1
|
da Costa Alves M, Pereira DE, de Cássia de Araújo Bidô R, Rufino Freitas JC, Fernandes Dos Santos CP, Barbosa Soares JK. Effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn during pregnancy and lactation on neurobehavioral parameters of rats' offspring. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113862. [PMID: 33484906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus niruri L. (Phyllanthaceae) is a plant used in traditional medicine, mainly to treat kidney stones. However, the effects of maternal exposure to P. niruri remain poorly explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of aqueous extract of P. niruri (AEPN) during pregnancy and lactation, in maternal toxicity, reflex maturation, and offspring memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant rats were divided into three groups (n = 8/group): Control (vehicle), AEPN 75, and AEPN 150 (each respectively treated with P. niruri at a dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg/day). The animals were treated via intragastric gavage during pregnancy and lactation. Weight gain, feed intake, and reproductive performance were analyzed in the mothers. In the offspring, the following tests were performed: Neonatal Reflex Ontogeny, Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test in adulthood. RESULTS Maternal exposure to AEPN did not influence weight gain, feed intake, or reproductive parameters. In the offspring, anticipation of reflex ontogenesis (time of completion) was observed (p < 0.05). During adulthood, the AEPN groups presented decreases in exploratory activity upon their second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test (in a dose-dependent manner) (p < 0.05). In the Object Recognition Test, administration of the extract at 75 and 150 mg/kg induced significant dose-dependent improvements in short and long-term memory (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Administration of the AEPN accelerated the reflex maturation in neonates, and improved offspring memory while inducing no maternal or neonatal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciel da Costa Alves
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil.
| | - Diego Elias Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba, University City, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cássia de Araújo Bidô
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba, University City, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Carlo Rufino Freitas
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, University City, 50740-540, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Sítio Olho d'água da Bica, 58175-000, Cuité, Paraíba State, Brazil; Federal University of Paraiba, University City, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patisaul HB. Endocrine disruption by dietary phyto-oestrogens: impact on dimorphic sexual systems and behaviours. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:130-144. [PMID: 27389644 PMCID: PMC5646220 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of health benefits have been ascribed to soya intake including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms. Because it is a hormonally active diet, however, soya can also be endocrine disrupting, suggesting that intake has the potential to cause adverse health effects in certain circumstances, particularly when exposure occurs during development. Consequently, the question of whether or not soya phyto-oestrogens are beneficial or harmful to human health is neither straightforward nor universally applicable to all groups. Possible benefits and risks depend on age, health status, and even the presence or absence of specific gut microflora. As global consumption increases, greater awareness and consideration of the endocrine-disrupting properties of soya by nutrition specialists and other health practitioners is needed. Consumption by infants and small children is of particular concern because their hormone-sensitive organs, including the brain and reproductive system, are still undergoing sexual differentiation and maturation. Thus, their susceptibility to the endocrine-disrupting activities of soya phyto-oestrogens may be especially high. As oestrogen receptor partial agonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to anthropogenic endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A, the soya phyto-oestrogens provide an interesting model for how attitudes about what is 'synthetic' v. what is 'natural,' shapes understanding and perception of what it means for a compound to be endocrine disrupting and/or potentially harmful. This review describes the endocrine-disrupting properties of soya phyto-oestrogens with a focus on neuroendocrine development and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences,Center for Human Health and the Environment,NC State University,Raleigh,NC 27695,USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ponti G, Rodriguez-Gomez A, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Filice F, Foglio B, Sciacca G, Panzica GC, Gotti S. Early postnatal genistein administration permanently affects nitrergic and vasopressinergic systems in a sex-specific way. Neuroscience 2017; 346:203-215. [PMID: 28131623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a natural xenoestrogen (isoflavonoid) that may interfere with the development of estrogen-sensitive neural circuits. Due to the large and increasing use of soy-based formulas for babies (characterized by a high content of GEN), there are some concerns that this could result in an impairment of some estrogen-sensitive neural circuits and behaviors. In a previous study, we demonstrated that its oral administration to female mice during late pregnancy and early lactation induced a significant decrease of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the amygdala of their male offspring. In the present study, we have used a different experimental protocol mimicking, in mice, the direct precocious exposure to GEN. Mice pups of both sexes were fed either with oil, estradiol or GEN from birth to postnatal day 8. Nitric oxide synthase and vasopressin neural systems were analyzed in adult mice. Interestingly, we observed that GEN effect was time specific (when compared to our previous study), sex specific, and not always comparable to the effects of estradiol. This last observation suggests that GEN may act through different intracellular pathways. Present results indicate that the effect of natural xenoestrogens on the development of the brain may be highly variable: a plethora of neuronal circuits may be affected depending on sex, time of exposure, intracellular pathway involved, and target cells. This raises concern on the possible long-term effects of the use of soy-based formulas for babies, which may be currently underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ponti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy.
