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Decarie-Spain L, Kanoski SE. Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:977. [PMID: 33803053 PMCID: PMC8002922 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Decarie-Spain
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Sullivan KA, Grant CV, Jordan KR, Vickery SS, Pyter LM. Voluntary wheel running ameliorates select paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced sickness behaviors and associated melanocortin signaling. Behav Brain Res 2021; 399:113041. [PMID: 33279635 PMCID: PMC7856259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While chemotherapy remains a common cancer treatment, it is associated with debilitating side effects (e.g., anorexia, weight loss, and fatigue) that adversely affect patient quality of life and increase mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying taxane chemotherapy-induced side effects, and effective treatments to ameliorate them, are not well-established. Here, we tested the longitudinal relationship between a clinically-relevant paclitaxel regimen, inflammation, and sickness behaviors (loss of body mass, anorexia, fever, and fatigue) in adult, female mice. Furthermore, we sought to identify the extent to which voluntary exercise (wheel running) attenuates paclitaxel-induced sickness behaviors and underlying central pathways. Body mass and food intake decreased following six doses of chemotherapy treatment relative to vehicle controls, lasting less than 5 days after the last dose. Paclitaxel treatment also transiently decreased locomotion (open field test), voluntary wheel running, home-cage locomotion, and core body temperature without affecting motor coordination (rotarod task). Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalamic Il1b gene expression remained elevated in chemotherapy-treated mice at least 3 days after the last dose. Exercise intervention did not ameliorate fatigue or inflammation, but hastened recovery from paclitaxel-induced weight loss. Body mass recovery was associated with the wheel running-induced recovery of body composition, paclitaxel-induced alterations to hypothalamic melanocortin signaling, and associated peripheral circulating hormones (ghrelin and leptin). The present findings demonstrate the benefits of exercise on faster recovery from paclitaxel-induced body mass loss and deficits in melanocortin signaling and suggests the development of therapies targeting the melanocortin pathway to reduce paclitaxel-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Sullivan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Corena V Grant
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Selina S Vickery
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Wong YS, Lin MY, Liu PF, Ko JL, Huang GT, Tu DG, Ou CC. D-methionine improves cisplatin-induced anorexia and dyspepsia syndrome by attenuating intestinal tryptophan hydroxylase 1 activity and increasing plasma leptin concentration. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13803. [PMID: 31989744 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic drug. However, cisplatin-induced dyspepsia syndromes, including delayed gastric emptying, gastric distension, early satiety, nausea, and vomiting, often force patients to take doses lower than those prescribed or even refuse treatment. D-methionine has an appetite-enhancing effect and alleviates weight loss during cisplatin treatment. METHODS This work established a model of anorexia and dyspepsia symptoms with intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) once a week for three cycles. Presupplementation with or without D-methionine (300 mg/kg) was performed. Orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT2C and 5-HT3 ), and hypothalamic feeding-related peptides were measured by immunohistochemistry staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time PCR assay. KEY RESULTS Cisplatin administration caused marked decrease in appetite and body weight, promoted adipose and fat tissue atrophy, and delayed gastric emptying and gastric distension, and D-methionine preadministration prior to cisplatin administration significantly ameliorated these side effects. Besides, cisplatin induced an evident increase in serum ghrelin level, TPH1 activity, and 5-HT3 receptor expression in the intestine and decreased plasma leptin levels and gastric ghrelin mRNA gene expression levels. D-methionine supplementation recovered these changes. The expression of orexigenic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide and anorexigenic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript proopiomelanocortin neurons were altered by D-methionine supplementation in cisplatin-induced anorexia rats. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES D-methionine supplementation prevents cisplatin-induced anorexia and dyspepsia syndrome possibly by attenuating intestinal tryptophan hydroxylase 1 activity and increasing plasma leptin concentration. Therefore, D-methionine can be used as an adjuvant therapy for treating cisplatin-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sin Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Yn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fen Liu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Guan-Ting Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chyn Ou
