1
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Wang Z, Wang S, Chen H, Chen C, Luan J, Dong C, Lu Z. Preparation and thermostability of a Si/P/N synergistic flame retardant containing triazine ring structure for cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129497. [PMID: 38232884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A new synergistic flame retardant named Bisiminopropyl trimethoxysilane-1,3,5-triazine-O-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate (BTPODE) was synthesized, which is a type of Si/P/N flame retardant. This was accomplished by grafting aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate onto a triazine ring structure, serving as an intermediate. The structure of BTPODE was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). SEM was used to detect the surface morphology of cotton fabrics, which suggested that BTPODE had been resoundingly stick to cotton fabrics. The flame retardant properties of cotton fabrics were evaluated by measuring the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and conducting vertical flammability experiments. Cotton fabrics with a weight gain of 20.73 % achieved an LOI value of 32.5 %. Thermogravimetric (TG) experiments demonstrated the samples' good thermostability. Furthermore, under nitrogen conditions, the char residue of cotton fabric with a weight gain of 20.73 % was 36.85 %. The cone calorimetry test (CONE) showed a significant reduction in the TSP value, indicating a certain level of smoke suppression performance. Finally, based on the obtained experimental results, the fire-retardant mechanism principle of the flame retardant was deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Luan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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2
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3
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Li C, Wang B, Zhou L, Hou X, Su S. Effects of lignin-based flame retardants on flame-retardancy and insulation performances of epoxy resin composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Thermal-induced self-healing bio-based vitrimers: Shape memory, recyclability, degradation, and intrinsic flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Yu H, Tian L, Li T, Zhu Y, Zhu A, Guo X, Liu K, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Cui J. Cyclotriphosphazene hyperbranched P/N/Si prepared flame retardants improve mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Yingxue Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Anjun Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Kangli Liu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Baoping Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Junhong Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Bo Mu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
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6
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Zhang Y, Fang Y, Zheng K, Lin W, Huang Z, Xie G, Wang X. An Improved Synthesis of DOPO-POSS. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2057144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Subcenter of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiong Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Subcenter of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials SHENGYI Technology Co. Ltd., Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Zengbiao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials SHENGYI Technology Co. Ltd., Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Guanqun Xie
- Subcenter of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Subcenter of Dongguan University of Technology of National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, P. R. China
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7
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Yu H, Cui J, Zhang H, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Wang Z, Li H, Tian L. A novel flame retardant consisting of functionalized Salen-Ni based polyphosphazene microspheres. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221094972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A functionalized cross-linked polyphosphazenes microsphere (Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS) was prepared by wrapping Salen-Ni basis polyphosphazenes (Salen-PZN-Ni) with a kind of hybrid flame retardant (DHPP-PTS) to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of epoxy (EP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS greatly improved the thermal stability of the EP composites. The addition of 5 wt% Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS remarkably improved the fire safety of EP, which was illustrated by the results of the cone calorimeter. For example, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the EP composites were reduced by 44.2% and 33.1%, respectively. The limiting oxygen index value of 5% Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS/EP composite reached 29.8% and UL-94 achieved V-1 rating. In addition, the introduction of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS effectively suppressed the production of toxic CO and other volatiles. Meantime, the synergistic effect between Salen-PZN-Ni and DHPP-PTS was found. The potential flame retardant mechanism of Salen-PZN-Ni@DHPP-PTS is regarded as the synergistic catalytic carbonization effect and the extremely thermally stable components forming. Enhanced fire safety of EP composites by synergistic interaction of various components (nickel and DHPP-PTS) with polyphosphazenes microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyin Zhang
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Mu
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaming Li
- Northwest Yongxin Paint & Coating Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
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8
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Wang X, Liu Q, Wang J, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Synthesis of multifunctional flame retardant with toughening and transparency and its application in epoxy resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Han X, Guo Y, Cai H, Li X, Ding J, Zhao X, Zhou H, Guo W, Huang W, Zhao T. Synergistic effects of a half‐cage and cage structure phosphorus and nitrogen‐containing
