bowel. Overall, the results presented herein offer significant insight into the metabolome of N. americanus L3 and have the potential to instigate future work to establish biomarkers of infection. This area urgently needs attention, given the lack of sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Road, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sex-dependent effects of forced exercise in the body composition of adolescent rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10154. [PMID: 33980961 PMCID: PMC8115159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the body composition during adolescence can predict diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndromes later in life; and physical activity became an effective way to restore changes in body composition. However, current available literature assessing the body composition before, during and after adolescence in female and male rodents by in vivo techniques is scarce. Thus, by using computerized tomography, we aimed to define the baseline of the weight and body composition during the adolescence and young adulthood of female and male Sprague-Dawley rats (on P30, P60 and P90) under standard diet. Then, we determined the effect of 18 days of forced exercise on the body weight and composition during the early adolescence (P27-45). The highest percentual increments in weight, body volume and relative adipose contents occurred during the female and male adolescence. Forced running during the early adolescence decreased weight, body volume and relative adipose delta and increment values in males only. The adolescence of rats is a period of drastic body composition changes, where exercise interventions have sex-dependent effects. These results support a model that could open new research windows in the field of adolescent obesity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeshi K, Creek DJ, Anderson D, Ritmejerytė E, Becker L, Loukas A, Wangchuk P. Metabolomes and Lipidomes of the Infective Stages of the Gastrointestinal nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110446. [PMID: 33171998 PMCID: PMC7694664 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms and whipworms, infect billions of people worldwide. Their capacity to penetrate and migrate through their hosts’ tissues is influenced by the suite of molecules produced by the infective developmental stages. To facilitate a better understanding of the immunobiology and pathogenicity of human hookworms and whipworms, we investigated the metabolomes of the infective stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis third-stage larvae (L3) which penetrate the skin and Trichuris muris eggs which are orally ingested, using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We identified 55 polar metabolites through Metabolomics Standard Initiative level-1 (MSI-I) identification from N. brasiliensis and T. muris infective stages, out of which seven were unique to excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of N. brasiliensis L3. Amino acids were a principal constituent (33 amino acids). Additionally, we identified 350 putative lipids, out of which 28 (all known lipids) were unique to N. brasiliensis L3 somatic extract and four to T. muris embryonated egg somatic extract. Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups. The catalogue of metabolites identified in this study shed light on the biology, and possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment of these critical infectious pathogens. Moreover, with the growing body of literature on the therapeutic utility of helminth ESPs for treating inflammatory diseases, a role for metabolites is likely but has received little attention thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Edita Ritmejerytė
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wangchuk P, Lavers O, Wishart DS, Loukas A. Excretory/Secretory Metabolome of the Zoonotic Roundworm Parasite Toxocara canis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081157. [PMID: 32781793 PMCID: PMC7464424 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease affecting humans that is predominantly caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, primarily parasites of dogs and cats, respectively. Toxocara generally establishes long-term infections by co-opting its host's physiological processes, while at the same time exploiting the nutritional environment. Adult stage T. canis reside in the gut of the definitive canine host where they employ a suite of strategies to combat intestinal immune responses by actively producing and releasing excretory-secretory products (ESPs). The protein component of T. canis ESPs has been widely studied, but characterisation of the non-protein ESP complement remains neglected. To characterize the secreted metabolome of Toxocara ESPs and to shed light on the parasite's metabolic processes, we profiled the ESPs of T. canis using both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry approaches. We successfully identified 61 small molecules, including 41 polar metabolites, 14 medium-long chain fatty acids (MLCFAs) and six short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We identified talose, stearic acid and isovalerate as the major compounds belonging to the polar, MLCFA and SCFA chemical classes, respectively. Most of the 61 identified metabolites appear to have been produced by T. canis via three distinct metabolic pathways - fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The majority of the identified ESPs have known biological properties, especially as immunomodulators. However, there is limited/no information on the biological roles or applications of 31 ESP biomolecules, suggesting that these may have novel activities that merit further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Owen Lavers
- Earville Vets, 474 Mulgrave Road, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia;
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada;
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ergogenic Effect of BCAAs and L-Alanine Supplementation: Proof-of-Concept Study in a Murine Model of Physiological Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082295. [PMID: 32751732 PMCID: PMC7468919 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, valine) account for 35% of skeletal muscle essential amino acids (AAs). As such, they must be provided in the diet to support peptide synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown. Although substantial evidence has been collected about the potential usefulness of BCAAs in supporting muscle function and structure, dietary supplements containing BCAAs alone may not be effective in controlling muscle protein turnover, due to the rate-limiting bioavailability of other AAs involved in BCAAs metabolism. Methods: We aimed to evaluate the in vivo/ex vivo effects of a 4-week treatment with an oral formulation containing BCAAs alone (2:1:1) on muscle function, structure, and metabolism in a murine model of physiological exercise, which was compared to three modified formulations combining BCAAs with increasing concentrations of L-Alanine (ALA), an AA controlling BCAAs catabolism. Results: A preliminary pharmacokinetic study confirmed the ability of ALA to boost up BCAAs bioavailability. After 4 weeks, mix 2 (BCAAs + 2ALA) had the best protective effect on mice force and fatigability, as well as on muscle morphology and metabolic indices. Conclusion: Our study corroborates the use of BCAAs + ALA to support muscle health during physiological exercise, underlining how the relative BCAAs/ALA ratio is important to control BCAAs distribution.
