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D'Incal CP, Cappuyns E, Choukri K, De Man K, Szrama K, Konings A, Bastini L, Van Meel K, Buys A, Gabriele M, Rizzuti L, Vitriolo A, Testa G, Mohn F, Bühler M, Van der Aa N, Van Dijck A, Kooy RF, Berghe WV. Tracing the invisible mutant ADNP protein in Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14710. [PMID: 38926592 PMCID: PMC11208605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo mutations in the Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Homeobox (ADNP) gene underlie Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome (HVDAS). Most of these mutations are situated in the last exon and we previously demonstrated escape from nonsense-mediated decay by detecting mutant ADNP mRNA in patient blood. In this study, wild-type and ADNP mutants are investigated at the protein level and therefore optimal detection of the protein is required. Detection of ADNP by means of western blotting has been ambiguous with reported antibodies resulting in non-specific bands without unique ADNP signal. Validation of an N-terminal ADNP antibody (Aviva Systems) using a blocking peptide competition assay allowed to differentiate between specific and non-specific signals in different sample materials, resulting in a unique band signal around 150 kDa for ADNP, above its theoretical molecular weight of 124 kDa. Detection with different C-terminal antibodies confirmed the signals at an observed molecular weight of 150 kDa. Our antibody panel was subsequently tested by immunoblotting, comparing parental and homozygous CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease-mediated Adnp knockout cell lines and showed disappearance of the 150 kDa signal, indicative for intact ADNP. By means of both a GFPSpark and Flag-tag N-terminally fused to a human ADNP expression vector, we detected wild-type ADNP together with mutant forms after introduction of patient mutations in E. coli expression systems by site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, we were also able to visualize endogenous ADNP with our C-terminal antibody panel in heterozygous cell lines carrying ADNP patient mutations, while the truncated ADNP mutants could only be detected with epitope-tag-specific antibodies, suggesting that addition of an epitope-tag possibly helps stabilizing the protein. However, western blotting of patient-derived hiPSCs, immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines and post-mortem patient brain material failed to detect a native mutant ADNP protein. In addition, an N-terminal immunoprecipitation-competent ADNP antibody enriched truncating mutants in overexpression lysates, whereas implementation of the same method failed to enrich a possible native mutant protein in immortalized patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. This study aims to shape awareness for critical assessment of mutant ADNP protein analysis in Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Peter D'Incal
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Elisa Cappuyns
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaoutar Choukri
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Man
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristy Szrama
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Konings
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lina Bastini
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Meel
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amber Buys
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ludovico Rizzuti
- Neurogenomics, Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montacini 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitriolo
- Neurogenomics, Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montacini 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Neurogenomics, Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montacini 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mohn
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bühler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Van der Aa
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Cognitive Genetics (COGNET) and Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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D'Incal CP, Van Rossem KE, De Man K, Konings A, Van Dijck A, Rizzuti L, Vitriolo A, Testa G, Gozes I, Vanden Berghe W, Kooy RF. Chromatin remodeler Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP) contributes to syndromic autism. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:45. [PMID: 36945042 PMCID: PMC10031977 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals affected with autism often suffer additional co-morbidities such as intellectual disability. The genes contributing to autism cluster on a relatively limited number of cellular pathways, including chromatin remodeling. However, limited information is available on how mutations in single genes can result in such pleiotropic clinical features in affected individuals. In this review, we summarize available information on one of the most frequently mutated genes in syndromic autism the Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP). RESULTS Heterozygous and predicted loss-of-function ADNP mutations in individuals inevitably result in the clinical presentation with the Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome, a frequent form of syndromic autism. ADNP, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein has a role in chromatin remodeling: The protein is associated with the pericentromeric protein HP1, the SWI/SNF core complex protein BRG1, and other members of this chromatin remodeling complex and, in murine stem cells, with the chromodomain helicase CHD4 in a ChAHP complex. ADNP has recently been shown to possess R-loop processing activity. In addition, many additional functions, for instance, in association with cytoskeletal proteins have been linked to ADNP. CONCLUSIONS We here present an integrated evaluation of all current aspects of gene function and evaluate how abnormalities in chromatin remodeling might relate to the pleiotropic clinical presentation in individual"s" with Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Peter D'Incal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling Lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Esther Van Rossem
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Man
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling Lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anthony Konings
