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Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Menkhorst E, Maybin JA, King A, Girling JE. Cyclic processes in the uterine tubes, endometrium, myometrium, and cervix: pathways and perturbations. Mol Hum Reprod 2023; 29:gaad012. [PMID: 37225518 PMCID: PMC10208902 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review leads the 2023 Call for Papers in MHR: 'Cyclical function of the female reproductive tract' and will outline the complex and fascinating changes that take place in the reproductive tract during the menstrual cycle. We will also explore associated reproductive tract abnormalities that impact or are impacted by the menstrual cycle. Between menarche and menopause, women and people who menstruate living in high-income countries can expect to experience ∼450 menstrual cycles. The primary function of the menstrual cycle is to prepare the reproductive system for pregnancy in the event of fertilization. In the absence of pregnancy, ovarian hormone levels fall, triggering the end of the menstrual cycle and onset of menstruation. We have chosen to exclude the ovaries and focus on the other structures that make up the reproductive tract: uterine tubes, endometrium, myometrium, and cervix, which also functionally change in response to fluctuations in ovarian hormone production across the menstrual cycle. This inaugural paper for the 2023 MHR special collection will discuss our current understanding of the normal physiological processes involved in uterine cyclicity (limited specifically to the uterine tubes, endometrium, myometrium, and cervix) in humans, and other mammals where relevant. We will emphasize where knowledge gaps exist and highlight the impact that reproductive tract and uterine cycle perturbations have on health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Holdsworth-Carson
- Julia Argyrou Endometriosis Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ellen Menkhorst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Maybin
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna King
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane E Girling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Alawadhi M, Kilarkaje N, Mouihate A, Al-Bader MD. Role of progesterone on dexamethasone-induced alterations in placental vascularization and progesterone receptors in rats†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:133-149. [PMID: 36322157 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is manifested by lower maternal progesterone levels, smaller placental size, and decreased placental vascularity indicated by lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Studies showed that progesterone increases angiogenesis and induces VEGF expression in different tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of progesterone on placental vascular bed and VEGF expression and the modulation of nuclear and membranous progesterone receptors (PR) in dexamethasone-induced rat IUGR model. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into four groups and given intraperitoneal injections of either saline, dexamethasone, dexamethasone, and progesterone or progesterone. Injections started on gestation day (DG) 15 and lasted until the days of euthanization (19 and 21 DG). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate plasma progesterone levels. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate gene and protein expressions of VEGF, and PR in labyrinth and basal placental zones. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate VEGF and different PRs in placental cells. Immunofluorescence was used to monitor the expression of blood vessel marker (αSMA). RESULTS Dexamethasone decreased the vascular bed fraction and the expression of VEGF in both placental zones. Progesterone co-treatment with dexamethasone prevented this reduction. Nuclear and membrane PRs showed tissue-specific expression in different placental zones and responded differently to both dexamethasone and progesterone. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone treatment improves the outcomes in IUGR pregnancy. Progesterone alleviated DEX-induced IUGR probably by promoting placental VEGF and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alawadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Narayana Kilarkaje
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maie D Al-Bader
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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3
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Atli MO, Akbalık ME, Kose M, Alak I, Atli Z, Hitit M. Expression pattern and cellular localization of two critical non-nuclear progesterone receptors in the ovine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 243:107026. [PMID: 35752032 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the expression and cellular localization of two critical non-nuclear progesterone receptors, including membrane-associated-progesterone-receptor-component-1 (PGRMC1) and progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 7 (PAQR7) throughout the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in ovine corpus luteum (CL). Ewes were randomly grouped into cyclic (C, n = 4 per group) or pregnant (P, n = 4 per group) groups. Following slaughtering, the CL was obtained from both cyclic and pregnant ewes on days 12 (C12 and P12), 16 (C16 and P16), and 22 (C22 and P22). Western blotting and RT-qPCR were utilized to assess the expression levels of PGRMC1 and PAQR7, whereas immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the localization of PGRMC1 and PAQR7 in CL. Data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA, and the P < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. PGRMC1 was shown to be expressed in both small and large luteal cells and endothelial cells in CL, while PAQR7 expression was only found in small and large luteal cells. Compared to cycle days, pregnancy increased the expression of PGRMC1. PAQR7 did not differ during early pregnancy but reduced during the functional luteolysis stage (C16). mRNA and protein expression patterns for PGRMC1 and PAQR7 were similar on the studied days. This is the first study that demonstrates the expression and cellular localization of PGRMC1 and PAQR7 in ovine CL. We suggest that these receptors could execute a significant role in the ovine CL life span in both cyclic changes and the establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet O Atli
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Erdem Akbalık
- Department of Histology and Embiyology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Ilyas Alak
- Department of Biochemistry, Scholl Veterinary, Yidirim beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Atli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
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4
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Takahashi T, Ogiwara K. Signal pathway of LH-induced expression of nuclear progestin receptor in vertebrate ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 321-322:114025. [PMID: 35292264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear progestin receptor (PGR), which is induced in the follicles destined to undergo ovulation, is believed to be obligatory for rupture of the follicles during ovulation in vertebrates. Studies in some mammals and teleost medaka have revealed the outline of the central signaling pathway that leads to the PGR expression in the preovulatory follicles at ovulation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on what signaling mediators are involved in the LH-induced follicular expression of PGR at ovulation in these animals. LH-inducibility of follicular PGR expression is conserved. In both group of animals, activation of the LH receptor on the granulosa cell surface with LH commonly results in the increase of intracellular cAMP levels, while the downstream signaling cascades activated by high level of cAMP are totally different between mice and medaka. PGR is currently presumed to be induced via PKA/CREB-mediated transactivation and ERK1/2-dependent signaling in mice, but the receptor is induced via EPAC/RAP and AKT/CREB pathways in the teleost medaka. The differences and similarities in the signaling pathways for PGR expression between them is discussed from comparative and evolutionary aspects. We also discussed questions concerning PGR expression and its regulation needed to be investigated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Katsueki Ogiwara
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Chemerin Effect on the Endometrial Proteome of the Domestic Pig during Implantation Obtained by LC-MS/MS Analysis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071161. [PMID: 35406725 PMCID: PMC8997736 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin (CHEM) is a hormone mainly expressed in adipocytes involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and inflammatory response. CHEM expression has been demonstrated in the structures of the porcine hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as in the uterus, trophoblasts and conceptuses of pigs. In this study, we performed high-throughput proteomic analyses (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) to examine the influence of CHEM (400 ng/mL) on differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) in the porcine endometrial tissue explants during implantation (15 to 16 days of gestation). Among all 352 DRPs, 164 were up-regulated and 188 were down-regulated in CHEM-treated group. DRPs were assigned to 47 gene ontology (GO) terms (p-adjusted < 0.05). Validation of four DRPs (IFIT5, TGFβ1, ACO1 and PGRMC1) by Western blot analysis confirmed the veracity and accuracy of the LC-MS/MS method used in the present study. We suggest that CHEM, by modulating various protein expressions, takes part in the endometrial cell proliferation, migration and invasion at the time of implantation. It also regulates the endometrial immune response, sensitivity to P4 and the formation of new blood vessels. Additionally, CHEM appears to be an important factor involved in endothelial cell dysfunction during the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The identification of a large number of DRPs under the influence of CHEM provides a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms of this hormone action during implantation, which is a prerequisite for better control of pig reproduction.