Collapse
|
8
|
Coqueiro AY, Raizel R, Bonvini A, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of glutamine and alanine supplementation on muscle fatigue parameters of rats submitted to resistance training. Nutrition 2019; 65:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Souza RRD, Pacheco CF, Caperuto EC, Maifrino LB, Gama EF. Glutamine supplementation influences the secretory apparatus in the right atrial cardiomyocytes of resistance trained aged rats. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
Coqueiro AY, Raizel R, Bonvini A, Godois ADM, Hypólito TM, Pereira JRR, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of Glutamine and Alanine Supplementation on Adiposity, Plasma Lipid Profile, and Adipokines of Rats Submitted to Resistance Training. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:676-688. [PMID: 29985713 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1472716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine and alanine are lipogenic and could prevent the effects of resistance training (RT) in reducing adiposity and modulating lipid profile. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of RT and glutamine and alanine supplementation, in their free or conjugated form, on relative epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) weight, plasma lipid profile, and adipokines in EAT. Thirty Wistar rats, aged two months, were distributed into five groups: control (CTRL), trained (TRN), trained and supplemented with alanine (ALA), glutamine and alanine in their free form (GLN+ALA), or L-alanyl-L-glutamine (DIP). Trained groups underwent a ladder-climbing exercise for eight weeks, with progressive load increase. Supplementations were offered in a solution with a concentration of 4% in the last 21 days of training. Food consumption and body weight gain were decreased in the TRN group compared with CTRL. RT also reduced relative EAT and BAT weight, while supplementations, especially with ALA, increased adipose tissue mass. RT reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (TRN vs. CTRL), whereas glutamine and alanine supplementation increased TC and LDL-c, impairing lipid profile modulation by physical exercise. RT did not affect the concentrations of adipokines in EAT, but DIP supplementation increased interleukin- (IL-) 6 and IL-10. In conclusion, RT reduced adiposity and modulated lipid profile, whereas glutamine and alanine supplementation increased adiposity and impaired lipid profile but increased the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in EAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yule Coqueiro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Raquel Raizel
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Andrea Bonvini
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Menezes Hypólito
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Jessica Ramos Rocha Pereira
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Julio Tirapegui
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coqueiro AY, Raizel R, Bonvini A, Hypólito T, Godois ADM, Pereira JRR, Garcia ABDO, Lara RDSB, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of Glutamine and Alanine Supplementation on Central Fatigue Markers in Rats Submitted to Resistance Training. Nutrients 2018; 10:E119. [PMID: 29370091 PMCID: PMC5852695 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that increased brain serotonin synthesis impairs performance in high-intensity intermittent exercise and specific amino acids may modulate this condition, delaying fatigue. This study investigated the effects of glutamine and alanine supplementation on central fatigue markers in rats submitted to resistance training (RT). Wistar rats were distributed in: sedentary (SED), trained (CON), trained and supplemented with alanine (ALA), glutamine and alanine in their free form (G + A), or as dipeptide (DIP). Trained groups underwent a ladder-climbing exercise for eight weeks, with progressive loads. In the last 21 days, supplementations were offered in water with a 4% concentration. Albeit without statistically significance difference, RT decreased liver glycogen, and enhanced the concentrations of plasma glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), hypothalamic serotonin, and ammonia in muscle and the liver. Amino acids affected fatigue parameters depending on the supplementation form. G + A prevented the muscle ammonia increase by RT, whereas ALA and DIP augmented ammonia and glycogen concentrations in muscle. DIP also increased liver ammonia. ALA and G + A reduced plasma FFA, whereas DIP increased this parameter, free tryptophan/total tryptophan ratio, hypothalamic serotonin, and the serotonin/dopamine ratio. The supplementations did not affect physical performance. In conclusion, glutamine and alanine may improve or impair central fatigue markers depending on their supplementation form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yule Coqueiro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Raizel
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Bonvini
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Hypólito
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Allan da Mata Godois
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa 2367, Cuiabá MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Ramos Rocha Pereira
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Beatriz de Oliveira Garcia
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafael de Souza Bittencourt Lara
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Julio Tirapegui
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|