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling Lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ludovico Rizzuti
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, V. Le Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitriolo
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, V. Le Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab, Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, V. Le Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Illana Gozes
- Elton Laboratory for Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, 727, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling Lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
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Gozes I, Shazman S. STOP Codon Mutations at Sites of Natural Caspase Cleavage Are Implicated in Autism and Alzheimer's Disease: The Case of ADNP. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:867442. [PMID: 35399934 PMCID: PMC8983810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.867442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Illana Gozes
- Elton Laboratory for Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shula Shazman
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Potent Therapeutic Agent in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030354. [PMID: 33653014 PMCID: PMC7996859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening condition that is characterized by secondary cell death processes that occur after the initial disruption of blood flow to the brain. The inability of endogenous repair mechanisms to sufficiently support functional recovery in stroke patients and the inadequate treatment options available are cause for concern. The pathology behind oxidative stress in stroke is of particular interest due to its detrimental effects on the brain. The oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke overwhelms the neutralization capacity of the body's endogenous antioxidant system, which leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and eventually results in cell death. The overproduction of ROS compromises the functional and structural integrity of brain tissue. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress to help obtain adequate treatment options for stroke. Here, we focus on the latest preclinical research that details the mechanisms behind secondary cell death processes that cause many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, as well as research that relates to how the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAPs) could make these molecules an ideal candidate for the treatment of stroke.
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D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Musumeci G, Reglodi D, D’Agata V. PACAP and NAP: Effect of Two Functionally Related Peptides in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1525-1535. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ke R, Lok SIS, Singh K, Chow BKC, Lee LTO. GIP receptor suppresses PAC1receptor-mediated neuronal differentiation via formation of a receptor heterocomplex. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1850-1860. [PMID: 33078390 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (PAC1R) is a class B Gprotein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed in the human body and is involved in neuronal differentiation. As class B GPCRs are known to form heterocomplexes with family members, we hypothesized that PAC1R mediates neuronal differentiation through interaction with a class B GPCR. We used the BRET assay to identify potential interactions between PAC1R and 11 class B GPCRs. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and secretin receptor were identified as putative binding partners of PAC1R. The effect of heterocomplex formation by PAC1R on receptor activation was evaluated with the cyclic (c)AMP, luciferase reporter, and calcium signaling assays; and the effects on receptor internalization and subcellular localization were examined by confocal microscopy. The results suggested he PAC1R/GIPR heterocomplex suppressed signaling events downstream of PAC1R, including cAMP production, serum response element and calcium signaling, and β-arrestin recruitment. Protein-protein interaction was analyzed in silico, and induction of neuronal differentiation by the PAC1R heterocomplex was assessed in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells by measure the morphological changes and marker genes expression by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. Over-expression of GIPR suppressed PACAP/PAC1R-mediated neuronal differentiation and the differentiation markers expression in SH-SY5Y cells. GIPR regulates neuronal differentiation through heterocomplex formation with PAC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ke
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Samson I S Lok
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo T O Lee
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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7
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Age and Sex-Dependent ADNP Regulation of Muscle Gene Expression Is Correlated with Motor Behavior: Possible Feedback Mechanism with PACAP. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186715. [PMID: 32937737 PMCID: PMC7555576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a double-edged sword, sex-dependently regulates multiple genes and was previously associated with the control of early muscle development and aging. Here we aimed to decipher the involvement of ADNP in versatile muscle gene expression patterns in correlation with motor function throughout life. Using quantitative RT-PCR we showed that Adnp+/− heterozygous deficiency in mice resulted in aberrant gastrocnemius (GC) muscle, tongue and bladder gene expression, which was corrected by the Adnp snippet, drug candidate, NAP (CP201). A significant sexual dichotomy was discovered, coupled to muscle and age-specific gene regulation. As such, Adnp was shown to regulate myosin light chain (Myl) in the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle, the language acquisition gene forkhead box protein P2 (Foxp2) in the tongue and the pituitary-adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor PAC1 mRNA (Adcyap1r1) in the bladder, with PACAP linked to bladder function. A tight age regulation was observed, coupled to an extensive correlation to muscle function (gait analysis), placing ADNP as a muscle-regulating gene/protein.