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Effect of Steroid Hormones, Prostaglandins (E2 and F2α), Oxytocin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha on Membrane Progesterone (P4) Receptors Gene Expression in Bovine Myometrial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040519. [PMID: 35203226 PMCID: PMC8868417 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myometrium tissue shows the expression of non-genomic membrane progesterone (P4) receptors, such as progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC) 1 and 2 and membrane progestin receptors (mPR) alpha (mPRα), beta (mPRβ), and gamma (mPRγ). Their variable expression in the bovine uterus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy suggests that ovarian steroids and luteotropic and/or luteolytic factors may regulate the expression of these receptors in the myometrium. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of P4, estradiol (E2), P4 with E2, prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2α, oxytocin (OT), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on the gene expression of PGRMC1, PGRMC2, serpine-1 mRNA-binding protein (SERBP1), and mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ in bovine myometrial cells from days 6 to 10 and 11 to 16 of the estrous cycle. The PGE2 concentration and mRNA expression were determined by EIA and real-time PCR, respectively. The data indicated that P4 and E2 can affect the mRNA expression of all studied receptors and SERPB1. However, PGE2, OT, and TNFα could only modulate the expression of PGRMC1, PGRMC2, and SERPB1, respectively. Steroids/factors changed the expression of PGRMC and mPR genes depending on the dose, the stage of the estrous cycle, and the types of receptors. This suggests that the local hormonal milieu may influence the activity of these receptors and P4 action in myometrial cells during the estrous cycle.
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The Influence of Intravaginal Gestagens Treatment on the Morphological Features and Endometrial Steroid Hormone Receptors Content during Anestrus Type II in Dairy Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031235. [PMID: 35163159 PMCID: PMC8835798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gestagens are the most widely used therapy in anestrus type II. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaginal progesterone inserts therapy in anestrus type II in cows. Methods: The study was conducted on 33 cows. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptors expression in endometrium was assessed on a molecular level based on mRNA tissue expression. Additionally, blood 17ß-estradiol and progesterone levels were evaluated. Results: A decrease in mRNA expression of A and B PR and ER α was noted in treated and untreated animals. In the treated group, an increase of ERß mRNA expression was observed, while a decreased was found in untreated animals. There was increased PR, ERα and ß expression in endometrial tissue in treated cows, and decreased expression of these factors in untreated cows. In the treated group, recurrence of ovarian cyclicity was noted in 52% of animals and pregnancy was obtained in 34.8% of them, while in the untreated group, recurrence did not occur. In the control group, spontaneous recurrence of ovarian cyclicity was not observed. An increase of PR expression was correlated with increased proliferation of endometrial cells. Conclusions: It seems likely that the endometrium is well developed and ready for placentation after removing the exogenous source of progesterone and preventing the recurrence of cyclicity of ovaries.
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Cajas YN, Cañón-Beltrán K, de la Blanca MGM, Sánchez JM, Fernandez-Fuertes B, González EM, Rizos D. Role of reproductive fluids and extracellular vesicles in embryo–maternal interaction during early pregnancy in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:117-138. [PMID: 35231231 DOI: 10.1071/rd21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated interaction between the developing embryo and the maternal reproductive tract is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. An early cross-talk is established between the oviduct/uterus and the gametes and embryo. This dialogue will shape the microenvironment in which gamete transport, fertilisation, and early embryonic development occur. Due to the small size of the gametes and the early embryo relative to the volume of the oviductal and uterine lumina, collection of tissue and fluid adjacent to these cells is challenging in cattle. Thus, the combination of in vivo and in vitro models seems to be the most appropriate approach to better understand this fine dialogue. In this respect, the aim of this review is to summarise the recent findings in relation to gamete/embryo-maternal interaction during the pre-elongation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia N Cajas
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; and Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca (UC), EC010205 Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Karina Cañón-Beltrán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Ambientales, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Fundación Universitaria Juan de Castellanos (JdC), 150001 Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Gemma Millán de la Blanca
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fuertes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encina M González
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Rizos
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Center Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CSIC-INIA), Ctra de la Coruña KM 5.9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Rekawiecki R, Dobrzyn K, Kowalik MK. Steroid Receptor Coregulators Can Modulate the Action of Progesterone Receptor during the Estrous Cycle in Cow Endometrium. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113217. [PMID: 34827948 PMCID: PMC8614263 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proper functioning of the endometrium is necessary for the implantation of the embryo after fertilization and its development throughout pregnancy. The key role in this process plays appropriate action of progesterone through the nuclear receptor isoforms. The action of the receptor is regulated by the attachment of receptor modulators called coregulators which include coactivators and corepressors. Their improper expression in humans causes a malfunction of progesterone receptors and leads to disorders of pregnancy. However, in farm animals, such disorders may be one of the reasons leading up to early embryonic lethality, which in cows reaches up to 40%. Obtained results indicate the important role of the studied coregulators in regulating progesterone activity in endometrial cells, especially during the preimplantation period. Therefore, they can be helpful in better understanding the regulation and expression of the coactivators and corepressors in cow endometrium during the estrous cycle and can contribute to reducing this problem. They can also be of significant practical importance, making for the increased efficiency of breeding these animals. Abstract Nuclear receptor coregulators include coactivators and corepressors which associate with the progesterone receptor (PGR) during its activation. Fluctuations in the transcription levels of their respective genes and subsequent protein production as well as in related activities for histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) can affect PGR function and thus change the action of progesterone (P4) in bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle. Endometrial tissue on days 2–5, 6–10, 11–16, and 17–20 of the estrous cycle was used for determination of the mRNA expression levels of coactivators P300, CREB, and SRC-1 along with corepressor NCOR-2 using Real-Time PCR, with protein levels by Western blot. Coregulators cellular localizations were assessed by immunohistochemistry whereas the activities of HAT and HDAC by using EIA. The highest levels of mRNA and proteins for all of the investigated coregulators, as well as the highest levels of activity for HAT and HDAC, were detected over days 2–16 of the estrous cycle. All of the tested coregulatory proteins were localized in the nuclei of endometrial cells. This research indicates the important role of coregulators of the PGR receptor in regulating P4 activity in endometrial cells, especially during the pre-implantation period.