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Ye F, Yin J, Li S, Chen JDZ. Ameliorating effects and mechanisms of chronic electroacupuncture at ST36 in a rodent model of dyspepsia induced by cisplatin. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13474. [PMID: 30246392 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-associated dyspepsia syndrome (CADS) is among the most intensive side effects and critical concerns for patients with cancer. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of chronic electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 on chemotherapy-associated dyspeptic symptoms (CADS) in rats. METHODS Cisplatin (8 mg/kg, ip) was given once to establish CADS model. EA or sham-EA treatment was then performed one hour daily for 21 days. KEY RESULTS (a) EA treatment decreased kaolin intake within 24 hours (1.67 ± 0.23 g vs 2.36 ± 0.37 g in sham-EA, P < 0.05); EA increased food intake (9.43 ± 2.28 vs 4.32 ± 1.26 in sham-EA, P < 0.05) and cisplatin-induced reduction of body weight (426.38 ± 13.25 vs 407.92 ± 13.26 in sham-EA, P = 0.05). (b) The incidence of normal behavioral satiety sequence (53%) in EA group was greater than that in sham-EA (32%) group (X2 = 17.68, P < 0.01). (c) EA increased the percentage of normal gastric slow waves (82.6 ± 5.98 vs 22.8 ± 1.90 in sham-EA, P < 0.05). (d) EA normalized cisplatin delayed gastric emptying (71.3% ± 6.8% vs 44.6% ± 11.2% in control, P < 0.05). (e) EA decreased ratio of heart rate variability (0.30 ± 0.03 vs 0.56 ± 0.05 in sham-EA, P < 0.05). (f) EA decreased fasting ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY (P < 0.01 vs sham-EA for all). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Chronic EA ameliorates dyspepsia symptom and improves gastric dysmotility induced by Cisplatin, mediated via the vagal and gastrointestinal hormonal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shannxi, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sunjuan Zhang
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin No. 254 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shannxi, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiying Li
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiande D Z Chen
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gong Y, Liu Y, Guo Y, Su M, Zhong Y, Xu L, Guo F, Gao S. Ghrelin projection from the lateral hypothalamus area to the dorsal vagal complex and its regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:69-80. [PMID: 28985965 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate ghrelin projection from the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and its regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the protein and mRNA expression of ghrelin and its receptor GHSR-1a were measured by Western blot and PCR, respectively. The ghrelin fiber projections arising from the LHA and projecting to the DVC were investigated by retrograde tracing combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining. The effects of ghrelin in the DVC, electrical stimulation of the LHA, and electrical lesion of the DVC on gastric motility were measured in cisplatin-treated rats. RESULTS Ghrelin fibers originating in the LHA projected to the DVC. The protein and mRNA expression of GHSR-1a was greater in cisplatin-treated rats than in saline-treated rats. Conversely, the expression of ghrelin in the LHA and DVC was reduced in cisplatin-treated rats. Cisplatin treatment also reduced gastric contractions. Ghrelin administrated into the DVC significantly promoted gastric motility, an effect completely blocked by treatment with the ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6. In addition, electrical stimulation of the LHA promoted gastric motility, though this effect was much weaker in cisplatin-treated rats than in control rats. The excitatory effect of electrical stimulation of the LHA on gastric motility was partially blocked by pretreatment of the DVC with [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6. Electrical lesion of the DVC diminished the excitatory effect that was induced by electrical stimulation of the LHA. CONCLUSIONS DVC, especially AP, may have a role for gastric contraction induced by the stimulation of the LHA. This regulation on gastric motility was weaker in cisplatin-treated rats than in saline-treated rats, possibly due to reduced ghrelin expression in the LHA and ghrelin projection from the LHA to the DVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yaoyao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Manqing Su
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- Qingdao No.2 Middle School, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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6
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Gong Y, Liu Y, Liu F, Wang S, Jin H, Guo F, Xu L. Ghrelin fibers from lateral hypothalamus project to nucleus tractus solitaries and are involved in gastric motility regulation in cisplatin-treated rats. Brain Res 2017; 1659:29-40. [PMID: 28093190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin can alleviate cancer chemotherapy-induced dyspepsia in rodents, though the neural mechanisms involved are not known. Therefore, ghrelin projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and its involvement in the regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats were investigated with a multi-disciplined approach. Retrograde tracing combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate ghrelin fiber projections arising from LH and projecting to nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS). Results revealed that ghrelin fibers originating in LH project to NTS. Expression of ghrelin and its receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in LH and NTS were detected by Western Blot. 2days after cisplatin dosing, expression of ghrelin in LH decreased while GHS-R1a in both LH and NTS increased. In electrophysiological experiments, the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) microinjection in LH on neuronal discharge of gastric distension-responsive neurons in NTS and gastric motility were assessed. NMDA in LH excited most of ghrelin-responsive gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons in NTS and promoted gastric motility. This effect was partially blocked by ghrelin antibody in NTS. Furthermore, the excitatory effects of NMDA in cisplatin-treated rats were weaker than those in saline-treated rats. Behaviorally, cisplatin induced a significant increase of kaolin consumption and decrease of food intake. These studies reveal a decreased expression of ghrelin in LH and up-regulation of GHS-R1a in LH and NTS, which are involved in the regulation of GD neuronal discharge in NTS and gastric motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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7
