1
|
van der Giessen RS, Satoer D, Koudstaal PJ. The CODECS study: COgnitive DEficits in Cerebellar Stroke. Brain Cogn 2023; 173:106102. [PMID: 37922627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Part of the extra-pyramidal system, the cerebellum is more and more recognized by its non-motor functions known as the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Several studies have identified disturbances specifically in executive and attentional functions after focal cerebellar lesions. However, most studies were performed in small and heterogeneous patient groups. Furthermore, there is a substantial variation in the methodology of assessment. Here, we present the results of a large and homogeneous cohort of patients with isolated uniform cerebellar lesions. After three months post-stroke all patients underwent structural neuroimaging to confirm an isolated lesion and were given neuropsychological testing. The results show that cerebellar lesions relate to mild but long-term cognitive impairment in a broad spectrum of neurocognitive functions compared to normative values. These findings confirm involvement of the cerebellum in cognitive processing and supports the theory of 'dysmetria of thought' based upon uniform cerebellar processing in multiple cognitive domains. This study highlights the following results: 1-Cognitive impairments after isolated cerebellar stroke is confirmed in several cognitive domains. 2-Semantic and phonemic fluency are most affected in cerebellar stroke patients. 3-Verbal deficits show an age-independent long term effect post-stroke and should be studied further in depth. 4-Cognitive disorders after cerebellar stroke are more prominent in women than men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Djaina Satoer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Won J, Callow DD, Purcell JJ, Smith JC. Differential associations of regional cerebellar volume with gait speed and working memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2355. [PMID: 35149757 PMCID: PMC8837608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gait speed and working memory is well-understood in older adults. However, it remains to be determined whether this relationship also exists in younger adults; and there is little known regarding the possible neural mechanism underlying the association between gait speed and working memory. The aims of this study are to determine if there is: (1) an association between gait speed and working memory performance; and (2) a mediating role of cerebellar subregion volume in the correlation between gait speed and working memory in healthy younger adults. 1054 younger adults (28.7 ± 3.6 years) from the Human Connectome Project were included in the analyses. A four-meter gait test was used to assess gait speed. The 2-back task was used to measure working memory performance [accuracy and response time (RT)]. T1-weighted structural MRI data (obtained using Siemens 3 T MRI scanner) was used to assess cerebellar subregion volumes. Linear regression and mediation analysis were used to examine the relationships between the variables after controlling for age, sex, and education. There was no association between gait speed and 2-back working memory performance in younger adults. Greater Crus I and whole cerebellar volumes were associated with better 2-back working memory accuracy. Greater VIIIa volume was associated with faster gait speed. Greater Crus 1 and VIIIa volumes were also associated with higher fluid cognition. The present study suggests that specific subregions of the cerebellar volumes are distinctively associated with gait speed and working memory performance in healthy younger adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel D Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jeremy J Purcell
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Poletti B, Carelli L, Faini A, Solca F, Meriggi P, Lafronza A, Ciringione L, Pedroli E, Ticozzi N, Ciammola A, Cipresso P, Riva G, Silani V. The Arrows and Colors Cognitive Test (ACCT): A new verbal-motor free cognitive measure for executive functions in ALS. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200953. [PMID: 30091987 PMCID: PMC6084851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The presence of executive deficits in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is well established, even if standardized measures are difficult to obtain due to progressive physical disability of the patients. We present clinical data concerning a newly developed measure of cognitive flexibility, administered by means of Eye-Tracking (ET) technology in order to bypass verbal-motor limitations. Methods 21 ALS patients and 21 age-and education-matched healthy subjects participated in an ET-based cognitive assessment, including a newly developed test of cognitive flexibility (Arrows and Colors Cognitive Test–ACCT) and other oculomotor-driven measures of cognitive functions. A standard screening of frontal and working memory abilities and global cognitive efficiency was administered to all subjects, in addition to a psychological self-rated assessment. For ALS patients, a clinical examination was also performed. Results ACCT successfully discriminated between patients and healthy controls, mainly concerning execution times obtained at different subtests. A qualitative analysis performed on error distributions in patients highlighted a lower prevalence of perseverative errors, with respect to other type of errors. Correlations between ACCT and other ET-based frontal-executive measures were significant and involved different frontal sub-domains. Limited correlations were observed between ACCT and standard ‘paper and pencil’ cognitive tests. Conclusions The newly developed ET-based measure of cognitive flexibility could be a useful tool to detect slight frontal impairments in non-demented ALS patients by bypassing verbal-motor limitations through the oculomotor-driven administration. The findings reported in the present study represent the first contribution towards the development of a full verbal-motor free executive test for ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Carelli
