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Habecker BA, Bers DM, Birren SJ, Chang R, Herring N, Kay MW, Li D, Mendelowitz D, Mongillo M, Montgomery JM, Ripplinger CM, Tampakakis E, Winbo A, Zaglia T, Zeltner N, Paterson DJ. Molecular and cellular neurocardiology in heart disease. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38778747 DOI: 10.1113/jp284739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper updates and builds on a previous White Paper in this journal that some of us contributed to concerning the molecular and cellular basis of cardiac neurobiology of heart disease. Here we focus on recent findings that underpin cardiac autonomic development, novel intracellular pathways and neuroplasticity. Throughout we highlight unanswered questions and areas of controversy. Whilst some neurochemical pathways are already demonstrating prognostic viability in patients with heart failure, we also discuss the opportunity to better understand sympathetic impairment by using patient specific stem cells that provides pathophysiological contextualization to study 'disease in a dish'. Novel imaging techniques and spatial transcriptomics are also facilitating a road map for target discovery of molecular pathways that may form a therapeutic opportunity to treat cardiac dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Department of Medicine Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan J Birren
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Rui Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neil Herring
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology and Manaaki Manawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Annika Winbo
- Department of Physiology and Manaaki Manawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tania Zaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David J Paterson
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre and BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhang Q, Duncan S, Szulc DA, Kutryk MJB. Antibody functionalized intravascular devices combined with genetically engineered endothelial colony-forming cells for targeted drug delivery: a proof-of-concept study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 181:218-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Argunhan F, Brain SD. The Vascular-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:833645. [PMID: 35283798 PMCID: PMC8914086 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.833645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of hypertension and heart failure remains a major challenge to healthcare providers. Despite therapeutic advances, heart failure affects more than 26 million people worldwide and is increasing in prevalence due to an ageing population. Similarly, despite an improvement in blood pressure management, largely due to pharmacological interventions, hypertension remains a silent killer. This is in part due to its ability to contribute to heart failure. Development of novel therapies will likely be at the forefront of future cardiovascular studies to address these unmet needs. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37 amino acid potent vasodilator with positive-ionotropic and -chronotropic effects. It has been reported to have beneficial effects in hypertensive and heart failure patients. Interestingly, changes in plasma CGRP concentration in patients after myocardial infarction, heart failure, and in some forms of hypertension, also support a role for CGRP on hemodynamic functions. Rodent studies have played an important role thus far in delineating mechanisms involved in CGRP-induced cardioprotection. However, due to the short plasma half-life of CGRP, these well documented beneficial effects have often proven to be acute and transient. Recent development of longer lasting CGRP agonists may therefore offer a practical solution to investigating CGRP further in cardiovascular disease in vivo. Furthermore, pre-clinical murine studies have hinted at the prospect of cardioprotective mechanisms of CGRP which is independent of its hypotensive effect. Here, we discuss past and present evidence of vascular-dependent and -independent processes by which CGRP could protect the vasculature and myocardium against cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Kumar A, Williamson M, Hess A, DiPette DJ, Potts JD. Alpha-Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide: New Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Migraine. Front Physiol 2022; 13:826122. [PMID: 35222088 PMCID: PMC8874280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.826122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a vasodilator neuropeptide of the calcitonin gene family. Pharmacological and gene knock-out studies have established a significant role of α-CGRP in normal and pathophysiological states, particularly in cardiovascular disease and migraines. α-CGRP knock-out mice with transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure-overload heart failure have higher mortality rates and exhibit higher levels of cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death compared to the wild-type TAC-mice. However, administration of α-CGRP, either in its native- or modified-form, improves cardiac function at the pathophysiological level, and significantly protects the heart from the adverse effects of heart failure and hypertension. Similar cardioprotective effects of the peptide were demonstrated in pressure-overload heart failure mice when α-CGRP was delivered using an alginate microcapsules-based drug delivery system. In contrast to cardiovascular disease, an elevated level of α-CGRP causes migraine-related headaches, thus the use of α-CGRP antagonists that block the interaction of the peptide to its receptor are beneficial in reducing chronic and episodic migraine headaches. Currently, several α-CGRP antagonists are being used as migraine treatments or in clinical trials for migraine pain management. Overall, agonists and antagonists of α-CGRP are clinically relevant to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease and migraine pain, respectively. This review focuses on the pharmacological and therapeutic significance of α-CGRP-agonists and -antagonists in various diseases, particularly in cardiac diseases and migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Maelee Williamson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Andrew Hess
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Donald J. DiPette
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jay D. Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Jay D. Potts,
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5
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Luo Y, Tian L, Lian C, Xu Y. KLHL38 facilitates STS-induced apoptosis in HL-1 cells via myocardin degradation. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:446-462. [PMID: 35112472 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac apoptosis has been identified as one of the main precipitating factors of heart failure (HF) throughout the whole course of progressive disease. Limited to the lack of diagnostic markers and effective drug targets, cardiac apoptosis is still a major clinical challenge. Here, we reveal a potential novel therapeutic target for cardiac apoptosis. In the cause of the study, we found that KLHL38 was highly expressed in cardiac tissue of heart failure patients via GEO data-mining, which was further verified in the heart tissue of TAC mice. Meanwhile, the expression of KLHL38 is negatively correlated with myocardin protein level, which is a key cardiac apoptosis regulator. The KLHL38 overexpression obviously promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis treated with staurosporine (STS) by facilitation of myocardin's ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. These findings reveal a new therapeutic target which may provide a new theoretical foundation for the treatment of myocardial apoptosis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic diseases, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Lian