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Sever S, White DL, Garcia JM. Is there an effect of ghrelin/ghrelin analogs on cancer? A systematic review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R393-409. [PMID: 27552970 PMCID: PMC5064755 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone with multiple physiologic functions, including promotion of growth hormone release, stimulation of appetite and regulation of energy homeostasis. Treatment with ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists is a prospective therapy for disease-related cachexia and malnutrition. In vitro studies have shown high expression of ghrelin in cancer tissue, although its role including its impact in cancer risk and progression has not been established. We performed a systematic literature review to identify peer-reviewed human or animal in vivo original research studies of ghrelin, ghrelin-receptor agonists, or ghrelin genetic variants and the risk, presence, or growth of cancer using structured searches in PubMed database as well as secondary searches of article reference lists, additional reviews and meta-analyses. Overall, 45 (73.8%) of the 61 studies reviewed, including all 11 involving exogenous ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment, reported either a null (no statistically significant difference) or inverse association of ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists or ghrelin genetic variants with cancer risk, presence or growth; 10 (16.7%) studies reported positive associations; and 6 (10.0%) reported both negative or null and positive associations. Differences in serum ghrelin levels in cancer cases vs controls (typically lower) were reported for some but not all cancers. The majority of in vivo studies showed a null or inverse association of ghrelin with risk and progression of most cancers, suggesting that ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment may have a favorable safety profile to use for cancer cachexia. Additional large-scale prospective clinical trials as well as basic bioscientific research are warranted to further evaluate the safety and benefits of ghrelin treatment in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Sever
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness ProgramSection of Health Services Research (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HSR&D Center of Innovation (152), Houston, Texas, USA Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - José M Garcia
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Huffington Center on AgingBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Ko JL, Tsai CH, Liu TC, Lin MY, Lin HL, Ou CC. Differential effects of grape juice on gastric emptying and renal function from cisplatin-induced acute adverse toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:808-17. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115607079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Grape skin and seeds contain large amounts of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins, which possess antioxidant activities. Cisplatin is widely used in the treatment of cancer. High doses of cisplatin have also been known to produce acute adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of antioxidant properties of whole grape juice (with skin and seeds) on cisplatin-induced acute gastrointestinal tract disorders and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Gastric emptying is significantly increased in whole grape juice-pretreated rats when compared to cisplatin treatment alone. The expression of ghrelin mRNA of stomach is increased in rats with whole grape juice. However, pretreatment with whole grape juice did not reduce renal function markers in acute renal toxicity. No significant changes were recorded in the oxidative stress/antioxidant status parameters of any study group. In contrast, pretreatment with whole grape juice slightly improved tubular cell vacuolization, tubular dilatation, and cast formation in renal tubules. These results show that consumption of whole grape juice induces somewhat beneficial effects in preventing cisplatin-mediated dyspepsia but does not offer protection against cisplatin-induced acute renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - C-H Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - T-C Liu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - M-Y Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - H-L Lin
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Ou
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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9
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Effect of protein malnutrition on the metabolism and toxicity of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C in rat stomach. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:467-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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11