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Köves K, Szabó E, Kántor O, Heinzlmann A, Szabó F, Csáki Á. Current State of Understanding of the Role of PACAP in the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Gonadotropin Functions of Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 32210912 PMCID: PMC7067695 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PACAP was discovered 30 years ago in Dr. Akira Arimura's laboratory. In the past three decades since then, it has become evident that this peptide plays numerous crucial roles in mammalian organisms. The most important functions of PACAP are the following: 1. neurotransmitter, 2. neuromodulator, 3. hypophysiotropic hormone, 4. neuroprotector. This paper reviews the accumulated data regarding the distribution of PACAP and its receptors in the mammalian hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the role of PACAP in the gonadotropin hormone secretion of females and males. The review also summarizes the interaction between PACAP, GnRH, and sex steroids as well as hypothalamic peptides including kisspeptin. The possible role of PACAP in reproductive functions through the biological clock is also discussed. Finally, the significance of PACAP in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system is considered and the facts missing, that would help better understand the function of PACAP in this system, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Köves
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Szabó
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kántor
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinzlmann
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ágnes Csáki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Liao C, de Molliens MP, Schneebeli ST, Brewer M, Song G, Chatenet D, Braas KM, May V, Li J. Targeting the PAC1 Receptor for Neurological and Metabolic Disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1399-1417. [PMID: 31284862 PMCID: PMC6761004 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190709092647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-selective PAC1 receptor (PAC1R, ADCYAP1R1) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/secretin/glucagon family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). PAC1R has been shown to play crucial roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The activation of PAC1R initiates diverse downstream signal transduction pathways, including adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, MEK/ERK, and Akt pathways that regulate a number of physiological systems to maintain functional homeostasis. Accordingly, at times of tissue injury or insult, PACAP/PAC1R activation of these pathways can be trophic to blunt or delay apoptotic events and enhance cell survival. Enhancing PAC1R signaling under these conditions has the potential to mitigate cellular damages associated with cerebrovascular trauma (including stroke), neurodegeneration (such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease), or peripheral organ insults. Conversely, maladaptive PACAP/PAC1R signaling has been implicated in a number of disorders, including stressrelated psychopathologies (i.e., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and related abnormalities), chronic pain and migraine, and metabolic diseases; abrogating PAC1R signaling under these pathological conditions represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Given the diverse PAC1R-mediated biological activities, the receptor has emerged as a relevant pharmaceutical target. In this review, we first describe the current knowledge regarding the molecular structure, dynamics, and function of PAC1R. Then, we discuss the roles of PACAP and PAC1R in the activation of a variety of signaling cascades related to the physiology and diseases of the nervous system. Lastly, we examine current drug design and development of peptides and small molecules targeting PAC1R based on a number of structure- activity relationship studies and key pharmacophore elements. At present, the rational design of PAC1R-selective peptide or small-molecule therapeutics is largely hindered by the lack of structural information regarding PAC1R activation mechanisms, the PACAP-PAC1R interface, and the core segments involved in receptor activation. Understanding the molecular basis governing the PACAP interactions with its different cognate receptors will undoubtedly provide a basis for the development and/or refinement of receptor-selective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | | | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - David Chatenet
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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Sragovich S, Ziv Y, Vaisvaser S, Shomron N, Hendler T, Gozes I. The autism-mutated ADNP plays a key role in stress response. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:235. [PMID: 31534115 PMCID: PMC6751176 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), discovered and first characterized in our laboratory (IG), is vital for mammalian brain formation and presents one of the leading genes mutated de novo causing an autistic syndrome, namely the ADNP syndrome. Furthermore, a unique mouse model of Adnp-haploinsufficiency was developed in the laboratory (IG), with mice exhibiting cognitive and social deficiencies. ADNP is regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). In this respect, PACAP was independently identified as a sexual divergent master regulator of the stress response. Here, we sought to determine the impact of the Adnp genotype and the efficacy of PACAP pre-treatment when subjecting Adnp+/- mice to stressful conditions. Significant sex differences were observed with Adnp+/- males being more susceptible to stress in the object and social recognition tests, and the females more susceptible in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Splenic Adnp expression and plasma cortisol levels in mice were correlated with cognition (male mice) and anxiety-related behavior. These findings were further translated to humans, with observed correlations between ADNP expression and stress/cortisol content in a young men cohort. Altogether, our current results may establish ADNP as a marker of stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Sragovich