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Faini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Solca
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Meriggi
- ICT & Biomedical Technology Integration Unit, Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITT), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lafronza
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Ciringione
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciammola
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience—IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McBride DW, Nowrangi D, Kaur H, Wu G, Huang L, Lekic T, Tang J, Zhang JH. A composite neurobehavioral test to evaluate acute functional deficits after cerebellar haemorrhage in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:433-446. [PMID: 28318366 PMCID: PMC5851133 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17696509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar haemorrhage accounts for 5-10% of all intracerebral haemorrhages and leads to severe, long-lasting functional deficits. Currently, there is limited research on this stroke subtype, which may be due to the lack of a suitable composite neuroscoring system specific for cerebellar injury in rodents. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive composite neuroscore test for cerebellar injury using a rat model of cerebellar haemorrhage. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either sham surgery or cerebellar haemorrhage. Twenty-four hours post-injury, neurological behaviour was evaluated using 17 cost-effective and easy-to-perform tests, and a composite neuroscore was developed. The composite neuroscore was then used to assess functional recovery over seven days after cerebellar haemorrhage. Differences in the composite neuroscore deficits for the mild and moderate cerebellar haemorrhage models were observed for up to five days post-ictus. Until now, a composite neuroscore for cerebellar injury was not available for rodent studies. Herein, using mild and moderate cerebellar haemorrhage rat models a composite neuroscore for cerebellar injury was developed and used to assess functional deficits after cerebellar haemorrhage. This composite neuroscore may also be useful for other cerebellar injury models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin W McBride
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Derek Nowrangi
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Guangyong Wu
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- 1 Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quillinan N, Deng G, Shimizu K, Cruz-Torres I, Schroeder C, Traystman RJ, Herson PS. Long-term depression in Purkinje neurons is persistently impaired following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3053-3064. [PMID: 28168893 PMCID: PMC5536809 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16683691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) produce brain ischemia that results in cognitive and motor coordination impairments subsequent to injury of vulnerable populations of neurons, including cerebellar Purkinje neurons. To determine the effects of CA/CPR on plasticity in the cerebellum, we used whole cell recordings from Purkinje neurons to examine long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) synapses. Acute slices were prepared from adult male mice subjected to 8 min cardiac arrest at 1, 7, and 30 days after resuscitation. Concurrent stimulation of PF and climbing fibers (CFs) resulted in robust LTD of PF-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in controls. LTD was absent in recordings obtained from mice subjected to CA/CPR, with no change in EPSC amplitude from baseline at any time point tested. AMPA and mGluR-mediated responses at the PF were not altered by CA/CPR. In contrast, CF-evoked NMDA currents were reduced following CA/CPR, which could account for the loss of LTD observed. A loss of GluN1 protein was observed following CA/CPR that was surprisingly not associated with changes in mRNA expression. These data demonstrate sustained impairments in synaptic plasticity in Purkinje neurons that survive the initial injury and which likely contribute to motor coordination impairments observed after CA/CPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Quillinan
- 1 Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guiying Deng
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- 1 Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Christian Schroeder
- 1 Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Traystman
- 1 Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- 1 Neuronal Injury Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakamoto FK, Tsutsumiuchi M, Maeda MH, Uesaka Y, Takeda K. Memory impairment following right cerebellar infarction: a case study. Neurocase 2015; 21:660-4. [PMID: 25350282 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2014.969277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We reported a patient with a right cerebellar infarction who showed anterograde amnesia. Cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebellar lesions was called cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and deactivation of the contralateral prefrontal cortex function due to disconnections of cerebello-cerebral fiber tracts have been hypothesized as mechanism underlying the syndrome. The episodic memory impairment, however, could not be supported by the same mechanism because the prefrontal lesions cannot cause amnesia syndrome. The feature of the impairment of our patient was similar to that of diencephalic amnesia, and a single photon emission computed tomography study showed a relative hypoperfusion in the right cerebellar hemisphere and left anterior thalamus. We considered that the memory deficit was caused by the dysfunction of the thalamus, which is a relay center of the cerebello-cerebral connectivity network.