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Regulation of uterine function during estrous cycle, anestrus phase and pregnancy by steroids in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:20109. [PMID: 34635709 PMCID: PMC8505504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid synthesis and production in ruminant uterus is not obvious, especially in seasonally reproduced. We compared steroid production by investigating enzymes involved in red deer uterine steroid metabolism in reproductive seasons. Blood and uteri (endometrium and myometrium) were collected post mortem from hinds on 4th day (N = 8), 13th day of the cycle (N = 8), anestrus (N = 8) and pregnancy (N = 8). The expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450), 3 -beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17 -beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), aldo-keto reductase family 1 C1 (AKR1C1), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and progesterone receptors (PRs), were analyzed using real-time-PCR and Western Blotting. Plasma samples were assayed for 17-beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T4) concentrations by EIA. Hinds at the beginning of the estrous cycle, mainly in endometrium, were characterized by a high mRNA expression of 3β-HSD, AKR1C1, PRs and ERα, contrary to the expression in myometrium during pregnancy (P < 0.05). For P4, E2, and FSH, concentration was the highest during the 13th day of the estrous cycle (P < 0.05). Uterine steroid production and output in hinds as a representative seasonally reproduced ruminant occurred mainly during the estrous cycle and sustained in anestrus.
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Binder C, Aurich J, Scarlet D, Reichart U, Walter I, Aurich C. Expression of nuclear progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor membrane components 1 and 2 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in the endometrium and oviduct of spontaneously ovulating cats. Theriogenology 2021; 172:200-206. [PMID: 34271496 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although ovulations not followed by pregnancy occur regularly in cats, differences in endometrial function between cats in the luteal and non-luteal phase have not been studied so far. Progesterone exerts its effects through a nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR) and via cell-membrane bound receptors referred to as progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and 2. Progesterone receptor expression is regulated by gonadal steroid hormones and therefore may change throughout the oestrous cycle. Protein expression of PGR, PGRMC-1 and 2 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) was analysed in the endometrium and oviduct of non-pregnant female cats in the follicular (n = 8) and luteal phase (n = 9). We hypothesized that the presence of corpora lutea (CL) is associated with downregulation of progesterone receptors and PTGS2. Cells of the luminal endometrial epithelium, endometrial stroma and oviductal epithelium were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The PGR protein expression was more pronounced in the endometrial epithelium than stroma (p < 0.001) and less pronounced in cats with a CL than without CL (p < 0.001) but did not differ between groups in the oviduct. The PTGS2 was localized only in the endometrial and oviductal epithelium and its expression was reduced in cats with CL (p = 0.001). In the endometrial epithelium, PGRMC-1 expression was reduced in cats with CL (p < 0.05). Expression of PGRMC-2 was highest in the endometrial epithelium and lowest in the endometrial stroma (p = 0.01) but did not differ between cats with and without CL. In conclusion, progesterone receptor and PTGS2 downregulation in the female cat closely resembles findings in other spontaneously ovulating domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Binder
- Obstetrics and Reproduction, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Aurich
- Obstetrics and Reproduction, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Scarlet
- Obstetrics and Reproduction, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Reichart
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ma X, Zhao T, Yan H, Guo K, Liu Z, Wei L, Lu W, Qiu C, Jiang J. Fatostatin reverses progesterone resistance by inhibiting the SREBP1-NF-κB pathway in endometrial carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:544. [PMID: 34039951 PMCID: PMC8155186 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone resistance can significantly restrict the efficacy of conservative treatment for patients with endometrial cancer who wish to preserve their fertility or those who suffer from advanced and recurrent cancer. SREBP1 is known to be involved in the occurrence and progression of endometrial cancer, although the precise mechanism involved remains unclear. In the present study, we carried out microarray analysis in progesterone-sensitive and progesterone-resistant cell lines and demonstrated that SREBP1 is related to progesterone resistance. Furthermore, we verified that SREBP1 is over-expressed in both drug-resistant tissues and cells. Functional studies further demonstrated that the inhibition of SREBP1 restored the sensitivity of endometrial cancer to progesterone both in vitro and in vivo, and that the over-expression of SREBP1 promoted resistance to progesterone. With regards to the mechanism involved, we found that SREBP1 promoted the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells and inhibited their apoptosis by activating the NF-κB pathway. To solve the problem of clinical application, we found that Fatostatin, an inhibitor of SREBP1, could increase the sensitivity of endometrial cancer to progesterone and reverse progesterone resistance by inhibiting SREBP1 both in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight the important role of SREBP1 in progesterone resistance and suggest that the use of Fatostatin to target SREBP1 may represent a new method to solve progesterone resistance in patients with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.,Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.,Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital, Decheng district Dezhou, Shandong, 253017, P.R. China
| | - Kui Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.,Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.,Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.,Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Chunping Qiu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.
