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Sun X, Yu Z, Xu Y, Pu S, Gao X. The role of spexin in energy metabolism. Peptides 2023; 164:170991. [PMID: 36914115 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Spexin, also identified as neuropeptide Q (NPQ), is a 14 amino acid peptide discovered by bioinformatic methods. It has a conserved structure in many species and is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has an associated receptor, galanin receptor 2/3 (GALR2/3). Mature spexin peptides can exert various functions by activating GALR2/3, such as inhibiting food intake, inhibiting lipid absorption, reducing body weight, and improving insulin resistance. Spexin is expressed in the adrenal gland, pancreas, visceral fat, and thyroid, with the highest expression in the adrenal gland, followed by the pancreas. Physiologically, spexin and insulin interact in pancreatic islets. Spexin may be one of the regulators of endocrine function in the pancreas. Spexin is a possible indicator of insulin resistance and it has a variety of functional properties, here we review its role in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziwei Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengdan Pu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
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2
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Hogarth SJ, Djouma E, van den Buuse M. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Enhances Cue-Conditioned Alcohol Reinstatement in Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050270. [PMID: 32369970 PMCID: PMC7287665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a detrimental disease that develops through chronic ethanol exposure. Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression has been associated with AUD and alcohol addiction, however the effects of activation of BDNF signalling in the brain on voluntary alcohol intake reinstatement and relapse are unknown. We therefore trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats in operant chambers to self-administer a 10% ethanol solution. Following baseline acquisition and progressive ratio (PR) analysis, rats were split into drug and vehicle groups during alcohol lever extinction. The animals received two weeks of daily IP injection of either the BDNF receptor, TrkB, agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), or vehicle. During acquisition of alcohol self-administration, males had significantly higher absolute numbers of alcohol-paired lever presses and a higher PR breakpoint. However, after adjusting for body weight, the amount of ethanol was not different between the sexes and the PR breakpoint was higher in females than males. Following extinction, alcohol-primed reinstatement in male rats was not altered by pretreatment with 7,8-DHF when adjusted for body weight. In contrast, in female rats, the weight-adjusted potential amount of ethanol, but not absolute numbers of active lever presses, was significantly enhanced by 7,8-DHF treatment during reinstatement. Analysis of spontaneous locomotor activity in automated photocell cages suggested that the effect of 7,8-DHF was not associated with hyperactivity. These results suggest that stimulation of the TrkB receptor may contribute to reward craving and relapse in AUD, particularly in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Hogarth
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, VIC, Australia;
| | - Elvan Djouma
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, VIC, Australia;
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, VIC, Australia;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
- The College of Public Health, Medicinal and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University Townsville, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-5257
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Genders SG, Scheller KJ, Djouma E. Neuropeptide modulation of addiction: Focus on galanin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:133-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Genders SG, Scheller KJ, Jaehne EJ, Turner BJ, Lawrence AJ, Brunner SM, Kofler B, van den Buuse M, Djouma E. GAL 3 receptor knockout mice exhibit an alcohol-preferring phenotype. Addict Biol 2019; 24:886-897. [PMID: 29984872 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide which mediates its effects via three G-protein coupled receptors (GAL1-3 ). Administration of a GAL3 antagonist reduces alcohol self-administration in animal models while allelic variation in the GAL3 gene has been associated with an increased risk of alcohol use disorders in diverse human populations. Based on the association of GAL3 with alcoholism, we sought to characterize drug-seeking behavior in GAL3 -deficient mice for the first time. In the two-bottle free choice paradigm, GAL3 -KO mice consistently showed a significantly increased preference for ethanol over water when compared to wildtype littermates. Furthermore, male GAL3 -KO mice displayed significantly increased responding for ethanol under operant conditions. These differences in alcohol seeking behavior in GAL3 -KO mice did not result from altered ethanol metabolism. In contrast to ethanol, GAL3 -KO mice exhibited similar preference for saccharin and sucrose over water, and a similar preference for a high fat diet over a low fat diet as wildtype littermates. No differences in cognitive and locomotor behaviors were observed in GAL3 -KO mice to account for increased alcohol seeking behavior. Overall, these findings suggest genetic ablation of GAL3 in mice increases alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannyn G. Genders
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology; La Trobe University; Australia
| | - Karlene J. Scheller
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology; La Trobe University; Australia
| | - Emily J. Jaehne
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Psychology; La Trobe University; Australia
| | - Bradley J. Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Australia
| | - Susanne M. Brunner
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-Therapeutic Application of Neuropeptides (THERAPEP), Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumour Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-Therapeutic Application of Neuropeptides (THERAPEP), Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumour Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Austria
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Psychology; La Trobe University; Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Melbourne; Australia
- The College of Public health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Australia
| | - Elvan Djouma
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology; La Trobe University; Australia