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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6
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Schavinski AZ, Machado J, Morgan HJN, Lautherbach N, Paula-Gomes S, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC. Calcitonin gene-related peptide exerts inhibitory effects on autophagy in the heart of mice. Peptides 2021; 146:170677. [PMID: 34695513 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator peptide widely distributed in the central nervous system and various peripheral tissues, including cardiac muscle. However, its role in heart protein metabolism remains unknown. We examined the acute effects of CGRP on autophagy and the related signaling pathways in the heart mice and cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CGRP (100 μg kg-1; s.c.) or 0.9 % saline was injected in awake male C57B16 mice, and the metabolic profile was determined up to 60 min. In fed mice, CGRP drastically increased glycemia and reduced insulinemia, an effect that was accompanied by reduced cardiac phosphorylation levels of Akt at Ser473 without affecting FoxO. Despite these catabolic effects, CGRP acutely inhibited autophagy as estimated by the decrease in LC3II:LC3I and autophagic flux. In addition, the fasting-induced autophagic flux in mice hearts was entirely abrogated by one single injection of CGRP. In parallel, CGRP stimulated PKA/CREB and mTORC1 signaling and increased the phosphorylation of Unc51-like kinase-1 (ULK1), an essential protein in autophagy initiation. Similar effects were observed in cardiomyocytes, in which CGRP also inhibited autophagic flux and stimulated Akt and FoxO phosphorylation. These findings suggest that CGRP in vivo acutely suppresses autophagy in the heart of fed and fasted mice, most likely through the activation of PKA/mTORC1 signaling but independent of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zanatta Schavinski
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Lautherbach
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Paula-Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Argunhan F, Thapa D, Aubdool AA, Carlini E, Arkless K, Hendrikse ER, de Sousa Valente J, Kodji X, Barrett B, Ricciardi CA, Gnudi L, Hay DL, Brain SD. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Protects Against Cardiovascular Dysfunction Independently of Nitric Oxide In Vivo. Hypertension 2021; 77:1178-1190. [PMID: 33641368 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulye Argunhan
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Dibesh Thapa
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Aisah Aniisah Aubdool
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.A.)
| | - Emanuele Carlini
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Kate Arkless
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Erica Ruth Hendrikse
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Joao de Sousa Valente
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Xenia Kodji
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Brentton Barrett
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Alberto Ricciardi
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Luigi Gnudi
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Debbie Lucy Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Susan Diana Brain
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
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Kumar A, Belhaj M, DiPette DJ, Potts JD. A Novel Alginate-Based Delivery System for the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure-Overload Induced Heart Failure. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602952. [PMID: 33603665 PMCID: PMC7884831 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: α-CGRP (alpha-calcitonin gene related peptide) is a cardioprotective neuropeptide. Our recent study demonstrated that the administration of native α-CGRP, using osmotic mini-pumps, protected against transverse aortic constriction (TAC) pressure-induced heart failure in mice. However, the short half-life of peptides and the non-applicability of osmotic pumps in humans limits the use of α-CGRP as a therapeutic agent for heart failure (HF). Here, we sought to comprehensively study a novel α-CGRP delivery system using alginate microcapsules to determine its bioavailability in vivo and to test for cardioprotective effects in HF mice. Methods: Native α-CGRP filled alginate microcapsules (200 µm diameter) were prepared using an electrospray method. The prepared alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules were incubated with rat cardiac H9c2 cells, mouse cardiac HL-1 cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the cytotoxicity of the alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules was measured by a trypan-blue cell viability assay and a calcium dye fluorescent based assay. The efficacy of the alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules was tested in a TAC-pressure overload mouse model of heart failure. Male C57BL6 mice were divided into four groups: sham, sham-alginate-α-CGRP, TAC-only, and TAC-alginate-α-CGRP, and the TAC procedure was performed in the TAC-only and TAC-alginate-α-CGRP groups of mice to induce pressure-overload heart failure. After 2 or 15 days post-TAC, alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules (containing an α-CGRP dose of 6 mg/kg/mouse) were administered subcutaneously on alternate days, for 28 days, and echocardiography was performed weekly. After 28 days of peptide delivery, the mice were sacrificed and their hearts were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. Results: Our in vitro cell culture assays showed that alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules did not affect the viability of the cell lines tested. The alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules released their peptides for an extended period of time. Our echocardiography, biochemical, and histology data from HF mice demonstrated that the administration of alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules significantly improved all cardiac parameters examined in TAC-mice. When compared to sham mice, TAC significantly decreased cardiac functions (as determined by fraction shortening and ejection fraction) and markedly increased heart and lung weight, left ventricle (LV) cardiac cell size, cardiac apoptosis, and oxidative stress. In contrast, the administration of alginate-α-CGRP microcapsules significantly attenuated the increased heart and lung weight, LV cardiac cell size, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in TAC mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the encapsulation of α-CGRP in an alginate polymer is an effective strategy to improve peptide bioavailability in plasma and increase the duration of the therapeutic effect of the peptide throughout the treatment period. Furthermore, alginate mediates α-CGRP delivery, either prior to the onset or after the initiation of the symptom progression of pressure-overload, improves cardiac function, and protects hearts against pressure-induced HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Marwa Belhaj
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Donald J DiPette