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Vaitsopoulou CI, Kolibianakis EM, Bosdou JK, Neofytou E, Lymperi S, Makedos A, Savvaidou D, Chatzimeletiou K, Grimbizis GF, Lambropoulos A, Tarlatzis BC. Expression of genes that regulate follicle development and maturation during ovarian stimulation in poor responders. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:248-259. [PMID: 33214084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), androgen receptor (AR), LH beta polypeptide (LHB), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2) regulate follicle development and maturation. Their mRNA expression was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of normal and poor responders, during ovarian stimulation. DESIGN Fifty-two normal responders and 15 poor responders according to the Bologna criteria were enrolled for IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection and stimulated with 200 IU of follitrophin alpha and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist. HCG was administered for final oocyte maturation. On days 1, 6 and 10 of stimulation, blood samples were obtained, serum hormone levels were measured, RNA was extracted from PBMC and real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out to identify the mRNA levels. Relative mRNA expression of each gene was calculated by the comparative 2-DDCt method. RESULTS Differences between mRNA levels of each gene on the same time point between the two groups were not significant. PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 mRNA levels were downregulated, adjusted for ovarian response and age. Positive correlations between PGRMC1 and AR (standardized beta = 0.890, P < 0.001) from day 1 to 6 and PGRMC1 and LHB (standardized beta = 0.806, P < 0.001) from day 1 to 10 were found in poor responders. PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 were positively correlated on days 6 and 10 in normal responders. CONCLUSIONS PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 mRNA are significantly decreased during ovarian stimulation, with some potential differences between normal and poor responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine I Vaitsopoulou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece.
| | - Efstratios M Kolibianakis
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Julia K Bosdou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Eirini Neofytou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Stefania Lymperi
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Anastasios Makedos
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Despina Savvaidou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Katerina Chatzimeletiou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Grigoris F Grimbizis
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - Basil C Tarlatzis
- Unit for Human Reproduction, Laboratory of Genetics, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
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Billhaq DH, Lee SH, Lee S. The potential function of endometrial-secreted factors for endometrium remodeling during the estrous cycle. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13333. [PMID: 31909524 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Uterine has a pivotal role in implantation and conceptus development. To prepare a conducive uterine condition for possibly new gestation during the estrous cycle, uterine endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling. In addition, angiogenesis is an indispensable biological process of endometrium remodeling. Furthermore, essential protein expressions related to important biological processes of endometrium remodeling, which are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), myoglobin (MYG), collagen type IV (COL4), fucosyltransferase IV (FUT4), and cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2), were detected in the endometrial tissue reported in many previous studies and recently discovered in histotroph substrates during the estrous cycle. Those proteins, which are liable for provoking new vessel development, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, and cell migration, were expressed higher in the histotroph during the luteal phase than follicular phase. Histotroph proteins considerably contribute to endometrium remodeling during the estrous cycle. To that end, the following review will discuss and highlight the relevant information and evidence of the uterine fluid proteins as endometrial-secreted factors that adequately indicate the potential role of the uterine secretions to be involved in the endometrial remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dody Houston Billhaq
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Institute of Animal Resources, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Kowalik MK, Dobrzyn K, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. Expression of membrane progestin receptors (mPRs) α, β and γ in the bovine uterus during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Theriogenology 2019; 140:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Rekawiecki R, Kisielewska K, Kowalik MK, Kotwica J. Methylation of progesterone receptor isoform A and B promoters in the reproductive system of cows. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1634-1642. [PMID: 29898817 DOI: 10.1071/rd17518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the promoters of progesterone receptor isoform A (PGRA) and B (PGRB) are methylated and to determine the percentage of methylation occurring for each isoform. Genomic DNA was isolated from the corpora lutea (CL) and endometrial slices from cows on Days 2-5, 6-10, 11-16 and 17-20 of the oestrous cycle. DNA was bisulphite-converted and amplified using methyl-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that detect both methylated and unmethylated sequences. The determination of the percentage of the methylation was performed using HpaII and MspI restriction enzymes. Methyl-specific PCR showed partial methylation of PGRA and PGRB promoters in the CL and endometrium during the oestrous cycle. Methylation for PGRA was between 15 and 17% and for PGRB was in the range of 6 to 7.7% during the oestrous cycle in the CL. In the endometrium, the methylation for PGRA was between 6 and 7.3% and for PGRB was between 3 and 4.8% during the oestrous cycle. The data obtained indicate that the higher promoter methylation of the PGRA isoform could be a mechanism for regulation of PGRA inhibitory activity against PGRB and, in this way, methylation may influence the regulation of progesterone action in the CL and endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rekawiecki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kisielewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Changes in expression of ISG15, progesterone receptor and progesterone-induced blocking factor in ovine thymus during early pregnancy. Theriogenology 2018; 121:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Cai S, Zhu J, Zeng X, Ye Q, Ye C, Mao X, Zhang S, Qiao S, Zeng X. Maternal N-Carbamylglutamate Supply during Early Pregnancy Enhanced Pregnancy Outcomes in Sows through Modulations of Targeted Genes and Metabolism Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5845-5852. [PMID: 29804448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing pregnancy loss is important for improving reproductive efficiency for both human and mammalian animals. Our previous study demonstrates that maternal N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supply during early pregnancy enhances embryonic survival in gilts. However, whether maternal NCG supply improves the pregnancy outcomes is still not known. Here we found maternal NCG supply during early pregnancy in sows significantly increased the numbers of total piglets born alive per litter ( P < 0.05) and significantly changed the levels of metabolites in amniotic fluid and serum involved in metabolism of energy, lipid, and glutathione and immunological regulation. The expression of endometrial progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) was significantly increased by NCG supplementation ( P < 0.05) as well as the expression of PGRMC1, endothelial nitric oxide synthesases (eNOS), and lamin A/C in fetuses and placentae ( P < 0.05). Among the NCG-associated amino acids, arginine and glutamine, markedly increased PGRMC1 and eNOS expression in porcine trophectoderm cells ( P < 0.05), whereas glutamate could stimulate the expression of vimentin and lamin A/C in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells ( P < 0.05) and proline stimulated lamin A/C expression ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these data reveal the mechanisms of NCG in reducing early embryo loss. These findings have important implications that NCG has great potential to improve pregnancy outcomes in human and mammalian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangzhou Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Changchuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road , Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130 , China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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Ka H, Seo H, Choi Y, Yoo I, Han J. Endometrial response to conceptus-derived estrogen and interleukin-1β at the time of implantation in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29928500 PMCID: PMC5989395 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of pregnancy is a complex process that requires a well-coordinated interaction between the implanting conceptus and the maternal uterus. In pigs, the conceptus undergoes dramatic morphological and functional changes at the time of implantation and introduces various factors, including estrogens and cytokines, interleukin-1β2 (IL1B2), interferon-γ (IFNG), and IFN-δ (IFND), into the uterine lumen. In response to ovarian steroid hormones and conceptus-derived factors, the uterine endometrium becomes receptive to the implanting conceptus by changing its expression of cell adhesion molecules, secretory activity, and immune response. Conceptus-derived estrogens act as a signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy by changing the direction of prostaglandin (PG) F2α from the uterine vasculature to the uterine lumen. Estrogens also induce the expression of many endometrial genes, including genes related to growth factors, the synthesis and transport of PGs, and immunity. IL1B2, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by the elongating conceptus. The direct effect of IL1B2 on endometrial function is not fully understood. IL1B activates the expression of endometrial genes, including the genes involved in IL1B signaling and PG synthesis and transport. In addition, estrogen or IL1B stimulates endometrial expression of IFN signaling molecules, suggesting that estrogen and IL1B act cooperatively in priming the endometrial function of conceptus-produced IFNG and IFND that, in turn, modulate endometrial immune response during early pregnancy. This review addresses information about maternal-conceptus interactions with respect to endometrial gene expression in response to conceptus-derived factors, focusing on the roles of estrogen and IL1B during early pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakhyun Ka
- 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Seo
- 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea.,2Department of Veterinary Integrated Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471 USA
| | - Yohan Choi
- 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea.,3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298 USA
| | - Inkyu Yoo
- 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Han
- 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 Republic of Korea
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The newly established bovine endometrial gland cell line (BEGC) forms gland acini in vitro and is only IFNτ-responsive (MAPK42/44 activation) after E 2 and P 4-pre-incubation. Placenta 2018; 67:61-69. [PMID: 29941175 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine glands (UG) are crucial for the establishment of ruminant pregnancy and influenced (orchestrated manner) by estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNτ). In the study we established a bovine endometrial glandular cell line (BGEC) and tested its functional reactivity (signaling) to IFNτ. METHODS BGEC was characterized by light microscopy (LM), epithelial markers (ezrin, CK18) [immunofluorescence (IF)/immunohistochemistry (IHC)] and ultrastructure (TEM/SEM) (apical microvilli). In vitro formation of gland acini and transepithelial-electric-resistance (TEER) measurements (EVOM) were done. The expression of mRNA-transcripts (RT-PCR) of steroid receptors (PR, PGRMC1/2, ESR1/2) and the IFNτ-system (IFNAR1/2, IRF1, 2, 9) was checked. BEGC was stimulated with IFNτ (10 ng/ml;1000 ng/ml) (15 min) after steroid pre-treatment [10 pg/ml E2 (two days)/20 ng/ml P4 (two days)]. Activation of MAPK42/44;STAT1 was evaluated (densitometrical Western Blot). RESULTS BGEC cells expressed epithelial markers and possessed apical microvilli. High TEER-values could be measured (2320-2620 ohm/cm2). The assembled BEGC acini (25 days) were similar to UG in vivo (markers/ultrastructure). All transcripts (steroid receptors/IFNτ-system) could be detected in BEGC (mRNA). MAPK42/44 were significantly activated after E2/P4 pre-treatment and IFNτ stimulation (10 ng/ml) (p < 0.05), whilst 1000 ng/ml IFNτ did not activate MAPK42/44. Neither a STAT1 (by IFNτ) nor an activation (MAPK42/44;STAT1) by IFNτ-only was observed. DISCUSSION BGEC retains its epithelial phenotype in culture and forms gland acini in vitro thereby confirming its glandular character. Cells were only reactive to (low) IFNτ concentrations when pre-treated with steroids thereby closely resembling implantation physiology in vivo. BEGC can be used as a bovine implantation model to study embryo-maternal communication during early pregnancy in cattle.
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Zhang LY, Mi H, Yan JK, Yan XX, Yang L. Pregnancy-associated changes in expression of progesterone receptor and progesterone-induced blocking factor genes in bone marrow of ewes. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 186:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rekawiecki R, Kowalik MK, Kotwica J. The expression of progesterone receptor coregulators mRNA and protein in corpus luteum and endometrium of cows during the estrous cycle. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 183:102-109. [PMID: 28652026 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in the mRNA and protein expression of the progesterone receptor (PGR) coactivator P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) and the corepressor Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1 (NCOR1) may participate in the regulation of PGR function during the estrous cycle in corpus luteum (CL) and endometrium and thus modulate the effect of progesterone (P4) within the reproductive system. The experimental material included CL and endometrial tissues from cows on days 2-5, 6-10, 11-16, and 17-20 of the estrous cycle. The mRNA expression of PCAF and NCOR1 was determined by means of real-time PCR, and protein levels were determined using western blotting. The highest mRNA and protein expression for PCAF (P<0.01) and NCOR1 (P<0.01) was found on days 6-16 in CL, whereas mRNA and protein expression for PCAF in endometrium was the highest on days 1-10 (P<0.05), but for NCOR1 it was the highest on days 2-5 (P<0.05) and decreased thereafter. Significant correlations were found between PCAF and NCOR1 mRNA and protein in CL and endometrium, between PCAF mRNA or protein and P4 levels only in CL, and between NCOR1 protein and P4 levels in endometrium only. Correlations between PCAF and NCOR1 mRNA and PCAF and NCOR1 protein were also found. These data suggest that the variable expression of these coregulators in CL and endometrium during the estrous cycle may depend on the influence of P4, and in these tissues both coregulators may compete for binding to the PGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rekawiecki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - M K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Yang L, Zang S, Bai Y, Yao X, Zhang L. Effect of early pregnancy on the expression of progesterone receptor and progesterone-induced blocking factor in ovine lymph node. Theriogenology 2017; 93:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Clark NC, Pru CA, Yee SP, Lydon JP, Peluso JJ, Pru JK. Conditional Ablation of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 2 Causes Female Premature Reproductive Senescence. Endocrinology 2017; 158:640-651. [PMID: 28005395 PMCID: PMC5460782 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassical progesterone receptors progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and PGRMC2 have been implicated in regulating cell survival of endometrial and ovarian cells in vitro and are abundantly expressed in these cell types. The objective of this study was to determine if Pgrmc1 and Pgrmc2 are essential for normal female reproduction. To accomplish this objective, Pgrmc1 and/or Pgrmc2 floxed mice (Pgrmc2fl/fl and