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Castilla-Ortega E, Gago B, García-Fernandez M, Serrano A, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Central administration of galanin N-terminal fragment 1-15 decreases the voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:76-87. [PMID: 29210146 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is considered a major risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. In the absence of effective treatments in alcohol use disorders, it is important to find new biological targets that could modulate alcohol consumption. We tested the role of the N-terminal galanin fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] in voluntary ethanol consumption in rats using the two-bottle choice paradigm as well as compare the effects of GAL(1-15) with the whole molecule of GAL. We describe for the first time that GAL(1-15), via central mechanisms, induces a strong reduction in preference and ethanol consumption in rats. These effects were significantly different than GAL. GAL receptor (GALR) 2 was involved in these effects, because the specific GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions in preference and ethanol intake. Importantly, the mechanism of this action involves changes in GALR expression and also in immediate-early gene C-Fos and receptors-internalization-related gene Rab5 in the striatum. The relevance of the striatum as a target for GAL(1-15) was supported by the effect of GAL(1-15) on the locomotor activity of rats after ethanol administration. These results may give the basis for the development of novel therapeutics strategies using GAL(1-15) analogues for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - María García-Fernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
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Wilson KE, Limburg S, Duggan MK, Lawther AJ, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Hale MW, Djouma E. The galanin receptor-3 antagonist, SNAP 37889, inhibits cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking and increases c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens shell of alcohol-preferring rats. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:911-921. [PMID: 29926762 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118780015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effects of the galanin-3 receptor antagonist, SNAP 37889, on c-Fos protein expression after cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking in the brains of alcohol-preferring rats. METHODS Eighteen alcohol-preferring rats were trained to self-administer 10% v/v ethanol in the presence of response-contingent cues, which was followed by extinction. Rats were then treated with SNAP 37889 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, before being tested for cue-induced reinstatement. Administration of SNAP 37889 reduced cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behaviour. To examine the effect of SNAP 37889 and cue-induced reinstatement on neuronal activation, c-Fos expression was measured in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. RESULTS SNAP 37889 administration increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens shell, but was without effect in the nucleus accumbens core and the medial prefrontal cortex. Dual-label Fos/tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of SNAP 37889 on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; however, no differences between SNAP 37889 and vehicle-treated rats were found. CONCLUSIONS These data support previous findings of galanin-3 receptor involvement in cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviour, and provide novel evidence that the ability of galanin-3 receptor antagonism to attenuate cue-induced reinstatement relates to activation of the nucleus accumbens shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira-Elise Wilson
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sigrid Limburg
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa K Duggan
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J Lawther
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- 2 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- 3 Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- 1 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elvan Djouma
- 4 School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) determines a sex difference in cue-conditioned alcohol seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Šípková J, Kramáriková I, Hynie S, Klenerová V. The galanin and galanin receptor subtypes, its regulatory role in the biological and pathological functions. Physiol Res 2017; 66:729-740. [PMID: 28730831 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitalented neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago but initially no biologic activity was found. Further research studies discovered the presence of galanin in the brain and some peripheral tissues, and galanin was identified as a modulator of neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Over the last decade there were performed very intensive studies of the neuronal actions and also of nonneuronal actions of galanin. Other galanin family peptides have been described, namely galanin, galanin-like peptide, galanin-message associated peptide and alarin. The effect of these peptides is mediated through three galanin receptors subtypes, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 belonging to G protein coupled receptors, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (GalR1, GalR3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GalR2). This also explains why one specific molecule of galanin can be responsible for different roles in different tissues. The present review summarizes the information currently available on the relationship between the galaninergic system and known pathological states. The research of novel galanin receptor specific agonists and antagonists is also very promising for its future role in pharmacological treatment. The galaninergic system is important target for current and future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Šípková
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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The galanin-3 receptor antagonist, SNAP 37889, suppresses alcohol drinking and morphine self-administration in mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Koller A, Rid R, Beyreis M, Bianchini R, Holub BS, Lang A, Sternberg F, Brodowicz B, Velickovic O, Jakab M, Kerschbaum H, Önder K, Kofler B. In vitro toxicity of the galanin receptor 3 antagonist SNAP 37889. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:83-8. [PMID: 26725588 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galanin and its receptors (GAL1, GAL2, GAL3) modulate a range of neuronal, immune and vascular activities. In vivo administration of SNAP 37889 (1-phenyl-3-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino]-1H-indol-2-one), a potent small non-peptidergic antagonist of GAL3, was reported to reduce anxiety- and depression-related behavior, ethanol consumption, and antagonizes the effect of galanin on plasma extravasation in rodent models. Accordingly, SNAP 37889 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent to treat anxiety and depression disorders. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of SNAP 37889 to different cell types. Our experiments revealed that SNAP 37889 (≥10μM) induced apoptosis in epithelial (HMCB) and microglial (BV-2) cell lines expressing endogenous GAL3, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) expressing GAL2, and in a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) lacking galanin receptor expression altogether. In conclusion, SNAP 37889 is toxic to a variety of cell types independent of GAL3 expression. We caution that the clinical use of SNAP 37889 at doses that might be used to treat anxiety- or depression- related diseases could have unexpected non-galanin receptor-mediated toxicity, especially on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koller