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jay D Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Kumar A, Supowit S, Potts JD, DiPette DJ. Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide prevents pressure-overload induced heart failure: role of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14269. [PMID: 31724338 PMCID: PMC6854098 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide that plays an important protective role in modulating cardiovascular diseases. Deletion of the α-CGRP gene increases the vulnerability of the heart to pressure-induced heart failure and the administration of a modified α-CGRP agonist decreases this vulnerability. Systemic administration of α-CGRP decreases blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive animals and humans. Here we examined the protective effect of long-term administration of native α-CGRP against pressure-overload heart failure and the likely mechanism(s) of its action. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed to induce pressure-overload heart failure in mice. We found that TAC significantly decreased left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and α-CGRP content, and increased hypertrophy, dilation, and fibrosis compared to sham mice. Administration of α-CGRP-filled mini-osmotic pumps (4 mg/kg bwt/day) in TAC mice preserved cardiac function and LV α-CGRP levels, and reduced LV hypertrophy, dilation, and fibrosis to levels comparable to sham mice. Additionally, TAC pressure-overload significantly increased LV apoptosis and oxidative stress compared to the sham mice but these increases were prevented by α-CGRP administration. α-CGRP administration in TAC animals decreased LV AMPK phosphorylation levels and the expression of sirt1, both of which are regulatory markers of oxidative stress and energy metabolism. These results demonstrate that native α-CGRP is protective against pressure-overload induced heart failure. The mechanism of this cardio-protection is likely through the prevention of apoptosis and oxidative stress, possibly mediated by sirt1 and AMPK. Thus, α-CGRP is a potential therapeutic agent in preventing the progression to heart failure, and the cardio-protective action of α-CGRP is likely the result of a direct cellular effect; however, a partial vasodilatory blood pressure-dependent mechanism of α-CGRP cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Scott Supowit
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jay D Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Donald J DiPette
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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10
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Sohn I, Sheykhzade M, Edvinsson L, Sams A. The effects of CGRP in vascular tissue - Classical vasodilation, shadowed effects and systemic dilemmas. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173205. [PMID: 32442540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue consists of endothelial cells, vasoactive smooth muscle cells and perivascular nerves. The perivascular sensory neuropeptide CGRP has demonstrated potent vasodilatory effects in any arterial vasculature examined so far, and a local protective CGRP-circuit of sensory nerve terminal CGRP release and smooth muscle cell CGRP action is evident. The significant vasodilatory effect has shadowed multiple other effects of CGRP in the vascular tissue and we therefore thoroughly review vascular actions of CGRP on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular nerve terminals. The actions beyond vasodilation includes neuronal re-uptake and neuromodulation, angiogenic, proliferative and antiproliferative, pro- and anti-inflammatory actions which vary depending on the target cell and anatomical location. In addition to the classical perivascular nerve-smooth muscle CGRP circuit, we review existing evidence for a shadowed endothelial autocrine pathway for CGRP. Finally, we discuss the impact of local and systemic actions of CGRP in vascular regulation and protection from hypertensive and ischemic heart conditions with special focus on therapeutic CGRP agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Sohn
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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11
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Le TL, Grell AS, Sheykhzade M, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L, Sams A. CGRP in rat mesenteric artery and vein - receptor expression, CGRP presence and potential roles. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 875:173033. [PMID: 32097658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CGRP is a potent dilator of arteries and despite rich perivascular CGRP immunoreactivity in both arteries and veins the role of CGRP in veins remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to compare perivascular CGRP immunoreactivity and expression of CGRP receptor mRNA and CGRP receptor immunoreactivity in rat mesenteric arteries and veins. Furthermore, potential vasomotor effects of CGRP were explored in veins. Immunohistochemical studies reproduced rich perivascular CGRP innervation in arteries and in veins. Further, the presence of mRNA encoding the CGRP receptor subunits, CLR and RAMP1, were demonstrated in both arteries and veins using qPCR. Before comparing the vasoactive effects of CGRP in arteries and veins, we aimed to identify an experimental setting where vasomotor responses could be detected. Therefore, a length-tension study was performed in artery and vein segments. Whereas the arteries showed the characteristic monophasic curve with an IC/IC100 value of 0.9, surprisingly the veins showed a biphasic response with two corresponding IC/IC100 values of 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. There was no significant difference between fresh and cultured vasculature segments. To investigate whether a potential tension-dependent CGRP-induced dilation of veins caused the decline between the two IC/IC100 peaks, a second study was performed, with the CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS (olcegepant) and the sensory nerve secretagogue, capsaicin. No significant vascular role of endogenous perivascular CGRP in mesenteric veins could be concluded, and a potential role of the rich perivascular CGRP and CGRP receptor abundancy in veins remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Lisa Le
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Grell
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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12
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Endogenous Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide Deficiency Exacerbates Postoperative Lymphedema by Suppressing Lymphatic Capillary Formation and M2 Macrophage Accumulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2487-2502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Guo Y, Zhang Q, Chen H, Jiang Y, Gong P. Overexpression of calcitonin gene-related peptide protects mouse cerebral microvascular endothelial cells from high-glucose-induced damage via ERK/HIF-1/VEGF signaling. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:939-952. [PMID: 31487015 PMCID: PMC10716975 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the diabetic brain, hyperglycemia damages the cerebrovasculature and impairs neurovascular crosstalk. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is an important neuropeptide that is active in the vascular system. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether CGRP is involved in the high-glucose-induced damage in mouse cerebral microvascular endothelial (b.END3) cells and the possible mechanism in vitro. The overexpression of CGRP by lentiviral transduction inhibited cell apoptosis but not proliferation. In contrast to the promoting of angiogenesis and migration under normal glucose, CGRP inhibited hyperglycemia-induced tube formation but had no effect on migration. Calcitonin gene-related peptide partly reduced the increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Furthermore, CGRP suppressed the increased HIF-1α/VEGF-A expression and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hyperglycemia. The ERK inhibitor U0126 showed similar inhibition of cell apoptosis, tube formation and HIF-1α/VEGF expression as that exhibited by lenti-CGRP. These findings demonstrate the protective role of CGRP overexpression against high-glucose-induced cerebrovascular changes in b.END3 cells, possibly through the inhibition of ERK/HIF-1/VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huilu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Skaria T, Mitchell KJ, Vogel O, Wälchli T, Gassmann M, Vogel J. Blood Pressure Normalization-Independent Cardioprotective Effects of Endogenous, Physical Activity-Induced αCGRP (α Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) in Chronically Hypertensive Mice. Circ Res 2019; 125:1124-1140. [PMID: 31665965 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE αCGRP (α calcitonin gene-related peptide), one of the strongest vasodilators, is cardioprotective in hypertension by reducing the elevated blood pressure. OBJECTIVE However, we hypothesize that endogenous, physical activity-induced αCGRP has blood pressure-independent cardioprotective effects in chronic hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Chronically hypertensive (one-kidney-one-clip surgery) wild-type and αCGRP-/- sedentary or voluntary wheel running mice were treated with vehicle, αCGRP, or the αCGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37. Cardiac function and myocardial phenotype were evaluated echocardiographically and by molecular, cellular, and histological analysis, respectively. Blood pressure was similar among all hypertensive experimental groups. Endogenous αCGRP limited pathological remodeling and heart failure in sedentary, chronically hypertensive wild-type mice. In these mice, voluntary wheel running significantly improved myocardial phenotype and function, which was abolished by CGRP8-37 treatment. In αCGRP-/- mice, αCGRP treatment, in contrast to voluntary wheel running, improved myocardial phenotype and function. Specific inhibition of proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation of primary, murine cardiac fibroblasts by αCGRP suggests involvement of these cells in αCGRP-dependent blunting of pathological cardiac remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous, physical activity-induced αCGRP has blood pressure-independent cardioprotective effects and is crucial for maintaining cardiac function in chronic hypertension. Consequently, inhibiting endogenous αCGRP signaling, as currently approved for migraine prophylaxis, could endanger patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Skaria
- From the Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.S., O.V., M.G., J.V.), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland.,Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Switzerland (T.S., M.G., J.V.)
| | - Katharyn Jean Mitchell
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department (K.J.M.), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Vogel
- From the Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.S., O.V., M.G., J.V.), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wälchli
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroscience Center Zürich (T.W.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.,Division of Neurosurgery (T.W.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.,Group of Brain Vasculature and Neurovascular Unit, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland (T.W.).,Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute (T.W.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital (T.W.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Max Gassmann
- From the Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.S., O.V., M.G., J.V.), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland.,Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Switzerland (T.S., M.G., J.V.).,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru (M.G.)
| | - Johannes Vogel
- From the Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.S., O.V., M.G., J.V.), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland.,Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Switzerland (T.S., M.G., J.V.)
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15
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Messlinger K, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Cardio- and cerebrovascular safety of erenumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CGRP receptors - important studies on human isolated arteries. Cephalalgia 2019; 39:1731-1734. [PMID: 31526030 DOI: 10.1177/0333102419877169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Kumar A, Potts JD, DiPette DJ. Protective Role of α-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Physiol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31312143 PMCID: PMC6614340 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a regulatory neuropeptide of 37 amino acids. It is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, predominantly in cell bodies of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). It is the most potent vasodilator known to date and has inotropic and chronotropic effects. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, our laboratory and other research groups established the protective role of α-CGRP in various cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, experimental hypertension, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury). α-CGRP acts as a depressor to attenuate the rise in blood pressure in three different models of experimental hypertension: (1) DOC-salt, (2) subtotal nephrectomy-salt, and (3) L-NAME-induced hypertension during pregnancy. Subcutaneous administration of α-CGRP lowers the blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive humans and rodents. Recent studies also demonstrated that an α-CGRP analog, acylated α-CGRP, with extended half-life (~7 h) reduces blood pressure in Ang-II-induced hypertensive mouse, and protects against abdominal aortic constriction (AAC)-induced heart failure. Together, these studies suggest that α-CGRP, native or a modified form, may be a potential therapeutic agent to treat patients suffering from cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jay D Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Donald J DiPette
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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17
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Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide suppresses ischemic brain injuries and progression of cognitive decline. J Hypertens 2019; 36:876-891. [PMID: 29266061 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid peptide and produced by alternative splicing of the transcript of the calcitonin/CGRP gene. Originally identified as a strong vasodilatory and hypotensive peptide, CGRP is now known to be a pleiotropic molecule distributed in various organs, including the brain. METHOD In this study, we used CGRP knockout mice (CGRP-/-) to examine the actions of endogenous CGRP during cerebral ischemia. To induce acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). RESULTS In the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice, CGRP expression was upregulated after acute infarction. In CGRP-/- subjected to MCAO or BCAS, recovery of cerebral blood flow was slower and exhibited more extensive neuronal cell death. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines was higher in CGRP-/- than wild type in the acute phase of ischemia. Pathological analysis during the chronic phase revealed more extensive neuronal cell loss and demyelination and higher levels of oxidative stress in CGRP-/- than wild-type. CGRP-/- also showed less compensatory capillary growth. In an eight-arm radial maze test, CGRP-/- exhibited poorer reference memory than wild-type. On the other hand, CGRP administration promoted cerebral blood flow recovery after cerebral ischemia. We also found that CGRP directly inhibited the cell death of primary cortical neurons. CONCLUSION These results indicate endogenous CGRP is protective against ischemia-induced neuronal cell injury. CGRP could, thus, be a novel candidate for use in the treatment of both cerebral ischemia and progression of cognitive decline.