| | - A Rodriguez-Gomez
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Filice
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - B Foglio
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G Sciacca
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G C Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Müller DR, Soukup ST, Kurrat A, Liu X, Schmicke M, Xie MY, Kulling SE, Diel P. Neonatal isoflavone exposure interferes with the reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:39-48. [PMID: 27506417 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about possible adverse effects of soy based infant formulas (SBIF) due to their high amount of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of neonatal exposure to ISO on reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to an ISO depleted diet or a diet enriched with an ISO extract (IRD; 508mg ISO/kg) during embryogenesis and adolescence. Pups of each group were fed daily by pipette with ISO-suspension (ISO+; 32mg ISO/kg bw) or placebo from postnatal day (PND) 1 until PND23 resulting in plasma concentrations similar to levels reported in infants fed SBIF. The visceral fat mass was reduced by long-term IRD. Vaginal epithelial height was increased at PND23 and vaginal opening was precocious in ISO+ groups. Later in life, more often irregular estrus cycles were observed in rats of ISO+ groups. In addition, FSH levels and uterine epithelial heights were increased at PND80 in ISO+ groups. In summary, the results indicate that neonatal ISO intake, resulting in plasma concentrations achievable through SBIF, has an estrogenic effect on prepubertal rats and influences female reproductive tract later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany, Germany
| | - Anne Kurrat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Y, Xu H, Li M, Gao Z, Huang J, Liu L, Huang X, Li Y. Daidzein impairs Leydig cell testosterone production and Sertoli cell function in neonatal mouse testes: An in vitro study. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5325-5333. [PMID: 27840926 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavone is a type of phytoestrogen that exists in soy‑based products. Previous studies have reported that certain foods containing isoflavones, particularly infant formula, may have potential adverse effects on male reproductive function. However, few studies have focused on the effects of isoflavones on testosterone biosynthesis and Sertoli cell function during the neonatal period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of daidzein, a common isoflavone, on testosterone secretion and Sertoli cell function during the neonatal period. The organ culture method was used to assess the effects of daidzein on neonatal mouse testes. Cultured testes were treated with daidzein (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3 or 30 µmol/l) for 72 h. To verify the mechanism of action of daidzein on androgen production, Leydig cells were also treated with daidzein for 24 h. As anticipated, testosterone secretions were suppressed by daidzein (30 µmol/l) in cultured testes and Leydig cells. Further analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side‑chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 3β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‑HSD), which are transport proteins and key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis, were suppressed in cultured neonatal mouse testes. In addition, the expression levels of StAR, P450scc, 3β‑HSD and 17α‑hydroxylase/20‑lyase were decreased in Leydig cells. Notably, proliferation of Sertoli cells was also inhibited by daidzein (30 µmol/l). Furthermore, the expression levels of vimentin were significantly suppressed in the testes following treatment with daidzein, whereas inhibin B expression exhibited no change. In conclusion, daidzein may suppress steroidogenic capability and impair Sertoli cell function in the neonatal period in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Gao
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Department of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pharmacokinetics of isoflavones from soy infant formula in neonatal and adult rhesus monkeys. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:165-76. [PMID: 27084109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of soy infant formula represents a unique exposure scenario in which developing children ingest a mixture of endocrine-active isoflavones along with a substantial portion of daily nutrition. Genistein and daidzein were administered as glucoside conjugates to neonatal rhesus monkeys in a fortified commercial soy formula at 5, 35, and 70 days after birth. A single gavage dosing with 10 mg/kg bw genistein and 6 mg/kg bw daidzein was chosen to represent the upper range of typical daily consumption and to facilitate complete pharmacokinetic measurements for aglycone and total isoflavones and equol. Adult monkeys were also gavaged with the same formula solution at 2.8 and 1.6 mg/kg bw genistein and daidzein, respectively, and by IV injection with isoflavone aglycones (5.2 and 3.2 mg/kg bw, respectively) to determine absolute bioavailability. Significant differences in internal exposure were observed between neonatal and adult monkeys, with higher values for dose-adjusted AUC and Cmax of the active aglycone isoflavones in neonates. The magnitude and frequency of equol production by the gut microbiome were also significantly greater in adults. These findings are consistent with immaturity of metabolic and/or physiological systems in developing non-human primates that reduces total clearance of soy isoflavones from the body.