- 0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Yarden Ziv
- 0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Sharon Vaisvaser
- 0000 0001 0518 6922grid.413449.fFunctional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- 0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- 0000 0001 0518 6922grid.413449.fFunctional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37School of Psychological Sciences, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Illana Gozes
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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11
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Nakamachi T, Kamata E, Tanigawa A, Konno N, Shioda S, Matsuda K. Distribution of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 2 in zebrafish brain. Peptides 2018. [PMID: 29535004 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multipotent neuropeptide with an amino acid sequence that is well conserved among vertebrates. In teleosts, including zebrafish, the PACAP gene (adcyap1) has been duplicated to yield adcyap1a (coding PACAP1) and adcyap1b (coding PACAP2). This study aims to determine the distribution of these PACAPs and their mRNAs in zebrafish. We generated a zebrafish PACAP2-specific antibody. Using real-time PCR, we observed that adcyap1b mRNA was primarily localized in the brain, with the highest level in the telencephalon, followed by the diencephalon. Using immunostaining of brain tissue samples, PACAP2 immunoreactivity was observed mainly in the telencephalon, hypothalamus, and cerebellum, and the immunopositive fibers formed a line to the habenula. PACAP2-immunopositive cells were observed in the ventral and dorsal regions of the telencephalon and in the hypothalamic nucleus of the diencephalon in the colchicine-injected brain. This distribution of PACAP2 suggests its involvement in higher brain functions in teleosts, such as learning and cognition, as well as instinctive behaviors such as feeding and emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Eri Kamata
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Ayano Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Innovative Drug Discovery, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Gozes I, Van Dijck A, Hacohen-Kleiman G, Grigg I, Karmon G, Giladi E, Eger M, Gabet Y, Pasmanik-Chor M, Cappuyns E, Elpeleg O, Kooy RF, Bedrosian-Sermone S. Premature primary tooth eruption in cognitive/motor-delayed ADNP-mutated children. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1043. [PMID: 28221363 PMCID: PMC5438031 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major flaw in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) management is late diagnosis. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is a most frequent de novo mutated ASD-related gene. Functionally, ADNP protects nerve cells against electrical blockade. In mice, complete Adnp deficiency results in dysregulation of over 400 genes and failure to form a brain. Adnp haploinsufficiency results in cognitive and social deficiencies coupled to sex- and age-dependent deficits in the key microtubule and ion channel pathways. Here, collaborating with parents/caregivers globally, we discovered premature tooth eruption as a potential early diagnostic biomarker for ADNP mutation. The parents of 44/54 ADNP-mutated children reported an almost full erupted dentition by 1 year of age, including molars and only 10 of the children had teeth within the normal developmental time range. Looking at Adnp-deficient mice, by computed tomography, showed significantly smaller dental sacs and tooth buds at 5 days of age in the deficient mice compared to littermate controls. There was only trending at 2 days, implicating age-dependent dysregulation of teething in Adnp-deficient mice. Allen Atlas analysis showed Adnp expression in the jaw area. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and gene array analysis of human ADNP-mutated lymphoblastoids, whole-mouse embryos and mouse brains identified dysregulation of bone/nervous system-controlling genes resulting from ADNP mutation/deficiency (for example, BMP1 and BMP4). AKAP6, discovered here as a major gene regulated by ADNP, also links cognition and bone maintenance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that early primary (deciduous) teething is related to the ADNP syndrome, providing for early/simple diagnosis and paving the path to early intervention/specialized treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gozes
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Einstein Street, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel. E-mail:
| | - A Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Hacohen-Kleiman