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18
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Tringali G, Navarra P. Anti-CGRP and anti-CGRP receptor monoclonal antibodies as antimigraine agents. Potential differences in safety profile postulated on a pathophysiological basis. Peptides 2019; 116:16-21. [PMID: 31018157 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a peptide neurotransmitter with potent vasodilating properties. CGRP is believed to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of migraine. As such, CGRP and its receptors are obvious druggable targets for novel anti-migraine agents. While the development of small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonists started first, none of these agents is yet available in clinical practice. Conversely, both anti-CGRP and anti-CGRP receptor monoclonal antibodies (mABs) completed clinical development, and the first representatives of these 2 classes are available on the market. MABs are approved for prevention of migraine attacks in chronic or episodic migraine, involving long-term treatments. In light of the physiological role exerted by CGRP in the regulation of vascular tone, the potential risks of a long-term inhibition of CGRP functions raised diffuse concerns. These concerns were correctly addressed by the anti-CGRP receptor mABs erenumab with a 5-year open-label clinical trial; however, this study is currently ongoing and results are not yet available, leaving some uncertainty on the profile of erenumab long-term safety. Similar concerns can be raised with direct anti-CGRP mABs, which entrap the peptide preventing receptor activation. However, evidence exists that plasma CGRP is detectable in patients chronically treated with anti-CGRP mABs. Assuming that plasma CGRP is an indirect marker of peptide levels at the vascular receptor sites, such residual CGRP would maintain a physiological level of receptor stimulation, in spite of a well-established anti-migraine activity of the mABs. This might represent a potential advantage in the safety profile of anti-CGRP mABs, but it needs to be confirmed and expanded with data on free plasma CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tringali
- Institute of Pharmacology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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19
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CGRP signalling inhibits NO production through pannexin-1 channel activation in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7932. [PMID: 31138827 PMCID: PMC6538758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood flow distribution relies on precise coordinated control of vasomotor tone of resistance arteries by complex signalling interactions between perivascular nerves and endothelial cells. Sympathetic nerves are vasoconstrictors, whereas endothelium-dependent NO production provides a vasodilator component. In addition, resistance vessels are also innervated by sensory nerves, which are activated during inflammation and cause vasodilation by the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Inflammation leads to superoxide anion (O2• -) formation and endothelial dysfunction, but the involvement of CGRP in this process has not been evaluated. Here we show a novel mechanistic relation between perivascular sensory nerve-derived CGRP and the development of endothelial dysfunction. CGRP receptor stimulation leads to pannexin-1-formed channel opening and the subsequent O2• --dependent connexin-based hemichannel activation in endothelial cells. The prolonged opening of these channels results in a progressive inhibition of NO production. These findings provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of the inflammation-initiated endothelial dysfunction.
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is the most common of all neurological disorders. A breakthrough in migraine treatment emerged in the early nineties with the introduction of 5-HT1B/D receptor agonists called triptans. Triptans are used as the standard of care for acute migraine; however, they have significant limitations such as incomplete and inconsistent pain relief, high rates of headache recurrence, class- specific side effects and cardiovascular contraindications. First- and second-generation calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists, namely gepants, is a class of drugs primarily developed for the acute treatment of migraine. CGRP is the most evaluated target for migraine treatments that are in development. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the available data for first- and second-generation CGRP receptor antagonists, the role of CGRPs in human physiology and migraine pathophysiology and the possible mechanism of action and safety of CGRP-targeted drugs. EXPERT OPINION Available data suggest that second generation of gepants has clinical efficacy similar to triptans and lasmiditan (5-HT1F receptor agonist) and has improved tolerability. Future studies will assess their safety, especially in specific populations such as patients with cardiovascular disease and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Negro
- a Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy.,b Regional Referral Headache Centre , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- a Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy.,b Regional Referral Headache Centre , Rome , Italy
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21
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22
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Li WQ, Tan SL, Li XH, Sun TL, Li D, Du J, Wei SS, Li YJ, Zhang BK. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits the cardiac fibroblasts senescence in cardiac fibrosis via up-regulating klotho expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:96-103. [PMID: 30352200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been documented cardiac fibroblasts as the predominant cell population undergoing senescence in heart. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) exhibits a wide range of cardiovascular protective effects. Whether CGRP protects against cardiac fibroblasts senescence in cardiac fibrosis remains unknown. Here, we detected the down-regulation of CGRP concomitant with senescence in fibrotic myocardium, both hypertension- induced left ventricular fibrosis in SHR rats and hypoxia-induced right ventricular fibrosis in pulmonary artery hypertension rats. Exogenous CGRP inhibited the cardiac fibroblasts senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) induced by TGF-β1, which was abolished by CGRP8-37, a selective CGRP receptor antagonist. Moreover, the expression of klotho, an anti-senescence protein, was down-regulated in fibrotic myocardium, and CGRP up-regulated the klotho expression in TGF-β1-treated cardiac fibroblasts. Klotho knockdown by siRNA reversed the inhibition of CGRP on senescence and SASP induced by TGF-β1 in cardiac fibroblasts. These results suggested that CGRP inhibited the cardiac fibroblasts senescence and SASP in cardiac fibrosis via up-regulating klotho expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Tao-Li Sun