Collapse
|
7
|
Exogenous genistein in late gestation: effects on fetal development and sow and piglet performance. Animal 2016; 10:1423-30. [PMID: 26971408 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their functional similarity to estradiol, phytoestrogens could prove to be beneficial in late gestating sows. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of providing the phytoestrogen genistein during late pregnancy on the performance of sows and their litters. In total, 56 gilts were equally divided into the two following groups on day 90 of gestation: (1) controls (CTL); and (2) two daily i.m. injections of 220 mg of genistein (GEN). Treatments were carried out until farrowing. Jugular blood samples were collected from 16 gilts/treatment on days 89 and 110 of gestation, and on days 3 and 21 of lactation. Milk samples were also obtained from those sows on day 3 of lactation. A male piglet from 16 CTL and 15 GEN litters was slaughtered at 24 h postpartum and a blood sample was obtained. The liver, heart and visceral organs were weighed and the semitendinosus (ST) muscle was collected and carcass composition was determined. The treatment increased (P0.1) on weight or backfat loss of sows during lactation, milk composition or weights of piglets. The pre-weaning mortality rate of piglets was very low (0.1). However, carcasses from GEN litters contained more fat than those from CTL litters (9.63% v. 8.34%, P0.1). In conclusion, injecting gilts with 440 mg/day of genistein in late gestation increased IGF1 concentrations in gilts and carcass fat in neonatal piglets, but had minimal effect on muscle development of piglets at birth and on the performance of lactating sows and their litters.
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang FJ, Chan WH. Apoptotic effects on maturation of mouse oocytes, fertilization and fetal development by puerarin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:380-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1126842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
9
|
Cao J, Echelberger R, Liu M, Sluzas E, McCaffrey K, Buckley B, Patisaul HB. Soy but not bisphenol A (BPA) or the phytoestrogen genistin alters developmental weight gain and food intake in pregnant rats and their offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26216788 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are hypothesized to promote obesity and early puberty but their interactive effects with hormonally active diets are poorly understood. Here we assessed individual and combinatorial effects of soy diet or the isoflavone genistein (GEN; administered as the aglycone genistin GIN) with bisphenol A (BPA) on body weight, ingestive behavior and female puberal onset in Wistar rats. Soy-fed dams gained less weight during pregnancy and, although they consumed more than dams on a soy-free diet during lactation, did not become heavier. Their offspring (both sexes), however, became significantly heavier (more pronounced in males) pre-weaning. Soy also enhanced food intake and accelerated female pubertal onset in the offspring. Notably, pubertal onset was also advanced in females placed on soy diet at weaning. Males exposed to BPA plus soy diet, but not BPA alone, had lighter testes. BPA had no independent effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Roger Echelberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Emily Sluzas
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Katherine McCaffrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodriguez-Gomez A, Filice F, Gotti S, Panzica G. Perinatal exposure to genistein affects the normal development of anxiety and aggressive behaviors and nitric oxide system in CD1 male mice. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:107-14. [PMID: 24874775 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is a phytoestrogen, particularly abundant in soybeans, that is able to bind estrogen receptors exerting both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. Genistein is largely present in the human diet even during pregnancy. Embryos and fetuses are therefore, commonly exposed to genistein during the development and after birth. In the present study, we used a murine model as a test end-point to investigate the effects of early exposure to genistein on adult male behavior and related neural circuits. Daily exposure of dams to genistein (100 μg/g of body weight) during late pregnancy and early lactation, produced in male offspring, when adults, significant changes in anxiety and aggressive behaviors. Moreover, we found statistically significant variations in the number of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase positive cells in the amygdala. In conclusions, these data indicate that early exposure to phytoestrogens may induce life-long effects on the differentiation of brain structures and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodriguez-Gomez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Filice