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Grigg
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - G Karmon
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Giladi
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Eger
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Gabet
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Pasmanik-Chor
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,The Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Cappuyns
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - O Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R F Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
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14
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Sexual divergence in microtubule function: the novel intranasal microtubule targeting SKIP normalizes axonal transport and enhances memory. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1467-76. [PMID: 26782054 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), essential for brain formation, is a frequent autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-mutated gene. ADNP associates with microtubule end-binding proteins (EBs) through its SxIP motif, to regulate dendritic spine formation and brain plasticity. Here, we reveal SKIP, a novel four-amino-acid peptide representing an EB-binding site, as a replacement therapy in an outbred Adnp-deficient mouse model. We discovered, for the first time, axonal transport deficits in Adnp(+/-) mice (measured by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging), with significant male-female differences. RNA sequencing evaluations showed major age, sex and genotype differences. Function enrichment and focus on major gene expression changes further implicated channel/transporter function and the cytoskeleton. In particular, a significant maturation change (1 month-five months) was observed in beta1 tubulin (Tubb1) mRNA, only in Adnp(+/+) males, and sex-dependent increase in calcium channel mRNA (Cacna1e) in Adnp(+/+) males compared with females. At the protein level, the Adnp(+/-) mice exhibited impaired hippocampal expression of the calcium channel (voltage-dependent calcium channel, Cacnb1) as well as other key ASD-linked genes including the serotonin transporter (Slc6a4), and the autophagy regulator, BECN1 (Beclin1), in a sex-dependent manner. Intranasal SKIP treatment normalized social memory in 8- to 9-month-old Adnp(+/-)-treated mice to placebo-control levels, while protecting axonal transport and ameliorating changes in ASD-like gene expression. The control, all d-amino analog D-SKIP, did not mimic SKIP activity. SKIP presents a novel prototype for potential ASD drug development, a prevalent unmet medical need.
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15
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Matoba Y, Nonaka N, Takagi Y, Imamura E, Narukawa M, Nakamachi T, Shioda S, Banks WA, Nakamura M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide enhances saliva secretion via direct binding to PACAP receptors of major salivary glands in mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1293-9. [PMID: 27339371 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common syndrome that is generally treated with artificial saliva; however, no other effective methods have yet been established. Saliva secretion is mainly under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is recognized as a multifunctional neuropeptide in various organs. In this study, we examined the effect of PACAP on saliva secretion, and detected the distribution of the PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC1R) in major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, in 9-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal administration of PACAP 38 increased the amount of saliva secreted, which was not inhibited by atropine pretreatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that PAC1R was distributed in the three major salivary glands. In the parotid and sublingual glands, PAC1R was detected in striated duct cells, whereas in the submandibular gland, a strong PAC1R immunoreaction was detected in tall columnar epithelial cells in the granular ducts (i.e., pillar cells), as well as in some striated duct cells. PACAP significantly increased the concentration of epidermal growth factor in saliva. These results suggest that PACAP directly regulates saliva secretion by controlling the absorption activity in the ducts, and that pillar cells regulate the function of granular epithelial cells in the granular duct, such as the secretion of growth factors into the saliva. Collectively, these results suggest the possibility of PACAP as a new effective treatment of xerostomia. Anat Rec, 299:1293-1299, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matoba