Pgrmc1/2fl/fl) were crossed with Pgr-cre mice, which resulted in the conditional ablation of Pgrmc1 and/or Pgrmc2 from female reproductive tissues (i.e.,Pgrmc2d/d and Pgrmc1/2d/d mice). A breeding trial revealed that conditional ablation of Pgrmc2 initially led to subfertility, with Pgrmc2d/d female mice producing 47% fewer pups/litter than Pgrmc2fl/fl mice (P = 0.001). Pgrmc2d/d mice subsequently underwent premature reproductive senescence by parities 2 to 5, producing 37.8% fewer litters overall during the trial compared with Pgrmc2fl/fl mice (P = 0.020). Similar results were observed with Pgrmc1/2d/d mice. Based on ovarian morphology and serum P4, the subfertility/infertility was not due to faulty ovulation or luteal insufficiency. Rather an analysis of midgestation implantation sites revealed that postimplantation embryonic death was the major cause of the subfertility/infertility. As with our previous report of Pgrmc1d/d mice, Pgrmc2d/d and Pgrmc1/2d/d mice developed endometrial cysts consistent with accelerated aging of this tissue. Given the timing of postimplantation embryonic demise, uterine decidualization may be disrupted in mice deficient in PGRMC2 or PGRMC1/2. Overall, this study revealed that Pgrmc1 and/or Pgrmc2 are required for the maintenance of uterine histoarchitecture and normal female reproductive lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Clark
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;
| | - Cindy A. Pru
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Departments of Cell Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030; and
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - John J. Peluso
- Departments of Cell Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030; and
| | - James K. Pru
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;
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Progesterone, estrogen, and androgen receptors in the corpus luteum of the domestic cat, Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) and Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ). Theriogenology 2016; 86:2107-2118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The bovine placenta in vivo and in vitro. Theriogenology 2016; 86:306-12. [PMID: 27155733 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gross anatomic features (cotyledonary type) and histologic classification (synepitheliochorial) of the bovine placenta have been known for many years. Thorough ultrastructural analysis as well as a variety of descriptive studies dealing with the localization of cytoskeletal filaments, extracellular matrix, growth factor systems, steroid hormone receptors, and major histocompatibility complex have contributed further significant knowledge. However, this knowledge was not sufficient to solve clinical placenta-based problems, such as retained fetal membranes. Owing to the complexity of the fetomaternal interface in vitro, culture systems have been developed. As trophoblast giant cells (TGC) are thought to be key players in the cattle placenta, most cell culture models attempt to overcome the pitfall of losing the entire TGC population in vitro. Nevertheless, distinct cell line-based in vitro systems such as cell monolayers or 3-dimensional (co-culture) spheroids were generated for the fetal (trophoblast) and maternal (uterine epithelium) placental compartments. Monolayers have been used to study for example, growth factor or hormonal signaling and TGC formation, whereas spheroids served as models for, for example, trophoblast attachment, uterine epithelium depolarization, and also TGC formation. In the future, the use of more improved culture models might lead to better treatments of retained fetal membranes and increased prevention of embryonic loss. In addition, the in vitro models could shed more light on the mechanisms of the differentiation of uninucleate trophoblast into TGC.
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Yang L, Yao X, Li S, Chen K, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhang L. Expression of genes associated with luteolysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during early pregnancy in cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:509-15. [PMID: 27061007 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conceptus-derived signals that initiate maternal recognition of pregnancy act primarily on the endometrium to inhibit the development of luteolysis, thus modifying the expression of genes in the corpus luteum. The involvement of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the formation of this anti-luteolytic mechanism during early pregnancy is uncertain. In this study, PBMCs from non-pregnant and early-pregnant cows were sampled to explore the expression of genes associated with luteolysis, including AKR1B1 (aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1; a bovine prostaglandin F synthase), PTGFR (PGF2α receptor), OXT (oxytocin), PTGES (PGE synthase), PTGER1 (PGE2 receptor 1), and PGR (progesterone receptor). OXT and PTGFR transcript abundance was low in PBMCs at Day 18 in pregnant individuals. PGR and PTGER1 mRNA abundance was significantly higher at Day 30 in pregnant individuals. AKR1B1 and PTGES transcript abundance was significantly higher at Day 18 in PBMCs from non-pregnant individuals, yet AKR1B1 and PTGES protein abundance was elevated at Day 30 in pregnant individuals-although AKR1B1 dimer may be significantly higher at Day 18 in non-pregnant PBMCs. In conclusion, changes in bovine PBMC gene expression are associated with luteolysis during early pregnancy, which implicate the influence of circulating blood components in controlling luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 509-515, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Xiaolei Yao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Hebei Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Dairy Cattle Breeding, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Long Chen
- Hebei Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Dairy Cattle Breeding, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Kowalik MK, Martyniak M, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. Expression and immunolocalization of membrane progesterone receptors in the bovine oviduct. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 55:83-96. [PMID: 26774557 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The oviduct plays a crucial role in the transport and maturation of gametes and ensures suitable conditions for fertility and early embryo development. One regulator of oviduct function is progesterone (P4), which affects the cell by interacting with nuclear progesterone receptors (PGRs) and through nongenomic mechanisms, presumably involving membrane PGRs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of messenger RNAS (mRNAs) and proteins for progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and 2 and membrane progestin receptors (mPR) α, β, and γ and to use immunohistochemistry to demonstrate their cell-specific localization in the bovine oviduct. Oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum or to the dominant follicle were collected from cows on days 6 to 12 (midluteal stage) and 18 to 20 (follicular stage) of the estrous cycle and divided into 3 parts (infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the PGRMC1, PGRMC2, mPRα, β, and γ mRNA expression between ipsi- and contralateral oviducts. However, the same parts of the oviduct collected during the different stages of the estrous cycle showed higher (P < 0.05) mRNA levels of PGRMC1, PGRMC2, and mPRα on days 18 to 20 than on days 6 to 12 of the estrous cycle. mPRα and mPRβ mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the infundibulum than in the isthmus, whereas PGRMC1 expression was higher (P < 0.05) in the infundibulum than in ampulla. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect PGRMC1, PGRMC2, PRα, β, and γ proteins in all parts of both oviducts from days 6 to 12 and 18 to 20 of the estrous cycle. There were no differences in the staining intensity and cellular localization of the studied proteins between the ipsi- and contralateral oviducts and between the studied stages of the estrous cycle. A strong positive reaction was observed in luminal cells, but this reaction was less evident in myocytes and stromal cells. All proteins were also localized to the endothelial cells of blood vessels. These results suggest that membrane progesterone receptors, may be involved in the regulation of oviduct motility, secretory function, and blood flow in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kowalik
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland.
