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Fortuna V, Lima J, Oliveira GF, Oliveira YS, Getachew B, Nekhai S, Aschner M, Tizabi Y. Ferroptosis as an emerging target in sickle cell disease. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 7:100181. [PMID: 39021403 PMCID: PMC11252799 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobin disorder marked by red blood cell sickling, resulting in severe anemia, painful episodes, extensive organ damage, and shortened life expectancy. In SCD, increased iron levels can trigger ferroptosis, a specific type of cell death characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide accumulation, leading to damage and organ impairments. The intricate interplay between iron, ferroptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in SCD underscores the necessity of thoroughly understanding these processes for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the importance of balancing the complex interactions among various factors and exploitation of the knowledge in developing novel therapeutics for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Fortuna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, BA 40231-300, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, BA 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, BA 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F. Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, BA 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Yasmin S. Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, BA 40231-300, Brazil
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Du J, Wang N, Yu D, He P, Gao Y, Tu Y, Li Y. Data mining-guided alleviation of hyperuricemia by Paeonia veitchii Lynch through inhibition of xanthine oxidase and regulation of renal urate transporters. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155305. [PMID: 38176275 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease characterized by a high level of uric acid (UA). The extensive historical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers a range of herbs and prescriptions used for the treatment of HUA-related disorders. However, the core herbs in the prescriptions and their mechanisms have not been sufficiently explained. PURPOSE Our current investigation aimed to estimate the anti-HUA effect and mechanisms of Paeonia veitchii Lynch, an herb with high use frequency identified from data mining of TCM prescriptions. METHODS Prescriptions for HUA/gout treatment were statistically analyzed through a data mining approach to determine the common nature and use frequency of their composition herbs. The chemical constituents of Paeonia veitchii extract (PVE) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, while its UA-lowering effect was further evaluated in adenosine-induced liver cells and potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoxanthine (HX)-induced HUA mice. RESULTS A total of 225 prescriptions involving 246 herbs were sorted out. The properties, flavors and meridians of the appearing herbs were mainly cold, bitter and liver, respectively, while their efficacy was primarily concentrated on clearing heat and dispelling wind. Further usage frequency analysis yielded the top 20 most commonly used herbs, in which PVE presented significant inhibitory activity (IC50 = 131.33 µg/ml) against xanthine oxidase (XOD), and its constituents showed strong binding with XOD in a molecular docking study and further were experimentally validated through XOD enzymatic inhibition and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). PVE (50 to 200 μg/ml) dose-dependently decreased UA levels by inhibiting XOD expression and activity in BRL 3A liver cells. In HUA mice, oral administration of PVE exhibited a significant UA-lowering effect, which was attributed to the reduction of UA production by inhibiting XOD activity and expression, as well as the enhancement of UA excretion by regulating renal urate transporters (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1 and ABCG2). Noticeably, all doses of PVE treatment did not cause any liver injury, and displayed a renal protective effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results first comprehensively clarified the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of PVE against HUA through suppressing UA production and promoting UA excretion with hepatic and renal protection, suggesting that PVE could be a promising UA-lowering candidate with a desirable safety profile for the treatment of HUA and prevention of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dehong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Pei He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yanbei Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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DeVallance ER, Schmidt HM, Seman M, Lewis SE, Wood KC, Vickers SD, Hahn SA, Velayutham M, Hileman EA, Vitturi DA, Leonardi R, Straub AC, Kelley EE. Hemin and iron increase synthesis and trigger export of xanthine oxidoreductase from hepatocytes to the circulation. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102866. [PMID: 37703667 PMCID: PMC10506059 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a previously unknown salutary role for xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in intravascular heme overload whereby hepatocellular export of XOR to the circulation was identified as a seminal step in affording protection. However, the cellular signaling and export mechanisms underpinning this process were not identified. Here, we present novel data showing hepatocytes upregulate XOR expression/protein abundance and actively release it to the extracellular compartment following exposure to hemopexin-bound hemin, hemin or free iron. For example, murine (AML-12 cells) hepatocytes treated with hemin (10 μM) exported XOR to the medium in the absence of cell death or loss of membrane integrity (2.0 ± 1.0 vs 16 ± 9 μU/mL p < 0.0001). The path of exocytosis was found to be noncanonical as pretreatment of the hepatocytes with Vaculin-1, a lysosomal trafficking inhibitor, and not Brefeldin A inhibited XOR release and promoted intracellular XOR accumulation (84 ± 17 vs 24 ± 8 hemin vs 5 ± 3 control μU/mg). Interestingly, free iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) induced similar upregulation and release of XOR compared to hemin. Conversely, concomitant treatment with hemin and the classic transition metal chelator DTPA (20 μM) or uric acid completely blocked XOR release (p < 0.01). Our previously published time course showed XOR release from hepatocytes likely required transcriptional upregulation. As such, we determined that both Sp1 and NF-kB were acutely activated by hemin treatment (∼2-fold > controls for both, p < 0.05) and that silencing either or TLR4 with siRNA prevented hemin-induced XOR upregulation (p < 0.01). Finally, to confirm direct action of these transcription factors on the Xdh gene, chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed indicating that hemin significantly enriched (∼5-fold) both Sp1 and NF-kB near the transcription start site. In summary, our study identified a previously unknown pathway by which XOR is upregulated via SP1/NF-kB and subsequently exported to the extracellular environment. This is, to our knowledge, the very first study to demonstrate mechanistically that XOR can be specifically targeted for export as the seminal step in a compensatory response to heme/Fe overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R DeVallance
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Heidi M Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madison Seman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Schuyler D Vickers
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Scott A Hahn
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Emily A Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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