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Sung EZH, Arasaradnam RP, Jarvie EM, James S, Goodyear SJ, Borman RA, Snead D, Sanger GJ, Nwokolo CU. Effects of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for oesophago-gastric cancer on neuro-muscular gastric function. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9989-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Yakabi K, Sadakane C, Noguchi M, Ohno S, Ro S, Chinen K, Aoyama T, Sakurada T, Takabayashi H, Hattori T. Reduced ghrelin secretion in the hypothalamus of rats due to cisplatin-induced anorexia. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3773-82. [PMID: 20534732 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy with cisplatin is a widely used and effective cancer treatment, the undesirable gastrointestinal side effects associated with it, such as nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, markedly decrease patients' quality of life. To elucidate the mechanism underlying chemotherapy-induced anorexia, focusing on the hypothalamic ghrelin secretion-anorexia association, we measured hypothalamic ghrelin secretion in fasted and cisplatin-treated rats. Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion changes after vagotomy or administration of cisplatin. Cisplatin + rikkunshito, a serotonin 2C receptor antagonist or serotonin 3 receptor antagonist, was investigated. The effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ghrelin or the serotonin 2C receptor antagonist SB242084 on food intake were also evaluated in cisplatin-treated rats. Hypothalamic ghrelin secretion significantly increased in 24-h-fasted rats compared to freely fed rats and was markedly reduced 24 and 48 h after cisplatin treatment in cisplatin-treated rats compared to saline-treated rats, although their plasma ghrelin levels were comparable. In cisplatin-treated rats, icv ghrelin administration reversed the decrease in food intake, vagotomy partially restored hypothalamic ghrelin secretion, and hypothalamic serotonin 2C receptor mRNA expression increased significantly. Administration of rikkunshito (an endogenous ghrelin enhancer) or a serotonin 2C receptor antagonist reversed the decrease in hypothalamic ghrelin secretion and food intake 24 h after cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin-induced anorexia is mediated through reduced hypothalamic ghrelin secretion. Cerebral serotonin 2C receptor activation partially induces decrease in hypothalamic ghrelin secretion, and rikkunshito suppresses cisplatin-induced anorexia by enhancing this secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Monitoring the Effect of Docetaxel Treatment in MCF7 Xenografts Using Multimodal In Vivo and Ex Vivo Magnetic Resonance Methods, Histopathology, and Gene Expression. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:252-63. [PMID: 20689767 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI, in vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS), and ex vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MRS for the detection of early treatment effects after docetaxel administration. Docetaxel is an antitumor agent that leads to mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe cell death. Gene expression analysis was performed to detect altered regulation in gene expression pathways related to docetaxel treatment effects. Histopathology was used as a measure of alterations in apoptosis and proliferation due to docetaxel. Experiments were performed using MCF7 mouse xenografts, randomized into a docetaxel (30 mg/kg) treatment group and a control group given saline. MRI/MRS was performed 1 day before treatment and 1, 3, and 6 days after treatment. Parametric images of the extracellular extravascular volume fraction (v(e)) transfer constant (K(trans)) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated from the DCE-MRI and DW-MRI data. Biopsies were analyzed by HR MAS MRS, and histopathology and gene expression profiles were determined (Illumina). A significant increase in the ADC 3 and 6 days after treatment and a significant decrease in total choline and a higher v(e) were found in treated tumors 6 days after treatment. No significant difference was found in the K(trans) between the two groups. Our results show that docetaxel induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in MCF7 xenografts. Further, these phenomena can be monitored by in vivo MRS, DW-MRI, and gene expression.
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A physiological approach to modernize the management of cancer chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:19-25. [PMID: 20009760 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833575cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gastrointestinal toxicity during chemotherapy is frequent. Symptomatic therapies for gastrointestinal toxicity, which do not address the underlying cause, may result in inadequate symptom control. With advances in curative treatment regimens, it becomes more important to minimize treatment toxicity which otherwise may compromise optimal chemotherapy and the chance of cure. RECENT FINDINGS For decades, oncologists have concentrated on delineating the pathological processes, which occur within the gastrointestinal tract during chemotherapy treatment. However, pathological change does not in itself cause symptoms. Symptoms only arise when physiological functions are altered. In immunosuppressed patients, it is a priority to exclude infection as a cause for symptoms. In the presence of diarrhoea, the best investigative paradigm for this is stool culture, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsies and duodenal aspirate combined with flexible sigmoidoscopy and left colonic biopsies. Once infection has been excluded, although large studies have not been performed, case series repeatedly suggest that gastrointestinal symptoms arising during cancer chemotherapy can often be cured if newly acquired, gastrointestinal physiological deficits are identified. SUMMARY Although many physiological changes induced by chemotherapy may be relatively transient and settle weeks or months after the end of treatment, during chemotherapy, their manifestations can be protean and severe. A systematic failure to research the frequency with which physiological causes of the symptoms are amenable to treatment has denied many patients' logical therapies for their chemotherapy-induced symptoms, and as a result, it is likely that symptomatic treatments are frequently suboptimal.