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yoshitoki Takagi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisaku Imamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral Surgery, Yokohama General Hospital, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Narukawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Irwin M, Greig A, Tvrdik P, Lucero MT. PACAP modulation of calcium ion activity in developing granule cells of the neonatal mouse olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1234-48. [PMID: 25475351 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00594.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) activity in the CNS is critical for the establishment of developing neuronal circuitry prior to and during early sensory input. In developing olfactory bulb (OB), the neuromodulators that enhance network activity are largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-specific PAC1 receptors (PAC1Rs) expressed in postnatal day (P)2-P5 mouse OB are functional and enhance network activity as measured by increases in calcium in genetically identified granule cells (GCs). We used confocal Ca(2+) imaging of OB slices from Dlx2-tdTomato mice to visualize GABAergic GCs. To address whether the PACAP-induced Ca(2+) oscillations were direct or indirect effects of PAC1R activation, we used antagonists for the GABA receptors (GABARs) and/or glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the presence and absence of PACAP. Combined block of GABARs and GluRs yielded a 66% decrease in the numbers of PACAP-responsive cells, suggesting that 34% of OB neurons are directly activated by PACAP. Similarly, immunocytochemistry using anti-PAC1 antibody showed that 34% of OB neurons express PAC1R. Blocking either GluRs or GABARs alone indirectly showed that PACAP stimulates release of both glutamate and GABA, which activate GCs. The appearance of PACAP-induced Ca(2+) activity in immature GCs suggests a role for PACAP in GC maturation. To conclude, we find that PACAP has both direct and indirect effects on neonatal OB GABAergic cells and may enhance network activity by promoting glutamate and GABA release. Furthermore, the numbers of PACAP-responsive GCs significantly increased between P2 and P5, suggesting that PACAP-induced Ca(2+) activity contributes to neonatal OB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Irwin
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ann Greig
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Petr Tvrdik
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Mary T Lucero
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, American University of the Caribbean, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles
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17
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Saito H, Nakamachi T, Inoue K, Ikeda R, Kitamura K, Minamino N, Shioda S, Miyata A. Autocrine effects of neuromedin B stimulate the proliferation of rat primary osteoblasts. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:141-50. [PMID: 23428580 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB) is a mammalian bombesin-like peptide that regulates exocrine/endocrine secretion, smooth muscle contraction, body temperature, and the proliferation of some cell types. Here, we show that mRNA encoding Nmb and its receptor (Nmbr) are expressed in rat bone tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that NMB and NMBR colocalize in osteoblasts, epiphyseal chondrocytes, and proliferative chondrocytes of growth plates from mouse hind limbs. Then, we investigated the effect of NMB on the proliferation of rat primary cultured osteoblasts. Proliferation assays and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assays demonstrated that NMB augments the cell number and enhances DNA synthesis in osteoblasts. Pretreatment with the NMBR antagonist BIM23127 inhibited NMB-induced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Western blot analysis showed that NMB activates ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in osteoblasts. Pretreatment with the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 attenuated NMB-induced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. We also investigated the effects of molecules that contribute to osteoblast proliferation and differentiation on Nmb expression in osteoblasts. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) and transforming growth factor β1 increase and decrease Nmb mRNA expression levels respectively. Finally, proliferation assays revealed that the NMBR antagonist BIM23127 suppresses E2-induced osteoblast proliferation. These results suggest that NMB/NMBR signaling plays an autocrine or paracrine role in osteoblast proliferation and contributes to the regulation of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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18
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Nakamura K, Nakamachi T, Endo K, Ito K, Machida T, Oka T, Hori M, Ishizaka K, Shioda S. Distribution of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the human testis and in testicular germ cell tumors. Andrologia 2013; 46:465-71. [PMID: 23621806 DOI: 10.1111/and.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Previous studies revealed the role and distribution of PACAP in the rodent testis, however, its presence in the human testis and in testicular germ cell tumors is not known. We used RT-PCR and immunohistological observations to investigate whether human testicular tissue and testicular germ cell tumors contain PACAP. The mRNAs for PACAP and its receptors were detected in total RNA extracted from human testes. PACAP immunoreactivity was observed in spermatogonia and spermatids from normal testes. In contrast, diffuse PACAP immunopositivity was observed in seminoma tumor cells, while only faint immunoreactivity was observed in embryonal carcinoma cells. Our data suggest that PACAP may play a role in human spermatogenesis and in testicular germ cell tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawaku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Kanto Central Hospital, Setagayaku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakamachi T, Farkas J, Kagami N, Wada Y, Hori M, Tsuchikawa D, Tsuchida M, Yoshikawa A, Imai N, Hosono T, Atrata S, Shioda S. Expression and distribution of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor in reactive astrocytes induced by global brain ischemia in mice. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 118:55-9. [PMID: 23564104 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1434-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide acting as a neuroprotectant. We previously showed that PACAP receptor (PAC1R) immunoreactivity was elevated in reactive astrocytes after stab wound injury. However, the pattern of PAC1R expression in astrocytes after brain injury is still unknown. In this study, PAC1R expression was evaluated in mouse hippocampal astrocytes after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. PAC1R mRNA levels in the hippocampus peaked on day 7, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA levels increased from day 3 to day 7 after ischemia. We then observed co-localization of PAC1R and GFAP by double immunostaining. GFAP-immunopositive cells showed signs of hypertrophy 3 days after the ischemia, and by day 7 had fine processes, were hypertrophied, and are known as reactive astrocytes. A low number of PAC1R-immunopositive astrocytes were detectable in the hippocampal area until 3 days after ischemia. PAC1R-positive astrocytes were widely distributed in the hippocampus between day 7 and day 14 after ischemia, and they were converging around the damaged CA1 pyramidal cell layer by day 28. These results suggest that PAC1R might be expressed in the middle to late stage of reactive astrocytes and PACAP plays an important role in the reactive astrocytes after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Hori M, Nakamachi T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Ogawa T, Aiuchi T, Tsuruyama T, Tamaki K, Shioda S. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of the PACAP38 influenced ischemic brain in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:256. [PMID: 23176072 PMCID: PMC3526409 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is considered to be a potential therapeutic agent for prevention of cerebral ischemia. Ischemia is a most common cause of death after heart attack and cancer causing major negative social and economic consequences. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PACAP38 injection intracerebroventrically in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO) along with corresponding SHAM control that used 0.9% saline injection. METHODS Ischemic and non-ischemic brain tissues were sampled at 6 and 24 hours post-treatment. Following behavioral analyses to confirm whether the ischemia has occurred, we investigated the genome-wide changes in gene and protein expression using DNA microarray chip (4x44K, Agilent) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining were also used to further examine the identified protein factor. RESULTS Our results revealed numerous changes in the transcriptome of ischemic hemisphere (ipsilateral) treated with PACAP38 compared to the saline-injected SHAM control hemisphere (contralateral). Previously known (such as the interleukin family) and novel (Gabra6, Crtam) genes were identified under PACAP influence. In parallel, 2-DGE analysis revealed a highly expressed protein spot in the ischemic hemisphere that was identified as dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DPYL2). The DPYL2, also known as Crmp2, is a marker for the axonal growth and nerve development. Interestingly, PACAP treatment slightly increased its abundance (by 2-DGE and immunostaining) at 6 h but not at 24 h in the ischemic hemisphere, suggesting PACAP activates neuronal defense mechanism early on. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed inventory of PACAP influenced gene expressions and protein targets in mice ischemic brain, and suggests new targets for thereaupetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Hori
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
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Arata S, Nakamachi T, Onimaru H, Hashimoto H, Shioda S. Impaired response to hypoxia in the respiratory center is a major cause of neonatal death of the PACAP-knockout mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:407-16. [PMID: 23136967 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed widely in nervous tissues. PACAP-knockout ((-/-)) mice display a sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)-like phenotype, although the underlying physiological mechanism to explain this remains unclear. Here, we report on the presence of abnormal respiratory activity in PACAP(-/-) mice under hypoxic conditions, which provides a basis for the SIDS-like phenotype. PACAP(-/-) mice display a lowered baseline respiratory activity compared with wild-type animals, and an abnormal response to hypoxia. More specifically, PACAP(-/-) mice at postnatal day 7 showed respiratory arrest in response to hypoxia. In contrast, their response to hypercapnic conditions was the same as that of wild-type mice. Histological and real-time PCR analyses indicated that the catecholaminergic system in the medulla oblongata was impaired in PACAP(-/-) mice, suggesting that endogenous PACAP affects respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata via its action on the catecholaminergic system. We propose that disruption of this system is involved in the SIDS-like phenotype of PACAP(-/-) mice. Thus, disorders of the catecholaminergic system involved with O(2) sensing could be implicated in underlying neuronal mechanisms responsible for SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Arata
- Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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IL-6 and PACAP Receptor Expression and Localization after Global Brain Ischemia in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:518-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gozes I. Neuropeptide GPCRs in neuroendocrinology: the case of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:134. [PMID: 23162535 PMCID: PMC3499767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gozes I. VIP–PACAP 2010: My Own Perspective on Modulation of Cognitive and Emotional Behavior. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:261-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nakamachi T, Nakamura K, Oshida K, Kagami N, Mori H, Watanabe J, Arata S, Yofu S, Endo K, Wada Y, Hori M, Tsuchikawa D, Kato M, Shioda S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates proliferation of reactive astrocytes in vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:16-21. [PMID: 20574684 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide originally isolated from ovine hypothalamus. Recently, we have shown that the PACAP receptor (PAC1-R) is expressed in reactive astrocytes following an in vivo stub wound brain injury. However, the functional role of PACAP has not yet been clarified. In order to investigate the effect of PACAP on the proliferation of reactive astrocytes, a scratch wound paradigm was applied to astrocytic monolayers. Following injury, there was an increase in PAC1-R and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in the astrocytes surrounding the scratch line. PACAP at concentrations of 10(-15) to 10(-7) M was applied immediately after scratching, and the proliferating astrocytes were visualized by multiple immunofluorescence labeling. The percentage of cells that colabeled for Ki67 (a marker of proliferating cells) and GFAP increased in the 10(-11)- and 10(-13)-M PACAP-treated groups. The proliferating astrocytes induced by PACAP treatment mainly occurred in the proximal wound area where many reactive astrocytes were observed. Pretreatment with the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 significantly suppressed the PACAP-induced effects. These results strongly suggest that PACAP plays an important role in the proliferation of reactive astrocytes following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Nakamachi T, Ohtaki H, Yofu S, Dohi K, Watanabe J, Mori H, Sato A, Hashimoto H, Shintani N, Baba A, Shioda S. Endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide is involved in suppression of edema in the ischemic brain. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2010; 106:43-6. [PMID: 19812918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-98811-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide is a pleiotropic neuropeptide. We previously showed that heterozygous PACAP gene knockout (PACAP(+/-)) mice had larger infarct volumes and worse neurological scores after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, the relationship between endogenous PACAP levels and edema in the ischemic brain has not yet been evaluated. In this study, the formation of edema in the ischemic brain as well as cerebral blood flow was compared between PACAP(+/-) and wild-type (PACAP(+/+)) mice. The amount of brain edema was calculated by subtracting the contralateral volume from the ipsilateral volume 24 h after permanent MCAO. PACAP(+/-) mice showed significantly greater brain edema than PACAP(+/+) mice. To investigate the effects of endogenous PACAP on blood flow during ischemia, cerebral blood flow in the ipsilateral and the contralateral cortices was compared between PACAP(+/-) and PACAP(+/+) mice for 25 min after ischemia. With a two-dimensional laser Doppler perfusion imaging system, the blood flow in the ipsilateral and contralateral cortices was shown to be similar in PACAP(+/-) and PACAP(+/+) mice during ischemia. These results suggest that endogenous PACAP suppresses the formation of edema in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that was first isolated from an ovine hypothalamus in 1989. Since its discovery, more than 2,000 papers have reported on the tissue and cellular distribution and functional significance of PACAP. A number of papers have reported that PACAP but not the vasoactive intestinal peptide suppressed neuronal cell death or decreased infarct volume after global and focal ischemia in rodents, even if PACAP was administered several hours after ischemia induction. In addition, recent studies using PACAP gene-deficient mice demonstrated that endogenous PACAP also contributes greatly to neuroprotection similarly to exogenously administered PACAP. The studies suggest that neuroprotection by PACAP might extend the therapeutic time window for treatment of ischemia-related conditions, such as stroke. This review summarizes the effects of PACAP on ischemic neuronal cell death, and the mechanism clarified in vivo ischemic studies. In addition, the prospective mechanism of PACAP on ischemic neuroprotection from in vitro neuronal and neuronal-like cell cultures with injured stress model is reviewed. Finally, the development of PACAP and/or receptor agonists for human therapy is discussed.
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