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Napier ID, Simon L, Perry D, Cooke PS, Stocco DM, Sepehr E, Doerge DR, Kemppainen BW, Morrison EE, Akingbemi BT. Testicular development in male rats is sensitive to a soy-based diet in the neonatal period. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:40. [PMID: 24451983 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of infants in the United States are exposed to high doses of isoflavones resulting from soy infant formula consumption. Soybeans contain the isoflavones genistin and daidzin, which are hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to their genistein and daidzein aglycones. Both aglycones possess hormonal activity and may interfere with male reproductive development. Testosterone, which supports male fertility, is mainly produced by testicular Leydig cells. Our previous studies indicated that perinatal exposure of male rats to isoflavones induced proliferative activity in Leydig cells and increased testosterone concentrations into adulthood. However, the relevance of the neonatal period as part of the perinatal window of isoflavone exposure remains to be established. The present study examined the effects of exposure to isoflavones on male offspring of dams maintained on a casein-based control or whole soybean diet in the neonatal period, that is, Days 2 to 21 postpartum. The results showed that the soybean diet stimulated proliferative activity in developing Leydig cells while suppressing their steroidogenic capacity in adulthood. In addition, isoflavone exposure decreased production of anti-Müllerian hormone by Sertoli cells. Similar to our previous in vitro studies of genistein action in Leydig cells, daidzein induced proliferation and interfered with signaling pathways to suppress steroidogenic activity. Overall, the data showed that the neonatal period is a sensitive window of exposure to isoflavones and support the view that both genistein and daidzein are responsible for biological effects associated with soy-based diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- India D Napier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guerrero-Bosagna CM, Skinner MK. Environmental epigenetics and phytoestrogen/phytochemical exposures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:270-6. [PMID: 23274117 PMCID: PMC3644519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important environmental factors to promote epigenetic alterations in an individual is nutrition and exposure to plant compounds. Phytoestrogens and other phytochemicals have dramatic effects on cellular signaling events, so have the capacity to dramatically alter developmental and physiological events. Epigenetics provides one of the more critical molecular mechanisms for environmental factors such as phytoestrogens/phytochemicals to influence biology. In the event these epigenetic mechanisms become heritable through epigenetic transgenerational mechanisms the impacts on the health of future generations and areas such as evolutionary biology need to be considered. The current review focuses on available information on the environmental epigenetics of phytoestrogen/phytochemical exposures, with impacts on health, disease and evolutionary biology considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Guerrero-Bosagna
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Galluzzo P, Marino M. Nutritional flavonoids impact on nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptor activities. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:161-76. [PMID: 18850212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of nonnutrient compounds naturally produced from plants as part of their defence mechanisms against stresses of different origins. They emerged from being considered an agricultural oddity only after it was observed that these compounds possess a potential protective function against several human degenerative diseases. This has led to recommending the consumption of food containing high concentrations of flavonoids, which at present, especially as soy isoflavones, are even available as overthecounter nutraceuticals. The increased use of flavonoids has occurred even though their mechanisms are not completely understood, in particular those involving the flavonoid impact on estrogen signals. In fact, most of the human health protective effects of flavonoids are described either as estrogenmimetic, or as antiestrogenic, while others do not involve estrogen signaling at all. Thus, the same molecule is reported as an endocrine disruptor, an estrogen mimetic or as an antioxidant without estrogenic effects. This is due in part to the complexity of the estrogen mechanism, which is conducted by different pathways and involves two different receptor isoforms. These pathways can be modulated by flavonoids and should be considered for a reliable evaluation of flavonoid, both estrogenicity and antiestrogenicity, and for a correct prediction of their effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- Department of Biology, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Roma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patisaul HB, Sullivan AW, Radford ME, Walker DM, Adewale HB, Winnik B, Coughlin JL, Buckley B, Gore AC. Anxiogenic effects of developmental bisphenol A exposure are associated with gene expression changes in the juvenile rat