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Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:430-81. [PMID: 20038570 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
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Yakabi K, Kurosawa S, Tamai M, Yuzurihara M, Nahata M, Ohno S, Ro S, Kato S, Aoyama T, Sakurada T, Takabayashi H, Hattori T. Rikkunshito and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist improve cisplatin-induced anorexia via hypothalamic ghrelin interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 161:97-105. [PMID: 20171995 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circulating ghrelin concentration regulates appetite behavior, but no study thus far has focused on the role of central ghrelin in anorexia after chemotherapy. To clarify the action mechanisms of rikkunshito (RKT), a traditional Japanese medicine, on cisplatin-induced anorexia, we attempted to elucidate its effect on hypothalamic ghrelin receptor expression in cisplatin-induced anorexia. We first examined the effects of an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of exogenous ghrelin on food intake with or without cisplatin treatment, and the effects of cisplatin or m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), a 5-HT2C receptor agonist, on hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) mRNA expression. To identify the mechanism of cisplatin-induced decrease in hypothalamic GHS-R1a mRNA expression, we evaluated the effects of SB242084HCl, a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, and RKT on hypothalamic GHS-R1a gene expression, along with the effect of coadministration of a GHS-R1a antagonist on decreased food intake. Compared to vehicle controls, an ICV-injected rat ghrelin failed to inhibit the decrease in food intake in cisplatin-treated rats. Hypothalamic GHS-R1a gene expression was significantly reduced after cisplatin or mCPP treatment, and the induced decrease was reversed by SB242084HCl or RKT, but not granisetron or ondansetron, both of which are 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Their suppressive effect on the decrease in food intake was abolished by coadministration of the GHS-R1a antagonist. Administration of RKT or SB242084HCl reversed the decrease in food intake induced by mCPP injection. The improvement by RKT on decreased food intake after cisplatin treatment was partly mediated by hesperidin and isoliquiritigenin, components of RKT. Cisplatin-induced anorexia may worsen because of decreased hypothalamic GHS-R1a gene expression. A 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and RKT suppressed cisplatin-induced anorexia by inhibiting reduction of GHS-R1a signal transduction in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Tsujido-machi, Kamoda, Kawagoe-city, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
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Chu KM, Ngan MP, Wai MK, Yeung CK, Andrews PL, Percie du Sert N, Lin G, Rudd JA. Olvanil, a non-pungent vanilloid enhances the gastrointestinal toxicity of cisplatin in the ferret. Toxicol Lett 2010; 192:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shimoda H, Taniguchi K, Nishimura M, Matsuura K, Tsukioka T, Yamashita H, Inagaki N, Hirano K, Yamamoto M, Kinosada Y, Itoh Y. Preparation of a fast dissolving oral thin film containing dexamethasone: A possible application to antiemesis during cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:361-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohamadi A, Martari M, Holladay CD, Phillips JA, Mullis PE, Salvatori R. Mutation analysis of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor genes in isolated growth hormone deficiency type IB. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2565-70. [PMID: 19417035 PMCID: PMC2708943 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is familial in 5-30% of patients. The most frequent form (IGHD-IB) has autosomal recessive inheritance, and it is known that it can be caused by mutations in the GHRH receptor (GHRHR) gene or in the GH gene. However, most forms of IGHD-IB have an unknown genetic cause. In normal subjects, muscarinic cholinergic stimulation causes an increase in pituitary GH release, whereas its blockade has the opposite effect, suggesting that a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) is involved in stimulating GH secretion. Five types of mAchR (M(1)-M(5)) exist. A transgenic mouse in which the function of the M(3) receptor was selectively ablated in the central nervous system has isolated GH deficiency similar to animals with defective GHRH or GHRHR gene. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that mAchR mutations may cause a subset of familial IGHD. PATIENTS/METHODS After confirming the expression of M(1)-M(5) receptor mRNA in human hypothalamus, we analyzed the index cases of 39 families with IGHD-IB for mutations in the genes encoding for the five receptors. Coding sequences for each of the five mAchRs were subjected to direct sequencing. RESULTS In one family, an affected member was homozygous for a M(3) change in codon 65 that replaces valine with isoleucine (V65I). The V65I receptor was expressed in CHO cells where it had normal ability to transmit methacholine signaling. CONCLUSION mAchR mutations are absent or rare (less than 2.6%) in familial IGHD type IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamadi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Charoenthongtrakul S, Giuliana D, Longo KA, Govek EK, Nolan A, Gagne S, Morgan K, Hixon J, Flynn N, Murphy BJ, Hernández AS, Li J, Tino JA, Gordon DA, DiStefano PS, Geddes BJ. Enhanced Gastrointestinal Motility with Orally Active Ghrelin Receptor Agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:1178-86. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.150193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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De Jonghe BC, Lawler MP, Horn CC, Tordoff MG. Pica as an adaptive response: Kaolin consumption helps rats recover from chemotherapy-induced illness. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:87-90. [PMID: 19419663 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clay consumption can occur during illness but there has been little work to understand why. To investigate whether consuming clay confers an advantage to the sick animal, we compared the recovery from illness of adult male rats with or without access to kaolin. Illness was induced by injection of 6 mg/kg, ip, cisplatin, a toxic chemotherapy agent, and recovery was assessed by changes in daily food intake, water intake, and body weight. Relative to saline-injected controls, cisplatin-injected rats reduced food and water intake and lost weight. However, those with access to kaolin ate more food and lost less body weight than did those without access to kaolin. Thus, clay consumption appeared beneficial in that it either protected the rats from illness or enhanced recovery and might prove useful as an adjunct therapy for other animals, including humans, experiencing visceral malaise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C De Jonghe
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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