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Hu'nan Oriented Fundamental and Applied Research of Innovative Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jie Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yuan-Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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23
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Kee Z, Kodji X, Brain SD. The Role of Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in Neurogenic Vasodilation and Its Cardioprotective Effects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 30283343 PMCID: PMC6156372 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a highly potent vasoactive peptide released from sensory nerves, which is now proposed to have protective effects in several cardiovascular diseases. The major α-form is produced from alternate splicing and processing of the calcitonin gene. The CGRP receptor is a complex composed of calcitonin like receptor (CLR) and a single transmembrane protein, RAMP1. CGRP is a potent vasodilator and proposed to have protective effects in several cardiovascular diseases. CGRP has a proven role in migraine and selective antagonists and antibodies are now reaching the clinic for treatment of migraine. These clinical trials with antagonists and antibodies indicate that CGRP does not play an obvious role in the physiological control of human blood pressure. This review discusses the vasodilator and hypotensive effects of CGRP and the role of CGRP in mediating cardioprotective effects in various cardiovascular models and disorders. In models of hypertension, CGRP protects against the onset and progression of hypertensive states by potentially counteracting against the pro-hypertensive systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic system. With regards to its cardioprotective effects in conditions such as heart failure and ischaemia, CGRP-containing nerves innervate throughout cardiac tissue and the vasculature, where evidence shows this peptide alleviates various aspects of their pathophysiology, including cardiac hypertrophy, reperfusion injury, cardiac inflammation, and apoptosis. Hence, CGRP has been suggested as a cardioprotective, endogenous mediator released under stress to help preserve cardiovascular function. With the recent developments of various CGRP-targeted pharmacotherapies, in the form of CGRP antibodies/antagonists as well as a CGRP analog, this review provides a summary and a discussion of the most recent basic science and clinical findings, initiating a discussion on the future of CGRP as a novel target in various cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Kee
- Section of Vascular Biology & Inflammation, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xenia Kodji
- Section of Vascular Biology & Inflammation, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Brain
- Section of Vascular Biology & Inflammation, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tahsili-Fahadan P, Geocadin RG. Heart-Brain Axis: Effects of Neurologic Injury on Cardiovascular Function. Circ Res 2017; 120:559-572. [PMID: 28154104 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A complex interaction exists between the nervous and cardiovascular systems. A large network of cortical and subcortical brain regions control cardiovascular function via the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. A dysfunction in one system may lead to changes in the function of the other. The effects of cardiovascular disease on the nervous system have been widely studied; however, our understanding of the effects of neurological disorders on the cardiovascular system has only expanded in the past 2 decades. Various pathologies of the nervous system can lead to a wide range of alterations in function and structure of the cardiovascular system ranging from transient and benign electrographic changes to myocardial injury, cardiomyopathy, and even cardiac death. In this article, we first review the anatomy and physiology of the central and autonomic nervous systems in regard to control of the cardiovascular function. The effects of neurological injury on cardiac function and structure will be summarized, and finally, we review neurological disorders commonly associated with cardiovascular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- From the Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- From the Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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25
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Aubdool AA, Thakore P, Argunhan F, Smillie SJ, Schnelle M, Srivastava S, Alawi KM, Wilde E, Mitchell J, Farrell-Dillon K, Richards DA, Maltese G, Siow RC, Nandi M, Clark JE, Shah AM, Sams A, Brain SD. A Novel α-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Analogue Protects Against End-Organ Damage in Experimental Hypertension, Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Heart Failure. Circulation 2017; 136:367-383. [PMID: 28446517 PMCID: PMC5519346 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Research into the therapeutic potential of α-calcitonin gene–related peptide (α-CGRP) has been limited because of its peptide nature and short half-life. Here, we evaluate whether a novel potent and long-lasting (t½ ≥7 hours) acylated α-CGRP analogue (αAnalogue) could alleviate and reverse cardiovascular disease in 2 distinct murine models of hypertension and heart failure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisah A Aubdool
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Pratish Thakore
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Fulye Argunhan
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Sarah-Jane Smillie
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Moritz Schnelle
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Salil Srivastava
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Khadija M Alawi
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Elena Wilde
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Keith Farrell-Dillon
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Daniel A Richards
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Maltese
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Richard C Siow
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Manasi Nandi
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - James E Clark
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Ajay M Shah
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Anette Sams
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Susan D Brain
- From Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.A.A., F.A., S.-J.S., S.S., K.M.A., E.W., J.M., K.F.-D., G.M., R.C.S., S.D.B.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (P.T., M.N.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (M.S., D.A.R., A.M.S.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (M.S.); Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.E.C.); Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetic Complications Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, Maaloev, Denmark (A.S.); and Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Denmark (A.S.).