POSS
with tetrabutyl titanate on flame retardancy of vinyl epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Xiang Li
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Jiangnan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wantao Guo
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang Henan Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High‐Tech Polymer Materials Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
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10
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Lu X, Gu X. Fabrication of a bi-hydroxyl-bi-DOPO compound with excellent quenching and charring capacities for lignin-based epoxy resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:539-552. [PMID: 35217079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lignin-based epoxy resins (EP) were fabricated using lignin, phenol and glyoxal as crosslinking reagents. For improving the flame retardancy, a bi-DOPO compound with bi-hydroxyl structure was successfully synthesized, containing excellent quenching and charring capacities. Good pyrolysis behaviors of as-synthesized flame retardant resulted in significant quenching effect via structure decomposition to release PO and PO2 free radicals for capturing reactive H and OH radicals produced from epoxy combustion. With addition of 0.18 wt% phosphorus, epoxy composite (10% LPG-ER-4) passed V-0 rating with high limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.2%. Cone calorimeter tests showed that heat release (including heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR)) from combustion was reduced with assistance of flame retardant. Char residue analyses illustrated that bi-hydroxyl structure in DOPO-based flame retardant benefited the formation of char layer with higher compactness and integrity to serve as a protective shell of interior epoxy matrix. Furthermore, exterior pore size of char residue was narrowed or blocked to avoid the release of heat and volatiles generated from combustion. This study provided a feasible method to improve flame retardancy of lignin-based EP and proposed flame-retardant mechanism both in gaseous and solid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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11
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Qin Y, Li M, Huang T, Shen C, Gao S. A study on the modification of polypropylene by a star-shaped intumescent flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Han Y, Zhao H, Chen L, Ran D, Chen J, Zhao J, Xu T. A bifunctional modifier endowing epoxy resin with outstanding flame retardancy and high impact strength. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Di Ran
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Jichuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
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13
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Birong Z, Ruirui Z, Xianghong Z, Jianyu Y, Jinmei C, Yiting X, Conghui Y, Lizong D. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrided with
DOPO
and phenylboronic acid for flame‐retarded epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Birong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zhou Ruirui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zheng Xianghong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ye Jianyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Chen Jinmei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xu Yiting
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yuan Conghui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Dai Lizong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
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14
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Hu R, He K, Zheng X, Zeng B, Chen G, Xu Y, Yuan C, Luo W, Dai L. Preparation and properties of flame retardant epoxy resin modified by additive nitrogen-containing POSS-based molecule with eight DOPO units. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Han X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhou H, Zhang S, Zhao T. Synergistic Effects of Ladder and Cage Structured Phosphorus-Containing POSS with Tetrabutyl Titanate on Flame Retardancy of Vinyl Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091363. [PMID: 33921920 PMCID: PMC8122454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cage and ladder structured phosphorus-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (DOPO-POSS) have been synthesized through the hydrolytic condensation of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES). The unique ladder and cage–ladder structured components in DOPO-POSS endowed it with good solubility in vinyl epoxy resin (VE), and it was used with tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) to construct a phosphorus-silicon-titanium synergy system for the flame retardation of VE. Thermal stabilities, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant VE composites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), three-point bending tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, and cone calorimetry. The experimental results showed that with the addition of only 4 wt% DOPO-POSS and 0.5 wt% TBT, the limiting oxygen index value (LOI) increased from 19.5 of pure VE to 24.2. With the addition of DOPO-POSS and TBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) were decreased significantly compared to VE-0. In addition, the VE composites showed improved thermal stabilities and mechanical properties comparable to that of the VE-0. The investigations on pyrolysis volatiles of cured VE further revealed that DOPO-POSS and TBT exerted flame retardant effects in gas phase. The results of char residue of the VE composites by SEM and XPS showed that TBT and DOPO-POSS can accelerate the char formation during the combustion, forming an interior char layer with the honeycomb cavity structure and dense exterior char layer, making the char strong with the formation of Si-O-Ti and Ti-O-P structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xianyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Songli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