amygdala and mitigated by soy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43890. [PMID: 22957036 PMCID: PMC3434201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA), a component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, alters sociosexual behavior in numerous species including humans. The present study focused on the ontogeny of these behavioral effects beginning in adolescence and assessed the underlying molecular changes in the amygdala. We also explored the mitigating potential of a soy-rich diet on these endpoints. Wistar rats were exposed to BPA via drinking water (1 mg/L) from gestation through puberty, and reared on a soy-based or soy-free diet. A group exposed to ethinyl estradiol (50 µg/L) and a soy-free diet was used as a positive estrogenic control. Animals were tested as juveniles or adults for anxiety-like and exploratory behavior. Assessment of serum BPA and genistein (GEN), a soy phytoestrogen, confirmed that internal dose was within a human-relevant range. BPA induced anxiogenic behavior in juveniles and loss of sexual dimorphisms in adult exploratory behavior, but only in the animals reared on the soy-free diet. Expression analysis revealed a suite of genes, including a subset known to mediate sociosexual behavior, associated with BPA-induced juvenile anxiety. Notably, expression of estrogen receptor beta (Esr2) and two melanocortin receptors (Mc3r, Mc4r) were downregulated. Collectively, these results show that behavioral impacts of BPA can manifest during adolescence, but wane in adulthood, and may be mitigated by diet. These data also reveal that, because ERβ and melanocortin receptors are crucial to their function, oxytocin/vasopressin signaling pathways, which have previously been linked to human affective disorders, may underlie these behavioral outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The rat prepubertal uterine myometrium and not the luminal epithelium is predominantly affected by a chronic dietary genistein exposure. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1899-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Molzberger AF, Vollmer G, Hertrampf T, Möller FJ, Kulling S, Diel P. In utero and postnatal exposure to isoflavones results in a reduced responsivity of the mammary gland towards estradiol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:399-409. [PMID: 22183799 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Exposure scenarios during different stages of development of an organism are discussed to trigger adverse and beneficial effects of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of this study was to investigate how in utero and postnatal ISO exposure modulates the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore, rats were exposed to either ISO-free (IDD), ISO-rich (IRD) or genistein-rich diet (GRD), up to young adulthood. Proliferative activity (PCNA expression) in the mammary gland at different ages and the estrogen sensitivity of the mammary gland to estradiol (E₂) or genistein (GEN) in adult ovariectomized animals was determined and compared with different treatments. Treatment with E₂ resulted in a significant lower proliferative and estrogenic response of the mammary gland in IRD and GRD compared with IDD. This correlates to a change in the gene expression pattern and a decrease in the ratio of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) beta (ERβ CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that in utero and postnatal exposure to a diet rich in ISO but also to GEN reduces the sensitivity of the mammary gland toward estrogens and support the hypothesis that in utero and postnatal ISO exposure reduces the risk to develop breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almut F Molzberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doerge DR. Bioavailability of soy isoflavones through placental/lactational transfer and soy food. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 254:145-7. [PMID: 21034763 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are non-nutritive components of soy responsible for estrogenic responses observed in vitro and in experimental animals. Possible beneficial effects (e.g., reduction of serum lipids, increased bone mineral density, relief of hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms, mammary and prostate cancer chemoprevention) in humans have been attributed to consumption of isoflavones but evidence for potential adverse effects (e.g., stimulation of estrogen-dependent mammary tumors and aberrant perinatal development) has also been reported in experimental animal models. Bioavailability from appropriate food matrices and exposure during different life stages are both critical determinants of isoflavone effects. For these reasons, it is important to compare isoflavone bioavailability in adults to that in fetal and neonatal animals for a more complete understanding of potential susceptibility issues. Studies of the major soy isoflavone genistein were conducted in pregnant and lactating Sprague-Dawley rats to quantify placental and lactational transfer to plasma and brain to understand better biological effects observed in multigenerational