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Pellesi L, Guerzoni S, Pini LA. Spotlight on Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine: The Clinical Evidence to Date. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2017; 6:534-547. [PMID: 28409893 PMCID: PMC5697612 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Migraine, a common neurovascular brain disorder, represents a severe and widespread health problem; along with medication‐induced (medication‐overuse) headache, it is the third‐leading cause of disability worldwide. Currently, its therapeutic management remains unsatisfactory for several reasons; up to 40% of migraineurs are eligible for prophylactic treatment, but there are issues of efficacy, safety, and adherence. In recent years the evidence on the role of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology has been consolidated, so new and promising treatments for migraine pain and its possible prevention have been developed. The following review reports the results of the clinical trials conducted so far with each of the new monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP or its receptor, with particular reference to safety, tolerance, and efficacy in migraine prevention. Moreover, the pharmacological characterization and further developments of each monoclonal antibody are reported, based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco Pellesi
- Medical Toxicology and Headache Center, Policlinic Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Guerzoni
- Medical Toxicology and Headache Center, Policlinic Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Alberto Pini
- Medical Toxicology and Headache Center, Policlinic Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Pawlak JB, Wetzel-Strong SE, Dunn MK, Caron KM. Cardiovascular effects of exogenous adrenomedullin and CGRP in Ramp and Calcrl deficient mice. Peptides 2017; 88:1-7. [PMID: 27940069 PMCID: PMC5706544 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are potent vasodilator peptides and serve as ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR/Calcrl). Three GPCR accessory proteins called receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) modify the ligand binding affinity of the receptor such that the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer preferably binds CGRP, while CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 have a stronger affinity for AM. Here we determine the contribution of each of the three RAMPs to blood pressure control in response to exogenous AM and CGRP by measuring the blood pressure of mice with genetic reduction or deletion of the receptor components. Thus, the cardiovascular response of Ramp1-/-, Ramp2+/-, Ramp3-/-, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- double-knockout (dKO), and Calcrl+/- mice to AM and CGRP were compared to wildtype mice. While under anesthesia, Ramp1-/- male mice had significantly higher basal blood pressure than wildtype males; a difference which was not present in female mice. Additionally, anesthetized Ramp1-/-, Ramp3-/-, and Calcrl+/- male mice exhibited significantly higher basal blood pressure than females of the same genotype. The hypotensive response to intravenously injected AM was greatly attenuated in Ramp1-/- mice, and to a lesser extent in Ramp3-/- and Calcrl+/- mice. However, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- dKO mice retained some hypotensive response to AM. These results suggest that the hypotensive effect of AM is primarily mediated through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer, but that AM signaling via CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 also contributes to some hypotensive action. On the other hand, CGRP's hypotensive activity seems to be predominantly through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer. With this knowledge, therapeutic AM or CGRP peptides could be designed to cause less hypotension while maintaining canonical receptor-RAMP mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S E Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M K Dunn
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - K M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Widiapradja A, Chunduri P, Levick SP. The role of neuropeptides in adverse myocardial remodeling and heart failure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2019-2038. [PMID: 28097372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to traditional neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the heart also contains numerous neuropeptides. These neuropeptides not only modulate the effects of neurotransmitters, but also have independent effects on cardiac function. While in most cases the physiological actions of these neuropeptides are well defined, their contributions to cardiac pathology are less appreciated. Some neuropeptides are cardioprotective, some promote adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure, and in the case of others their functions are unclear. Some have both cardioprotective and adverse effects depending on the specific cardiac pathology and progression of that pathology. In this review, we briefly describe the actions of several neuropeptides on normal cardiac physiology, before describing in more detail their role in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. It is our goal to bring more focus toward understanding the contribution of neuropeptides to the pathogenesis of heart failure, and to consider them as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Widiapradja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Prasad Chunduri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott P Levick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Noori NM, Teimouri A, Shahramian I. Comparison between brain natriuretic peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and controls. Niger Med J 2017; 58:37-43. [PMID: 29238127 PMCID: PMC5715565 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.218413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is revealed with the left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Objective This study was performed to determine the level of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in children with DCM and controls and comparison of these two biomarkers in patients. Materials and Methods This study was performed from April 2014 to March 2015 on patients with DCM. The levels of BNP and CGRP were measured by ELISA, and final amounts of biomarkers were compared with the echocardiographic finding. Results In this study, the mean age was 10.567 ± 5.50 and 12.135 ± 4.626 years for controls and cases, respectively (P = 0.321). The majority of echocardiographic indices in the left and right heart had different means in cases and controls (P < 0.05). Means of BNP were 213.814 ± 309.601 and 2.76 ± 1.013 for case and control, respectively (P < 0.001). Means of CGRP were 2.278 ± 1.586 and 1.488 ± 0.501 for cases and controls, respectively, (P = 0.001). In the patients group, however, no significant relationship was observed between CGRP level and Ross classification but observed a direct relationship of Ross classification with BNP (χ2 = 15.845, P < 0.05). Conclusions The present research was performed on DCM patients and showed that most echocardiographic parameters, mean of CGRP and mean of BNP increased in patients compared to healthy children. The severity of illness based on the Ross classification showed significant and positive correlation with BNP level but not with CGRP. Probably, it could be concluded that BNP would be a better biomarker in DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohammad Noori
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Teimouri
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Iraj Shahramian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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MaassenVanDenBrink A, Meijer J, Villalón CM, Ferrari MD. Wiping Out CGRP: Potential Cardiovascular Risks. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:779-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Habecker BA, Anderson ME, Birren SJ, Fukuda K, Herring N, Hoover DB, Kanazawa H, Paterson DJ, Ripplinger CM. Molecular and cellular neurocardiology: development, and cellular and molecular adaptations to heart disease. J Physiol 2016; 594:3853-75. [PMID: 27060296 DOI: 10.1113/jp271840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system and cardiovascular system develop in concert and are functionally interconnected in both health and disease. This white paper focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural-cardiac interactions during development, during normal physiological function in the mature system, and during pathological remodelling in cardiovascular disease. The content on each subject was contributed by experts, and we hope that this will provide a useful resource for newcomers to neurocardiology as well as aficionados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Johns Hopkins Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Susan J Birren
