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Martin-Espinosa N, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Garrido-Miguel M, Díez-Fernández A, Isabel Cobo-Cuenca A, Solera-Martínez M. Decrease in the prevalence of hypertension in Spanish schoolchildren from 2010 to 2017: Cuenca Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22:184-192. [PMID: 35714066 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the secular trends in blood pressure measurements and normal or high blood pressure classification among Spanish schoolchildren from 2010 to 2017, to analyze the persistence in the blood pressure category reported in 2017 compared with 2013 in those children born in 2007-08 and to compare in this cohort the prevalence of high blood pressure using both definitions, the 2004 and 2017 guidelines. METHODS AND RESULTS The data for the prevalence/trend analysis were obtained from cross-sectional analyses conducted in 2010, 2013, and 2017 of 2709 schoolchildren aged 4-6 and 8-11 years from 22 schools in the province of Cuenca, Spain. The data for the longitudinal analysis were obtained from cross-sectional analyses of measurements gathered in 2013 and 2017 in the same cohort of children (n = 275). The prevalence of normal blood pressure increased by 5.4% in children aged 4-6 years from 2013 to 2017 and by 2.2% in children aged 8-11 from 2010 to 2017. This increase was mainly driven by a decrease in the children classified in any stage of hypertension by 4.2% and 2.3% in each age range, respectively. In the same birth cohort, there was an increase of 7.6% in normal blood pressure prevalence. CONCLUSION The high blood pressure prevalence in Spanish children has clearly decreased over the last decade, but is still important to detect this condition to design specific school-based interventions and the evaluation of children classified as hypertensive who might need medical supervision and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Martin-Espinosa
- Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Cuidados (IMCU), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45004 Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Fisioterapia y Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Chile, Cinco Pte. no 1670, Talca, Chile
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida de España, s/n, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana Díez-Fernández
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería de Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino del Pozuelo, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca
- Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Cuidados (IMCU), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45004 Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Fisioterapia y Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solera-Martínez
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería de Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino del Pozuelo, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
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Jiménez Rodríguez A, Palomo Cobos L, Rodríguez Martín A, Fernández del Valle P, Novalbos-Ruiz JP. [Correlations between dietary salt intake and 24-h urine sodium excretion in a sample of the urban population of Cáceres]. Aten Primaria 2023; 55:102513. [PMID: 36401891 PMCID: PMC9676135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive salt intake is associated with higher levels of AHT and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. WHO recommends consuming less than 5 g/day of salt (equivalent to 2 g Na+/day). Identifying foods and behaviours with greater contribution to excess intake would facilitate preventive dietary advice. DESIGN Observational study. SITE: Urban Health Center in Cáceres. MAIN MEASUREMENTS We estimated salt consumption using two food consumption frequency (FFQ) questionnaires, one generic and one with high Na+ content, and a 24 h follow-up survey. We use the Evalfinut program for nutritional evaluation of the diet. We analyzed correlations between estimated salt intake and 24-h urine sodium elimination (gold standard). RESULTS 92% of the population had consumption higher than the recommendations with intakes equivalent to 9.5 g/day of salt (3.7 g/d of Na+). When sodium intake is determined by the Na+/K+ ratio, 79.54% have high intakes. Sodium elimination follows a slightly increasing trend with BMI. The perception of salt consumption is low, 56.3% consider it "adequate". 32.4% add salt to food once served. FFQ underestimate Na+ intake and targeted surveys provide higher values. The correlation between FFQ and Na+ urinary elimination is weak. CONCLUSION We must reduce salt intake by increasing the perception of consumption, improving knowledge about the salt content in food and identifying target patients of the health council.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amelia Rodríguez Martín