| | - M Martyniak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - R Rekawiecki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - J Kotwica
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
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Takahashi H, Haneda S, Kayano M, Matsui M. Differences in progesterone concentrations and mRNA expressions of progesterone receptors in bovine endometrial tissue between the uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:613-8. [PMID: 26782011 PMCID: PMC4873852 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the establishment of pregnancy begins at the uterine horn ipsilateral to the
corpus luteum (ipsi-horn) in cattle, levels of progesterone (P4) and receptor expression
in the endometrial tissue, which regulate the intrauterine environment for embryo
development, may differ between the ipsi-horn and the uterine horn contralateral to corpus
luteum (contra-horn). The aim of the present study was to determine the endometrial tissue
P4 concentrations and nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR), progesterone receptor membrane
component 1 (PGRMC1) and PGRMC2 mRNA expressions in the cranial and middle parts of the
uterine horns during the luteal phase. The results showed higher endometrial tissue P4
concentrations in the cranial part of the ipsi-horn than in that of the contra-horn
(P<0.01); however, no change in the endometrial tissue P4
concentrations was evident during the luteal phase. The PGR mRNA expression was higher
during the early luteal phase (P<0.05), but no differences between the
horns were evident. However, PGRMC1 mRNA expression during the early luteal phase was
higher in the cranial part of the ipsi-horn than in that of the contra-horn
(P<0.05). In the middle part, there were no changes in the
endometrial tissue P4 concentrations and P4 receptor expressions during the luteal phase.
In conclusion, the differences in dynamics of endometrial tissue P4 concentrations and P4
receptor expressions between the uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the ovary
containing a corpus luteum may cause differences in the intrauterine environment for both
the ipsi- and contra-horns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takahashi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Rekawiecki R, Kowalik MK, Kotwica J. Luteotropic and luteolytic factors regulate mRNA and protein expression of progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in the bovine endometrium. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:907-913. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of luteotropic and luteolytic factors on the mRNA and protein levels of progesterone receptor isoforms A (PGRA) and B (PGRB) in the bovine endometrium. Endometrial slices from Days 6–10 and 17–20 of the oestrous cycle were treated with LH (100 ng mL–1), oestradiol (E2; 1 × 10–8 M), prostaglandin (PG) E2 (1 × 10–6 M) and PGF2α (1 × 10–6 M) and the nitric oxide donor NONOate (1 × 10–4 M); these treatments lasted for 6 h for mRNA expression analysis and 24 h for protein expression analysis. On Days 6–10 of the oestrous cycle PGRAB (PGRAB; the entire PGRA mRNA sequence is common to the PGRB mRNA sequence) mRNA expression in endometrial slices was enhanced by E2 treatment (P < 0.001), whereas PGRB mRNA expression was increased by LH (P < 0.001), E2 (P < 0.05) and NONOate (P < 0.05) treatment. On Days 17–20, PGRAB mRNA expression increased after E2 (P < 0.001) and PGE2 (P < 0.05) treatment; PGRB mRNA expression was increased by PGE2 (P < 0.05) and PGF2α (P < 0.01) treatment, but decreased by LH (P < 0.05). On Days 6–10 protein levels of PGRA were stimulated by E2 (P < 0.01), whereas PGRB protein levels were increased by LH (P < 0.05) and E2 (P < 0.05). On Days 17–20 of the oestrous cycle, PGRA protein levels were enhanced by E2 (P < 0.05) and PGF2α (P < 0.05), whereas PGRB protein levels were stimulated by PGE2 (P < 0.05) and PGF2α (P < 0.001). These data suggest that luteotropic and luteolytic factors affect PGRA and PGRB mRNA and protein levels, and this may regulate the effects of progesterone on endometrial cells.
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Rekawiecki R, Kowalik MK, Kotwica J. Onapristone (ZK299) and mifepristone (RU486) regulate the messenger RNA and protein expression levels of the progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in the bovine endometrium. Theriogenology 2015; 84:348-57. [PMID: 25976976 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether progesterone (P(4)) and its antagonists, onapristone (ZK299) and mifepristone (RU486), affect the levels of PGRA and PGRB messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in the cow uterus which may be important in understanding whether the final physiological effect evoked by an antagonist depends on PGR isoform bound to the antagonist. Endometrial slices on Days 6 to 10 and 17 to 20 of the estrous cycle were treated for 6 or 24 hours for mRNA and protein expression analysis, respectively, with P4, ZK299, or RU486 at a dose of 10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) M. In the samples on Days 6 to 10 of the estrous cycle, PGRAB mRNA was stimulated by P(4) (10(-4) M; P < 0.01) and RU486 (10(-6); P < 0.001) and was decreased by ZK299 (10(-5); P < 0.05). In contrast, PGRB mRNA was decreased by the all P(4) (P < 0.01) and ZK299 (P < 0.001) doses and by two of the RU486 doses (10(-4) M; P < 0.01 and 10(-5) M; P < 0.01). In samples on Days 17 to 20 of the estrous cycle, PGRAB mRNA was stimulated by RU486 (10(-5) M; P < 0.001). PGRB mRNA was decreased by P(4) (10(-4) and 10(-5) M; P < 0.001), ZK299 (10(-4) and 10(-5) M; P < 0.001), and RU486 (10(-4) M; P < 0.01 and 10(-6) M; P < 0.001) and was increased by ZK299 (10(-6) M; P < 0.001) and RU486 (10(-5) M; P < 0.001). In samples on Days 6 to 10 of the estrous cycle, PGRB protein levels were decreased (P < 0.05) by all three ZK299 doses and by two of the RU486 doses (10(-4) M; P < 0.05 and 10(-5) M; P < 0.01). In contrast, in samples on Days 17 to 20, both PGRA and PGRB protein levels were decreased by ZK299 stimulation (10(-5) M; P < 0.05 and 10(-5) M; P < 0.01, respectively), whereas only PGRA protein levels were increased by RU486 (10(-5) M; P < 0.01). Both ZK299 and RU486 may exhibit both agonist and antagonist properties depending on which receptor isoform they affect. As a result, an increase or decrease in the expression of a particular PGR isoform will be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rekawiecki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Kuse M, Sakumoto R, Okuda K. Genomic and non-genomic effects of progesterone on prostaglandin (PG) F2? and PGE2 production in the bovine endometrium. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14490. [PMID: 25895438 DOI: 10.1071/rd14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) acts through different actuating pathways called genomic and non-genomic pathways. Here we investigated whether P4 regulates prostaglandin (PG) F2? (PGF) and PGE2 production in bovine endometrium through different pathways. Cultured endometrial cells were exposed to P4 for a short time (5-20min) or bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated P4 (P4-BSA) for 24h. Progesterone treatment for 24h stimulated PGE2 production in epithelial cells, but suppressed both PGF and PGE2 production and the expression of PG-metabolising enzymes including phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in stromal cells. Short-term (5-20min) P4 treatment did not affect PLA2 or COX2 transcript levels in either cell type. P4-BSA increased PGF and PGE2 production only in epithelial cells. Nuclear P4 receptor mRNA expression in endometrium was higher at the follicular phase than at the early- to mid-luteal stages, whereas membrane P4 receptor mRNA expression did not change throughout the oestrous cycle. The overall results suggest that P4 controls PG production by inhibiting enzymes via a genomic pathway and by stimulating signal transduction via a non-genomic pathway. Consequently, P4 may protect the corpus luteum by attenuating PGF production in stromal cells and by increasing PGE2 secretion from epithelial cells.