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Neil Herring
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Hideaki Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - David J Paterson
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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Duan L, Lei H, Zhang Y, Wan B, Chang J, Feng Q, Huang W. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Improves Hypoxia-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis via Nitric Oxide in H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cells. Cardiology 2015; 133:44-53. [PMID: 26430901 DOI: 10.1159/000439123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to investigate whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a protective role in cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis via an NO-mediated pathway. METHODS H9c2 cardiac cells were exposed to hypoxia for 2 h to establish a model of myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury. The cells were pretreated with either CGRP or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME) before being exposed to hypoxia for 30 min. Cell viability was analyzed using a cell counter kit 8 (CCK-8). The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by the corresponding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of several apoptosis proteins (p53, caspase-3, cytochrome C) and NOS were detected by Western blot assays. An NO kit was used to evaluate the production of NO. RESULTS Pretreatment of H9c2 cardiac cells with CGRP for 30 min prior to exposure to hypoxia markedly improved cell viability (83.57 ± 3.21 vs. 62.83 ± 8.30%, p < 0.001); the same effect was observed following pretreatment with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (89.34 ± 5.95 vs. 75.01 ± 5.61%, p < 0.01). Pretreatment with CGRP also significantly attenuated the inflammatory responses induced by hypoxia, as evidenced by decreases of the levels of both IL-6 (193.21 ± 13.54 vs. 293.38 ± 56.49%, p < 0.001) and TNF-α (207.71 ± 44.27 vs. 281.46 ± 64.88%, p < 0.001). Additionally, CGRP significantly decreased the hypoxia-induced overexpression of the apoptotic proteins (p53: 0.27 ± 0.10 vs. 0.87 ± 0.30, p < 0.001; caspase-3: 0.65 ± 0.15 vs. 0.98 ± 0.26, p < 0.001; cytochrome C: 1.51 ± 0.39 vs. 2.80 ± 0.69, p < 0.001) and enhanced the expression of both endothelial NOS (eNOS; 0.59 ± 0.24 vs. 0.37 ± 0.14, p < 0.05) and phosphorylated eNOS (0.60 ± 0.13 vs. 0.40 ± 0.07, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the application of both L-NAME and CGRP attenuated the hypoxia-induced expression of inducible NOS (iNOS; p < 0.05) and enhanced a hypoxia-mediated decrease in NO (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the expression levels of cell apoptosis (p < 0.05), iNOS and eNOS (p < 0.05) were decreased with L-NAME and CGRP cotreatment following 2 h of acute hypoxia, but the apoptotic factors (p < 0.05) were increased compared with only CGRP pretreatment. CONCLUSION CGRP protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis by modulating NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Duan
- Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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LIU W, WANG X, MEI Z, GONG J, GAO X, ZHAO Y, MA J, XIE F, QIAN L. Chronic Stress Promotes the Progression of Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction Through Inducing More Apoptosis and Fibrosis. Physiol Res 2015; 64:325-34. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress serves as a risk factor in the etiology of hypertension. The present study was designed to decipher the effect and mechanism of chronic stress on the progression of pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. We used abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) to induce pressure overload with or without chronic restraint stress to establish the animal models. Echocardiographic analysis showed pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction was worsened by chronic stress. Compared with the AAC rats, there is a significant increase in cardiac hypertrophy, injury, apoptosis and fibrosis of the AAC + stress rats. Furthermore, we found the secretion of norepinephrine (NE) increased after the AAC operation, while the level of NE was higher in the AAC + stress group. Cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts isolated from neonatal rats were cultured and separately treated with 1, 10, 100 μM NE. The higher concentration NE induced more cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and apoptosis, cardiac fibroblasts proliferation and collagen expression. These results revealed that high level of NE-induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and apoptosis, cardiac fibroblasts proliferation and collagen expression further contributes to the effect of chronic stress on acceleration of pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L. QIAN
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin against pressure ulcer in a mouse model of small fiber neuropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113454. [PMID: 25422898 PMCID: PMC4244151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased risk of skin pressure ulcers (PUs) is common in patients with sensory neuropathies, including those caused by diabetes mellitus. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been shown to protect the skin against PUs developed in animal models of long-term diabetes. The aim of this work was to determine whether rhEPO could prevent PU formation in a mouse model of drug-inducedSFN. Functional SFN was induced by systemic injection of resiniferatoxin (RTX, 50 µg/kg, i.p.). RhEPO (3000 UI/kg, i.p.) was given the day before RTX injection and then every other day. Seven days after RTX administration, PUs were induced by applying two magnetic plates on the dorsal skin. RTX-treated mice expressed thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia and showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) depletion without nerve degeneration or vascular dysfunction. RTX mice developed significantly larger stage 2 PUs than Vehicle mice. RhEPO prevented thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia and neuropeptide depletion in small nerve fibers. RhEPO increased hematocrit and altered endothelium-dependent vasodilatation without any effect on PU formation in Vehicle mice. The characteristics of PUs in RTX mice treated with rhEPO and Vehicle mice were found similar. In conclusion, RTX appeared to increased PU development through depletion of CGRP and SP in small nerve fibers, whereas systemic rhEPO treatment had beneficial effect on peptidergic nerve fibers and restored skin protective capacities against ischemic pressure. Our findings support the evaluation of rhEPO and/or its non-hematopoietic analogs in preventing to prevent PUs in patients with SFN.
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Gupta PK, DiPette DJ, Supowit SC. Protective effect of resveratrol against pressure overload-induced heart failure. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:218-29. [PMID: 24936291 PMCID: PMC4048607 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure overload (PO) causes adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction that progresses to heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the potent antioxidant, resveratrol, significantly attenuates PO-induced HF in wild-type mice. Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to either sham or TAC surgery. One group of TAC mice was given daily resveratrol treatment. Echocardiographic, biometric, and immunohistological analyses were performed on the three groups of mice. All echocardiographic parameters demonstrated significantly greater adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in the TAC compared to the sham mice. Increases in the ratios of heart weight (HW)/body weight (BW) and lung weight (LW)/BW and a sharp decline in the percentage of ejection fraction and fractional shortening were found in TAC relative to sham mice. Likewise, the TAC protocol increased markers of oxidative stress, cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, hypoxia, and apoptosis. These pathological changes were significantly attenuated by resveratrol treatment. Resveratrol treatment significantly attenuates the adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction produced by the TAC protocol in C57/BL6 mice and this activity is mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation indicating a therapeutic potential of resveratrol in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash K Gupta
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Donald J DiPette
- Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Scott C Supowit
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina
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