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, España
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Rodrigues PRM, Pereira RA, Gama A, Carvalhal IM, Nogueira H, Rosado-Marques V, Padez C. Body adiposity is associated with risk of high blood pressure in Portuguese schoolchildren. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Rodrigues PRM, Pereira RA, Gama A, Carvalhal IM, Nogueira H, Rosado-Marques V, Padez C. Body adiposity is associated with risk of high blood pressure in Portuguese schoolchildren. Rev Port Cardiol 2018; 37:285-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Albaladejo Blanco C, Gaspà Carrera M. [Hypertension in adolescents: Diagnostic approach through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2018; 35:S1889-1837(17)30086-7. [PMID: 29396244 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Albaladejo Blanco
- Centro de Atención Primaria Llefià (Badalona-6), Unidad Docente de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria Metropolitana Nord, Institut Català de la Salut, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
| | - M Gaspà Carrera
- Centro de Atención Primaria Premià de Mar, Institut Català de Salut, Premià de Mar, Barcelona, España
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Prevalence of high blood pressure and association with obesity in Spanish schoolchildren aged 4-6 years old. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170926. [PMID: 28141860 PMCID: PMC5283678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of high blood pressure in children is increasing worldwide, largely, but not entirely, driven by the concurrent childhood obesity epidemic. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in 4-to-6-year-old Spanish schoolchildren, and to evaluate the association between different blood pressure (BP) components with different adiposity indicators. Methods Cross-sectional study including a sample of 1.604 schoolchildren aged 4-to-6-years belonging to 21 schools from the provinces of Ciudad Real and Cuenca, Spain. We measured height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (%FM), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. Results The estimates of prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 12.3% and 18.2%, respectively. In both sexes, adiposity indicators were positively and significantly associated with all BP components (p<0.001), thus schoolchildren in the higher adiposity categories had significantly higher BP levels (p<0.001). Conclusions Our results show a high prevalence of high blood pressure in Spanish children. Moreover, high levels of adiposity are associated with high blood pressure in early childhood, which support that it could be related to cardiovascular risk later in life.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in a sample of schoolchildren in the district of Vozdovac (Belgrade). METHODS This study included 780 pupils from I, III, V and VII classes of a primary school and I and III classes of a high school in the district of Vozdovac (Belgrade). The anthropometric data were obtained from medical records of a regular health survey in 2014-2015. Blood pressure (BP) was measured three times using a mercury sphygmomanometer with a cuff of appropriate size at a 5 min interval. BP values at or above the 95th percentile for age, sex, and height were considered indicative of hypertension. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, χ-test, t-test, and correlation analysis. RESULTS Of the participating students, 15.0% were overweight and 6.7% were obese. A significant negative correlation was observed between BMI categories and age (ρ=-0.126; P<0.01). The average systolic blood pressure values in boys and girls were 105.0±14.1 (range 80.0-150.0) and 102.5±12.3 (range 80-155) mmHg, respectively. The average diastolic blood pressure values in boys and girls were 67.6±8.8 (range 50-100) and 66.2±7.7 (range 50-95) mmHg, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was 10.5%. A significant positive association was found between the presence of hypertension and age (ρ=0.150, P<0.01) and higher BMI level (ρ=0.115, P<0.01). CONCLUSION In our sample of schoolchildren, a high prevalence of hypertension was found. Moreover, elevated BP values correlated strongly with age and BMI.