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Kowalik MK, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. Expression and localization of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 and 2 and serpine mRNA binding protein 1 in the bovine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1086-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Duchemin S, Visker M, Van Arendonk J, Bovenhuis H. A quantitative trait locus on Bos taurus autosome 17 explains a large proportion of the genetic variation in de novo synthesized milk fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7276-85. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Griffin D, Liu X, Pru C, Pru JK, Peluso JJ. Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component-2 within the immature rat ovary and its role in regulating mitosis and apoptosis of spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:36. [PMID: 24990806 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (Pgrmc2) mRNA was detected in the immature rat ovary. By 48 h after eCG, Pgrmc2 mRNA levels decreased by 40% and were maintained at 48 h post-hCG. Immunohistochemical studies detected PGRMC2 in oocytes and ovarian surface epithelial, interstitial, thecal, granulosa, and luteal cells. PGRMC2 was also present in spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells, localizing to the cytoplasm of interphase cells and apparently to the mitotic spindle of cells in metaphase. Interestingly, PGRMC2 levels appeared to decrease during the G1 stage of the cell cycle. Moreover, overexpression of PGRMC2 suppressed entry into the cell cycle, possibly by binding the p58 form of cyclin dependent kinase 11b. Conversely, Pgrmc2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment increased the percentage of cells in G1 and M stage but did not increase the number of cells, which was likely due to an increase in apoptosis. Depleting PGRMC2 did not inhibit cellular (3)H-progesterone binding, but attenuated the ability of progesterone to suppress mitosis and apoptosis. Taken together these studies suggest that PGRMC2 affects granulosa cell mitosis by acting at two specific stages of the cell cycle. First, PGRMC2 regulates the progression from the G0 into the G1 stage of the cell cycle. Second, PGRMC2 appears to localize to the mitotic spindle, where it likely promotes the final stages of mitosis. Finally, siRNA knockdown studies indicate that PGRMC2 is required for progesterone to slow the rate of granulosa cell mitosis and apoptosis. These findings support a role for PGRMC2 in ovarian follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Griffin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xiufang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Cindy Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - James K Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Pru JK, Clark NC. PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 in uterine physiology and disease. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:168. [PMID: 24065879 PMCID: PMC3776937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clear from studies using progesterone receptor (PGR) mutant mice that not all of the actions of progesterone (P4) are mediated by this receptor. Indeed, many rapid, non-classical P4 actions have been reported throughout the female reproductive tract. Progesterone treatment of Pgr null mice results in behavioral changes and in differential regulation of genes in the endometrium. Progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and PGRMC2 belong to the heme-binding protein family and may serve as P4 receptors. Evidence to support this derives chiefly from in vitro culture work using primary or transformed cell lines that lack the classical PGR. Endometrial expression of PGRMC1 in menstrual cycling mammals is most abundant during the proliferative phase of the cycle. Because PGRMC2 expression shows the most consistent cross-species expression, with highest levels during the secretory phase, PGRMC2 may serve as a universal non-classical P4 receptor in the uterus. While the functional importance of PGRMC1/2 in the uterus remains to be fully explored, accumulating evidence suggests that disruption in PGRMC1/2 expression correlates with uterine disease. In this review we will summarize what is known about PGRMC1/2 in uterine physiology and we will provide examples of disrupted expression of these genes in uterine disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Pru
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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Kowalik MK, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. The putative roles of nuclear and membrane-bound progesterone receptors in the female reproductive tract. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:279-89. [PMID: 24287036 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone produced by the corpus luteum (CL) is a key regulator of normal cyclical reproductive functions in the females of mammalian species. The physiological effects of progesterone are mediated by the canonical genomic pathway after binding of progesterone to its specific nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR), which acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor and has two main isoforms, PGRA and PGRB. These PGR isoforms play different roles in the cell; PGRB acts as an activator of progesterone-responsive genes, while PGRA can inhibit the activity of PGRB. The ratio of these isoforms changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy, and it corresponds to the different levels of progesterone signaling occurring in the reproductive tract. Progesterone exerts its effects on cells also by a non-genomic mechanism by the interaction with the progesterone-binding membrane proteins including the progesterone membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and 2, and the membrane progestin receptors (mPRs). These receptors rapidly activate the appropriate intracellular signal transduction pathways, and subsequently they can initiate specific cell responses or modulate genomic cell responses. The diversity of progesterone receptors and their cellular actions enhances the role of progesterone as a factor regulating the function of the reproductive system and other organs. This paper deals with the possible involvement of nuclear and membrane-bound progesterone receptors in the function of target cells within the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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