studies. In addition, studies were conducted with genistein in adult Balb/c mice to define absolute bioavailability from both gavage and soy protein isolate (SPI)-containing food. The information derived from these studies makes it possible to predict internal exposures of children to genistein from soy infant formula, which is manufactured using SPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jefferson WN, Williams CJ. Circulating levels of genistein in the neonate, apart from dose and route, predict future adverse female reproductive outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:272-9. [PMID: 20955782 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to estrogenic compounds can disrupt sexual differentiation and adult reproductive function in many animals including humans. Phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) in the diet comprise a significant source of estrogenic exposure to humans, particularly in infants who are fed soy-based infant formula. Animal models have been developed to test the effects of phytoestrogen exposure on the developing fetus and neonate. Here we review studies quantifying the amount of phytoestrogen exposure in human adults and infants and discuss the few available epidemiological studies that have addressed long-term consequences of developmental phytoestrogen exposure. We then describe in detail rodent models of developmental exposure to the most prevalent phytoestrogen in soy products, genistein, and the effects of this exposure on female reproductive function. These models have used various dosing strategies to mimic the phytoestrogen levels in human populations. Serum circulating levels of genistein following each of the models and their correlation to reproductive outcomes are also discussed. Taken together, the studies clearly demonstrate that environmentally relevant doses of genistein have significant negative impacts on ovarian differentiation, estrous cyclicity, and fertility in the rodent model. Additional studies of reproductive function in human populations exposed to high levels of phytoestrogens during development are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Jefferson
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Doerge DR, Vanlandingham M, Twaddle NC, Delclos KB. Lactational transfer of bisphenol A in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:372-6. [PMID: 20933065 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an important industrial chemical to which humans are exposed on a daily basis, has long been associated with endocrine disruption in experimental animal models. Such exposures are of concern, particularly during fetal and early neonatal periods, because of greater vulnerability of developing organs to aberrant endocrine signaling. Although rarely reported, information about internal exposures to the receptor-active aglycone form of BPA during the perinatal period is essential to accurate assessment of potential risks. Lactating Sprague-Dawley dams were treated by daily gavage with 100 μg/kg bw d6-BPA starting at birth. Conjugated and aglycone forms of BPA were then measured by using LC/MS/MS in milk from lactating dams on PND 7 and in serum from dams and their pups on PND 10. All samples were collected 1h after dosing, a time selected to produce nearly maximal levels. While aglycone BPA was detected in all dam serum and milk samples, none was detected in pup serum (<0.2 nM). Doses delivered to pups lactationally, estimated from milk concentrations and body weights, were 300-fold lower than the dose administered to the dams. Similarly, serum concentrations of total BPA in pups were 300-fold lower than those in their dams. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of total BPA in PND 10 rat pups were 500-fold lower than peak levels achieved following direct oral delivery of the same dose to the same age pups. These findings of significant dose attenuation for the active aglycone form of BPA, relative to that of the dam, suggest high potency for toxicological effects derived exclusively from lactational transfer. Alternatively, studies that include lactational exposure and report minimal effects from BPA should consider the possibility that inadequate internal exposures were achieved during the critical postnatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCRT Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:400-19. [PMID: 20347861 PMCID: PMC3074428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant derived compounds found in a wide variety of foods, most notably soy. A litany of health benefits including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms, are frequently attributed to phytoestrogens but many are also considered endocrine disruptors, indicating that they have the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. Consequently, the question of whether or not phytoestrogens are beneficial or harmful to human health remains unresolved. The answer is likely complex and may depend on age, health status, and even the presence or absence of specific gut microflora. Clarity on this issue is needed because global consumption is rapidly increasing. Phytoestrogens are present in numerous dietary supplements and widely marketed as a natural alternative to estrogen replacement therapy. Soy infant formula now constitutes up to a third of the US market, and soy protein is now added to many processed foods. As weak estrogen agonists/antagonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to synthetic endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A (BPA), the phytoestrogens provide a useful model to comprehensively investigate the biological impact of endocrine disruptors in general. This review weighs the evidence for and against the purported health benefits and adverse effects of phytoestrogens.