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raphaela Rid
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marlena Beyreis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara S Holub
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Lang
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix Sternberg
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Brodowicz
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ognjen Velickovic
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hubert Kerschbaum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kamil Önder
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Barson JR, Leibowitz SF. Hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling in alcohol addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:321-9. [PMID: 25689818 PMCID: PMC4537397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is now known to regulate alcohol intake in addition to its established role in food intake, in part through neuromodulatory neurochemicals termed neuropeptides. Certain orexigenic neuropeptides act in the hypothalamus to promote alcohol drinking, although they affect different aspects of the drinking response. These neuropeptides, which include galanin, the endogenous opioid enkephalin, and orexin/hypocretin, appear to stimulate alcohol intake not only through mechanisms that promote food intake but also by enhancing reward and reinforcement from alcohol. Moreover, these neuropeptides participate in a positive feedback relationship with alcohol, whereby they are upregulated by alcohol intake to promote even further consumption. They contrast with other orexigenic neuropeptides, such as melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide Y, which promote alcohol intake under limited circumstances, are not consistently stimulated by alcohol, and do not enhance reward. They also contrast with neuropeptides that can be anorexigenic, including the endogenous opioid dynorphin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and melanocortins, which act in the hypothalamus to inhibit alcohol drinking as well as reward and therefore counter the ingestive drive promoted by orexigenic neuropeptides. Thus, while multiple hypothalamic neuropeptides may work together to regulate different aspects of the alcohol drinking response, excessive signaling from orexigenic neuropeptides or inadequate signaling from anorexigenic neuropeptides can therefore allow alcohol drinking to become dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA
,Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA. Tel.: +1 212 327 8378; fax: +1 212 327 8447
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12
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a disorder of galanin resistance. Exp Gerontol 2015; 73:72-7. [PMID: 26585047 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with its high morbidity and mortality becomes an important health problem. The multifactorial etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is relative to many gene and molecule alterations, and increased insulin resistance. Besides these, however, there are still other predisposing and risk factors accounting for type 2 diabetes mellitus not to be identified and recognized. Emerging evidence indicated that defects in galanin function played a crucial role in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Galanin homeostasis is tightly relative to insulin resistance and is regulated by blood glucose. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, enhanced plasma galanin levels and decreased galanin receptor activities are some of the characters of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The discrepancy between high insulin level and low glucose handling is named as insulin resistance. Similarly, the discrepancy between high galanin level and low glucose handling may be denominated as galanin resistance too. In this review, the characteristic milestones of type 2 diabetes mellitus were condensed as two analogical conceptual models, obesity-hyper-insulin-insulin resistance-type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity-hyper-galanin-galanin resistance-type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both galanin resistance and insulin resistance are correlative with each other. Conceptualizing the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus as a disorder of galanin resistance may inspire a new concept to deepen our knowledge about pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, eventually leading to novel preventive and therapeutic interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Walker AW, Smith CM, Gundlach AL, Lawrence AJ. Relaxin-3 receptor (Rxfp3) gene deletion reduces operant sucrose- but not alcohol-responding in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:625-34. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Walker
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Smith
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. L. Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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14
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Chen YW, Barson JR, Chen A, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Hypothalamic peptides controlling alcohol intake: differential effects on microstructure of drinking bouts. Alcohol 2014; 48:657-64. [PMID: 25241055 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Different alcohol drinking patterns, involving either small and frequent drinking bouts or large and long-lasting bouts, are found to differentially affect the risk for developing alcohol-related diseases, suggesting that they have different underlying mechanisms. Such mechanisms may involve orexigenic peptides known to stimulate alcohol intake through their actions in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These include orexin (OX), which is expressed in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus, and galanin (GAL) and enkephalin (ENK), which are expressed within as well as outside the PVN. To investigate the possibility that these peptides affect different aspects of consumption, a microstructural analysis of ethanol drinking behavior was performed in male, Sprague-Dawley rats trained to drink 7% ethanol and implanted with guide shafts aimed at the PVN. While housed in specialized cages containing computerized intake monitors (BioDAQ Laboratory Intake Monitoring System, Research Diets Inc., New Brunswick, NJ) that measure bouts of ethanol drinking, these rats were given PVN injections of OX (0.9 nmol), GAL (1.0 nmol), or the ENK analog D-Ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) (14.2 nmol), as compared to saline vehicle. Results revealed clear differences between the effects of these peptides. While all 3 stimulated ethanol intake, they had distinct effects on patterns of drinking, with OX increasing the number of drinking bouts, GAL increasing the size of the drinking bouts, and DALA increasing both the size and duration of the bouts. In contrast, these peptides had little impact on water or food intake. These results support the idea that different peptides can increase ethanol consumption by promoting distinct aspects of the ethanol drinking response. The stimulatory effect of OX on drinking frequency may be related to its neuronally stimulatory properties, while the stimulatory effect of GAL and ENK on bout size and duration may reflect a suppressive effect of these neuronally inhibitory peptides on the satiety-controlling PVN.