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16
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Li W, Cai X, Wang W, Huang J, Wang G. Simultaneous Improvement of the Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Properties of a Composite Elastomer by a Biomimetic Modified Multilayer Graphene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2021.1905291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jindu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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17
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Fang M, Qian J, Wang X, Chen Z, Guo R, Shi Y. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7094-7105. [PMID: 33748623 PMCID: PMC7970578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Hangzhou
Rongfang Pressure Sensitive New Material Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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A phosphaphenanthrene-containing vanillin derivative as co-curing agent for flame-retardant and antibacterial epoxy thermoset. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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20
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Dai S, Yu X, Chen R, Zhou H, Pan Z. Transparent epoxy resin material with excellent fire retardancy enabled by a P/N/S containing flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
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21
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Xie C, Leng F, Dong Z, Xu W, Zhu M, Xie K, Du J, Zhao L. Synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative grafted polyethylene films for improving the flame retardant and anti‐dripping properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Fan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Kangjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jifu Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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22
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Chen YK, Lu QX, Zhong G, Zhang HG, Chen MF, Liu CP. DOPO
‐based curing flame retardant of epoxy composite material for char formation and intumescent flame retardance. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Qing Xin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Gang Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Hua Gui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Ming Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Can Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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23
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Zhai C, Xin F, Cai L, Chen Y, Qian L. Flame retardancy and pyrolysis behavior of an epoxy resin composite flame‐retarded by diphenylphosphinyl‐POSS. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Fei Xin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Liyun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Huateng Hightech Co., Ltd Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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24
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Wang L, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang N, Li F, Yu H, Cui J, Guo J, Mu B, Tian L. Synthesis of multielement phosphazene derivative and the study on flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320937392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have successfully synthesized phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon tri-elements compound phosphazene derivative hexa-[4-( N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)acetamide)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene (HNTPC) from hexachlorotriphosphazenitrile, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine, and it was used as an additive flame retardant in epoxy resin (EP). Then, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composite (HNTPC/EP) were tested. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of HNTPC made EP matrix decompose at a relatively low temperature, thus promoted the formation of a stable coke layer and protected the matrix from fire. Therefore, the amount of carbon residue was markedly increased at 800°C, indicating an outstanding condensed phase flame-retardant effect. Furthermore, various combustion test data manifested that the addition of HNTPC could significantly improve the flame-retardant performance of EP. In addition, the sample could pass the vertical burning tests (UL-94) V-1 grade when the addition amount was 10% and the limiting oxygen index value was 32.6%, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate decreased by 40.0% and 21.5%, respectively. Besides, the results of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also showed that HNTPC can promote the formation of carbon layer and improved the flame-retardant property of EP. Finally, the condensed phase and gas phase synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of HNTPC was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuchong Li
- PetroChina Lanzhou Chemical Research Center, Heshuibei, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Mu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
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25