Collapse
|
9
|
Omar D, Ryan T, Carson A, Bak TH, Torrens L, Whittle I. Clinical and methodological confounders in assessing the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in adult patients with posterior fossa tumours. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 28:755-64. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2014.920487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Nadkarni NK, Nunley KA, Aizenstein H, Harris TB, Yaffe K, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Rosano C. Association between cerebellar gray matter volumes, gait speed, and information-processing ability in older adults enrolled in the Health ABC study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:996-1003. [PMID: 24170673 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum plays an important role in mobility and cognition. However, it is unclear which regions of the cerebellum are associated with gait speed and information-processing ability in older adults without overt brain damage. METHODS Cross-sectional associations between cerebellar gray matter volumes (GMV), gait speed, and information-processing ability were explored in 231 community-dwelling adults (mean age: 83 years, 48% black, 58% female). We measured gait speed on an automated walkway and information-processing ability on the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Total and regional cerebellar GMV was measured on 3T-magnetic resonance imaging. Lobar GMV of the cerebellum, obtained by an automated parcellation process, were aggregated based on the cognitive (lobules VI, VII, VIII and crus I, II), sensorimotor (lobules II, IV, V), and vestibular (lobules IX and X) functions ascribed to the cerebellar regions. RESULTS Larger cerebellar GMV correlated with faster gait speed and superior DSST scores (both p < .001) independent of age, gender, atrophy, and small vessel disease. After adjusting for age, gender, and atrophy, larger cognitive cerebellar GMV correlated with both faster gait speed (p = .04) and higher DSST scores (p < .001), larger sensorimotor cerebellar GMV correlated significantly with DSST alone (p = .02), and the vestibular cerebellar GMV with neither. The association between cognitive cerebellar GMV and gait speed was no longer significant after adjusting for DSST score in the linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between gait speed and cerebellar GMV is influenced by information-processing ability, and this relationship is stronger in subregions ascribed to cognitive than vestibular or sensorimotor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen A Nunley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and
| | | | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cumming TB, Marshall RS, Lazar RM. Stroke, cognitive deficits, and rehabilitation: still an incomplete picture. Int J Stroke 2013; 8:38-45. [PMID: 23280268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment after stroke is common and can cause disability with major impacts on quality of life and independence. There are also indirect effects of cognitive impairment on functional recovery after stroke through reduced participation in rehabilitation and poor adherence to treatment guidelines. In this article, we attempt to establish the following: ● whether there is a distinct profile of cognitive impairment after stroke; ● whether the type of cognitive deficit can be associated with the features of stroke-related damage; and ● whether interventions can improve poststroke cognitive performance. There is not a consistent profile of cognitive deficits in stroke, though slowed information processing and executive dysfunction tend to predominate. Our understanding of structure-function relationships has been advanced using imaging techniques such as lesion mapping and will be further enhanced through better characterization of damage to functional networks and identification of subtle white matter abnormalities. Effective cognitive rehabilitation approaches have been reported for focal cortical deficits such as neglect and aphasia, but treatments for more diffusely represented cognitive impairment remain elusive. In the future, the hope is that different techniques that have been shown to promote neural plasticity (e.g., exercise, brain stimulation, and pharmacological agents) can be applied to improve the cognitive function of stroke survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby B Cumming
- Stroke Division, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cerebellar granule cells are generated postnatally in humans. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1271-86. [PMID: 23716277 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How many cerebellar granule cells are generated pre- or postnatally in human is unknown. Using a rigorous design-based stereologic approach we investigated postmortem cerebella from 14 children who died between the first postnatal day (P1) and 11 months of age (M11). We found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) age-related increase in the total number of granule cells from 5.9 × 10(9) at M1 to 37.6 × 10(9) at M10/11 per cerebellar half but not in the total number of Purkinje cells (12.1 × 10(6) at M1 vs. 13.9 × 10(6) at M10/11 per cerebellar half). Accordingly, approximately 85 % of the cerebellar granule cells are generated postnatally in human, and the number of granule cells per Purkinje cell in the human cerebellum increases from 485 at M1 to 2,700 at M10/11, approximately. These data indicate that the human cerebellum has a much higher functional plasticity during the first year of life than previously thought, and may respond very sensitively to internal and external influences during this time. This has important implications for several neuropsychiatric conditions in which cerebellar involvement has been demonstrated.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ashmore RC, Sommer MA. Delay activity of saccade-related neurons in the caudal dentate nucleus of the macaque cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2129-44. [PMID: 23365182 PMCID: PMC3628037 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00906.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The caudal dentate nucleus (DN) in lateral cerebellum is connected with two visual/oculomotor areas of the cerebrum: the frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex. Many neurons in frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex produce "delay activity" between stimulus and response that correlates with processes such as motor planning. Our hypothesis was that caudal DN neurons would have prominent delay activity as well. From lesion studies, we predicted that this activity would be related to self-timing, i.e., the triggering of saccades based on the internal monitoring of time. We recorded from neurons in the caudal DN of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that made delayed saccades with or without a self-timing requirement. Most (84%) of the caudal DN neurons had delay activity. These neurons conveyed at least three types of information. First, their activity was often correlated, trial by trial, with saccade initiation. Correlations were found more frequently in a task that required self-timing of saccades (53% of neurons) than in a task that did not (27% of neurons). Second, the delay activity was often tuned for saccade direction (in 65% of neurons). This tuning emerged continuously during a trial. Third, the time course of delay activity associated with self-timed saccades differed significantly from that associated with visually guided saccades (in 71% of neurons). A minority of neurons had sensory-related activity. None had presaccadic bursts, in contrast to DN neurons recorded more rostrally. We conclude that caudal DN neurons convey saccade-related delay activity that may contribute to the motor preparation of when and where to move.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Ashmore
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|