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Scheller KJ, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Jarrott B, Djouma E. An improved method to prepare an injectable microemulsion of the galanin-receptor 3 selective antagonist, SNAP 37889, using Kolliphor(®) HS 15. MethodsX 2014; 1:212-6. [PMID: 26150955 PMCID: PMC4472996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the galanin-3 (GAL3) receptor has many challenges, including the lack of commercially available selective ligands. While the identification of non-peptidergic GAL3 receptor-selective antagonists, 1-phenyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]iminoindol-2-one (SNAP 37889) and 1-[3-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]iminoindol-2-one (SNAP 398299) have implicated a role for GAL3 receptors in anxiety, depression and drug-seeking behaviour, a major limitation of their use is poor aqueous solubility. Previously we have used 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with 1% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in saline to dissolve SNAP 37889 for intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of rats; however this produced a micro-suspension that was not ideal. The injectable formulation of SNAP 37889 was improved as follows:•30% (w/v) Kolliphor(®) HS 15 (Solutol HS(®) 15) and sodium phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4) were used as vehicles.•A smooth glass mortar and pestle was used to triturate the Kolliphor(®) HS 15 and SNAP 37889 into a paste before addition to the sodium phosphate buffer at room temperature (RT).•The resulting mixture was vortexed until the paste was fully dissolved and the microemulsion was allowed to sit for 20 min to allow air bubbles to coalesce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene J. Scheller
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elvan Djouma
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 9479 5005.
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Ash BL, Quach T, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Djouma E. Galanin-3 Receptor Antagonism by SNAP 37889 Reduces Motivation to Self-administer Alcohol and Attenuates Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol-Seeking in iP Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:211-6. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13221fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Relapse and hazardous drinking represent the most difficult clinical problems in treating patients with alcohol use disorders. Using a rat model of alcohol use and alcohol-seeking, we demonstrated that central administration of peptide antagonists for relaxin family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3), the cognate receptor for the highly conserved neuropeptide, relaxin-3, decreased self-administration of alcohol in a dose-related manner and attenuated cue- and stress-induced reinstatement following extinction. By comparison, RXFP3 antagonist treatment did not significantly attenuate self-administration or reinstatement of sucrose-seeking, suggesting a selective effect for alcohol. RXFP3 is densely expressed in the stress-responsive bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and bilateral injections of RXFP3 antagonist into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis significantly decreased self-administration and stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol, suggesting that this brain region may, at least in part, mediate the effects of RXFP3 antagonism. RXFP3 antagonist treatment had no effect on general ingestive behavior, activity, or procedural memory for lever pressing in the paradigms assessed. These data suggest that relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling regulates alcohol intake and relapse-like behavior, adding to current knowledge of the brain chemistry of reward-seeking.
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Fang P, Yu M, Guo L, Bo P, Zhang Z, Shi M. Galanin and its receptors: a novel strategy for appetite control and obesity therapy. Peptides 2012; 36:331-9. [PMID: 22664322 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity is becoming an important health problem. Overweight and obesity may cause several metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease as well as hypertension. Prevention and treatment of obesity will benefit the treatment of these related diseases. Current strategies for treatment of obesity are not adequately effective and are frequently companied with many side effects. Thus, new ways to treat obesity are urgently needed. Galanin is undoubtedly involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date knowledge concerning the roles of central and peripheral galanin as well as its receptors in the regulation of metabolism, obesity and appetite. We also highlight the mechanisms of galanin and its receptors in experimental obesity, trying to establish a novel anti-obesity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Webling KEB, Runesson J, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors and ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:146. [PMID: 23233848 PMCID: PMC3516677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago. Today, the galanin family consists of galanin, galanin-like peptide (GALP), galanin-message associated peptide (GMAP), and alarin and this family has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological functions. The effect is mediated through three GPCR subtypes, GalR1-3. The limited number of specific ligands to the galanin receptor subtypes has hindered the understanding of the individual effects of each receptor subtype. This review aims to summarize the current data of the importance of the galanin receptor subtypes and receptor subtype specific agonists and antagonists and their involvement in different biological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. B. Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kristin E. B. Webling, Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 21A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
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