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Lin B. Synthesis of a Flame Retardant and Hydrophobic Epoxy Resin with Multiple Elements Synergistic Effect for Tunnel Seepage Prevention Application. KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2020; 842:314-325. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) mortar usually used to repair the cracking of concrete structure under damp environment, but EP is extremely flammable, thus it’s extremely imperative to design a novel multifunction EP grouting materials with flame retardancy and waterproofness for the practical application. Targeting ingenious decoration of EP grouting materials, multiple flame retardant elements (phosphorus, nitrogen and fluorine) are concurrently introduced into a fire retardant and the fire retardant defined as DDM-FNP. The obtained DDM-FNP/EP grouting composite possess high thermal stability, flame retardancy and hydrophobicity. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of DDM-FNP/EP composites has a significant improve, which is increased from 26.7 (EP-0) to 35.8 (EP-4). Composites with more than 10 wt% of DDM-FNP could pass UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. Compared with EP-0, the PHRR and THR of EP-4 are decreased by 31.1% and 21.6%, respectively. In addition, due to the introduction of the F element, the water contact angle of EP composites is changed from 75.2° (hydrophilicity) to 98.6° (hydrophobicity) after the introduction of a certain amount of DDM-FNP flame retardant. Therefore, this work provide a new perspective to design a multifunction EP grouting composite and improve the value of practical application on seepage prevention of tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd
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26
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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Bao Q, Wang B, Liu Y, Wang Q, Yang Z. Epoxy resin flame retarded and toughed via flexible siloxane chain containing phosphaphenanthrene. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Wang P, Chen L, Xiao H, Zhan T. Nitrogen/sulfur-containing DOPO based oligomer for highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Tang H, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron ionic pair compound toward fire safety and mechanical enhancement effect for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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30
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Hu X, Yang H, Jiang Y, He H, Liu H, Huang H, Wan C. Facile synthesis of a novel transparent hyperbranched phosphorous/nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in reducing the fire hazard of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120793. [PMID: 31252341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel hyperbranched phosphorus/nitrogen-containing flame retardant (HPNFR) was facilely synthesized via the transesterification reaction of dimethyl methylphosphonate and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate and characterized successfully by 1H NMR and FTIR. The sample with 4 wt% HPNFR can achieve V-0 rating in UL-94 test and possess a LOI value as high as 34.5%. Conspicuous blowing-out effect was observed during the vertical burning test. TG results indicated that the presence of HPNFR significantly improved the thermal stability of EP thermosets. From cone test, THR, p-HRR, p-SPR and TSP values of HPNFR/EP composites were decreased in comparison to those of pure EP, revealing the reduced fire hazard of EP composites with HPNFR. SEM images of EP thermoset with 4 wt% of HPNFR after cone test exhibited compact and continuous char layers, while those of pure EP are fragmentary and broken. From TG-IR test, the yield of toxic CO and other pyrolysis products was significantly reduced, indicating a decrease in toxicity. Phosphorus-containing compounds were detected in gas phase, which verified the gaseous phase flame retardant effect of HPNFR. Besides, HPNFR would not significantly damage the transparence of EP thermosets, consequently reserved it's application value in some special fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Building Materials and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Yuping Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hualing He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hongyin Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Chaojun Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
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31
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Guan Q, Ma J, Yang W, Zhang R, Zhang X, Dong X, Fan Y, Cai L, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Li N, Xu Q. Highly fluorescent Ti 3C 2 MXene quantum dots for macrophage labeling and Cu 2+ ion sensing. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14123-14133. [PMID: 31322633 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots, derived from two-dimensional (2D) materials, have shown promise in bioimaging, sensing and photothermal applications, and in white light emitting devices (WLEDs). Herein, nitrogen and phosphorus functionalized Ti3C2 MXene based quantum dots (N,P-MQDs) were successfully prepared through a top-bottom hydrothermal method. This type of photoluminescent quantum dots has realized green fluorescence for the first time at around 560 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 20.1%, the highest ever reported; meanwhile, it also exhibits excellent photostability and pH resistance capacities. Comprehensive characterization and well-resolved density functional theory (DFT) calculation were implemented to determine the mechanism of fluorescence shift and enhancement. Furthermore, the N,P-MQDs have been proved to efficiently act as fluorescent probes for macrophage labeling. In addition, the high sensitivity of the N,P-MQDs toward Cu2+ ions made them a low cost, sensitive, environment-friendly, and label-free fluorescence platform for Cu2+ detection. The outstanding performance of Ti3C2 MXene based quantum dots has demonstrated their great potential to be used as promising fluorescent probes in the fields of biological imaging, optical sensing, photoelectric conversion, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials Science, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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32
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Xu W, Wang X, Wu X, Li W, Cheng C. Organic-Inorganic dual modified graphene: Improving the dispersibility of graphene in epoxy resin and the fire safety of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Wu W, Xu Y, Wu H, Chen J, Li M, Chen T, Hong J, Dai L. Synthesis of modified graphene oxide and its improvement on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
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