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Santos-Beneit G, Sotos-Prieto M, Pocock S, Juliana Redondo, Fuster V, Peñalvo JL. Asociación entre antropometría y presión arterial alta en una muestra representativa de preescolares de Madrid. Rev Esp Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Galve E, Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Fácila L, Mazón P, Alegría E, Fernández de Bobadilla J, García-Porrero E, Martínez-Sellés M, González-Juanatey JR. Update in cardiology: vascular risk and cardiac rehabilitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:136-43. [PMID: 25583549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As in other fields, understanding of vascular risk and rehabilitation is constantly improving. The present review of recent epidemiological update shows how far we are from achieving good risk factor control: in diet and nutrition, where unhealthy and excessive societal consumption is clearly increasing the prevalence of obesity; in exercise, where it is difficult to find a balance between benefit and risk, despite systemization efforts; in smoking, where developments center on programs and policies, with the electronic cigarette seeming more like a problem than a solution; in lipids, where the transatlantic debate between guidelines is becoming a paradigm of the divergence of views in this extensively studied area; in hypertension, where a nonpharmacological alternative (renal denervation) has been undermined by the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 setback, forcing a deep reassessment; in diabetes mellitus, where the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide 1 analogues have contributed much new information and a glimpse of the future of diabetes treatment, and in cardiac rehabilitation, which continues to benefit from new information and communication technologies and where clinical benefit is not hindered by advanced diseases, such as heart failure. Our summary concludes with the update in elderly patients, whose treatment criteria are extrapolated from those of younger patients, with the present review clearly indicating that should not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Galve
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cordero
- Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Bertomeu-Martínez
- Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fácila
- Servicio de Cardiología, Consorcio Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Mazón
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Alegría
- Servicio de Cardiología, Policlínica Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
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Santos-Beneit G, Sotos-Prieto M, Pocock S, Redondo J, Fuster V, Peñalvo JL. Association between anthropometry and high blood pressure in a representative sample of preschoolers in madrid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 68:477-84. [PMID: 25487220 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Program SI! is a multi-level, school-based intervention for the promotion of cardiovascular health from early childhood. The aim of this paper is to characterize the prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in the preschoolers enrolled in the study, and to compare various criteria for classifying obesity. METHODS The study was a cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial including 24 state schools in Madrid (Spain). Weight, height, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in 2011 children (1009 boys and 1002 girls) aged 3 to 5 years (3.7 [0.9]). Body mass index and blood pressure were classified by corresponding task force criteria. Obesity was studied by 6 different criteria. Associations of body mass index, body weight, body fat, and waist circumference on blood pressure were examined, and the risk of high blood pressure in relation to tertiles of body mass index was calculated. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force varied from 2% at age 3 to 8% at age 5, and the overall prevalence of high blood pressure (≥ 90th percentile) was 20%. Sex- and age-specific criteria for obesity showed better agreement with the reference than a single generalized cutoff. The risk of high blood pressure was higher for the highest tertile of body mass index distribution. CONCLUSIONS The highest prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure was found among older children. The classification of obesity in children was more accurate using sex- and age-specific cutoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Santos-Beneit
- Área de Epidemiología y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Fundación SHE, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Sotos-Prieto
- Área de Epidemiología y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Fundación SHE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stuart Pocock
- Área de Epidemiología y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valentín Fuster
- Área de Epidemiología y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - José L Peñalvo
- Área de Epidemiología y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Dulskiene V, Kuciene R, Medzioniene J, Benetis R. Association between obesity and high blood pressure among Lithuanian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:102. [PMID: 25492217 PMCID: PMC4265335 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) has significantly increased among children and adolescents in various countries of the world. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and prehypertension and hypertension among Lithuanian adolescents aged 12-15 years. METHODS The subjects with increased BP (≥90th percentile) were screened on two separate occasions. Data on the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and BP were analysed in 7,457 adolescents aged 12-15 years. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS After two screenings, the study participants were categorised as prehypertensive (12.8%), hypertensive (22.2%), and normotensive (65%). The overall prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity (if WC was in the ≥75th percentile) were 12.1%, 2.4%, and 9%, respectively. After adjusting for age and sex, significant associations were found between overweight and obesity and high BP, namely, prehypertension (overweight: aOR = 2.62; 95% CI 2.13-3.23; obesity: aOR = 4.81; 95% CI 3.08-7.52) and hypertension (overweight: aOR = 3.56; 95% CI 3.02-4.19; obesity: aOR = 6.64; 95% CI 4.65-9.49). Prehypertension was found to be significantly associated with WC in the 75th- < 90th percentiles (aOR = 3.16; 95% CI 2.43-4.10) and WC in the ≥90th percentile (aOR = 4.08; 95% CI 2.35-7.10). For hypertension, significant associations were detected with WC in the 75th- < 90th percentiles (aOR = 3.92; 95% CI 3.18-4.82) and WC in the ≥90th percentile (aOR = 7.41; 95% CI 4.97-11.05). CONCLUSIONS Overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity were associated with prehypertension and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginija Dulskiene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu ave. 17, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Renata Kuciene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu ave. 17, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Jurate Medzioniene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu ave. 17, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rimantas Benetis
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu ave. 17, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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