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hollenbach C, Bortolini C, Batista J, Hollenbach E, Schuch T, Pacheco M, Mello F, Mello J. Desenvolvimento pós-natal e potencial teratogênico da prole de ratos Wistar no estudo da toxicidade reprodutiva de duas preparações fitoterápicas contendo soja Glycine max (L.) Merr. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito de duas preparações fitoterápicas comerciais que continham soja sobre o desenvolvimento geral e sexual da progênie de ratos Wistar e sobre o potencial teratogênico das preparações fitoterápicas durante um estudo de toxicidade reprodutiva. Para tanto, observaram-se, diariamente, as características de desenvolvimento dos filhotes e analisou-se o comportamento em campo aberto, e, para avaliar o potencial teratogênico, realizou-se diafanização dos fetos removidos por cesariana. Inferiu-se que o tratamento dos pais não comprometeu o desenvolvimento de sua progênie e também não determinou efeitos teratogênicos aos fetos de ratos Wistar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F.B. Mello
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cimafranca MA, Davila J, Ekman GC, Andrews RN, Neese SL, Peretz J, Woodling KA, Helferich WG, Sarkar J, Flaws JA, Schantz SL, Doerge DR, Cooke PS. Acute and chronic effects of oral genistein administration in neonatal mice. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:114-21. [PMID: 20357267 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy-based infant formulas are widely used in the United States and some other countries. These formulas contain high levels of the estrogenic isoflavone genistein, leading to concern that neonatal genistein exposure could cause acute and/or long-term adverse effects on reproductive and other organs. However, previous work to assess genistein effects in rodent models has not typically replicated the route of delivery and/or serum genistein concentrations reported for soy formula-fed human infants. Our objective was to develop a mouse model that more closely mimics the oral genistein exposure and total serum genistein concentrations observed in soy formula-fed infants. Mouse pups were dosed orally with genistein in a soy formula-corn oil emulsion from Postnatal Day (PND) 1 to PND 5, then effects on reproductive and non-reproductive organs were assessed after dosing and during subsequent development. Neonatal treatment resulted in changes both at the completion of dosing (PND 5) and in adult animals. At PND 5, neonatal genistein treatment caused increased relative uterine weight and down-regulation of progesterone receptor in uterine epithelia. Estrogenic effects of genistein were also seen in the neonatal ovary and thymus, which had an increase in the incidence of multioocyte follicles (MOFs) and a decrease in thymic weight relative to body weight, respectively. The increased incidence of MOFs persisted into adulthood for neonatally treated genistein females, and estrous cycle abnormalities were seen at 6 mo of age despite normal fertility in these mice. The immediate and long-term effects in this neonatal animal model raise concerns that high serum concentrations of genistein are estrogenic and could potentially impact the development of human infants fed soy formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Cimafranca
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jefferson WN, Doerge D, Padilla-Banks E, Woodling KA, Kissling GE, Newbold R. Oral exposure to genistin, the glycosylated form of genistein, during neonatal life adversely affects the female reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1883-1889. [PMID: 20049207 PMCID: PMC2799462 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental exposure to environmental estrogens is associated with adverse consequences later in life. Exposure to genistin (GIN), the glycosylated form of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) found in soy products, is of concern because approximately 20% of U.S. infants are fed soy formula. High circulating levels of GEN have been measured in the serum of these infants, indicating that GIN is readily absorbed, hydrolyzed, and circulated. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether orally administered GIN is estrogenic in neonatal mice and whether it causes adverse effects on the developing female reproductive tract. METHODS Female CD-1 mice were treated on postnatal days 1-5 with oral GIN (6.25, 12.5, 25, or 37.5 mg/kg/day; GEN-equivalent doses), oral GEN (25, 37.5, or 75 mg/kg/day), or subcutaneous GEN (12.5, 20, or 25 mg/kg/day). Estrogenic activity was measured on day 5 by determining uterine wet weight gain and induction of the estrogen-responsive gene lactoferrin. Vaginal opening, estrous cyclicity, fertility, and morphologic alterations in the ovary/reproductive tract were examined. RESULTS Oral GIN elicited an estrogenic response in the neonatal uterus, whereas the response to oral GEN was much weaker. Oral GIN altered ovarian differentiation (i.e., multioocyte follicles), delayed vaginal opening, caused abnormal estrous cycles, decreased fertility, and delayed parturition. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that the dose of the physiologically active compound reaching the target tissue, rather than the administered dose or route, is most important in modeling chemical exposures. This is particularly true with young animals in which phase II metabolism capacity is underdeveloped relative to adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Jefferson
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen CC, Chan WH. Impact effects of puerarin on mouse embryonic development. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:530-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Su Y, Shankar K, Simmen RCM. Early soy exposure via maternal diet regulates rat mammary epithelial differentiation by paracrine signaling from stromal adipocytes. J Nutr 2009; 139:945-51. [PMID: 19321580 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-mediated changes in transcriptional programs that promote the early differentiation of the mammary gland may lead to reduced breast cancer risk. The disparity in adult breast cancer incidence between Asian women and Western counterparts is attributed partly to high soy food intake. Here, we conducted genome-wide profiling of mammary tissues of weanling rats exposed to soy protein isolate (SPI) or control casein (CAS) via maternal diet to evaluate the contribution of early exposure on mammary gene expression. Of the identified 18 up- and 39 downregulated genes with SPI relative to CAS, a subset was associated with lipid metabolic pathways, consistent with reduced mammary adipocyte size and suggesting stromal adipocyte-specific genomic changes. Female offspring of rats fed SPI tended to have fewer terminal end buds (P = 0.06) and had significantly lower body weight and abdominal fat mass. To demonstrate the functional consequence of SPI-mediated adipocyte metabolic changes on neighboring mammary epithelium, the expression of in vivo regulated genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with soy isoflavone genistein and effects of the resultant conditioned medium (CM) on the differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and/or Western immunoblots. In differentiated 3T3-L1, genistein decreased fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase and increased hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1 expression. CM from genistein-treated adipocytes had higher adiponectin levels and augmented prolactin-induced, glucocorticoid-regulated beta-casein levels. These findings suggest that soy-associated components, by targeting mammary adipocytes, alter paracrine signaling to enhance mammary epithelial differentiation, with important implications for the prevention of breast cancer associated with obesity and obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delclos KB, Weis CC, Bucci TJ, Olson G, Mellick P, Sadovova N, Latendresse JR, Thorn B, Newbold RR. Overlapping but distinct effects of genistein and ethinyl estradiol (EE(2)) in female Sprague-Dawley rats in multigenerational reproductive and chronic toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 27:117-32. [PMID: 19159674 PMCID: PMC2706590 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genistein and ethinyl estradiol (EE(2)) were examined in multigenerational reproductive and chronic toxicity studies that had different treatment intervals among generations. Sprague-Dawley rats received genistein (0, 5, 100, or 500 ppm) or EE(2) (0, 2, 10, or 50 ppb) in a low phytoestrogen diet. Nonneoplastic effects in females are summarized here. Genistein at 500 ppm and EE(2) at 50 ppb produced similar effects in continuously exposed rats, including decreased body weights, accelerated vaginal opening, and altered estrous cycles in young animals. At the high dose, anogenital distance was subtly affected by both compounds, and a reduction in litter size was evident in genistein-treated animals. Genistein at 500 ppm induced an early onset of aberrant cycles relative to controls in the chronic studies. EE(2) significantly increased the incidence of uterine lesions (atypical focal hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia). These compound-specific effects appeared to be enhanced in the offspring of prior exposed generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Barry Delclos
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Peterson CA, Schnell JD, Kubas KL, Rottinghaus GE. Effects of soy isoflavone consumption on bone structure and milk mineral concentration in a rat model of lactation-associated bone loss. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48:84-91. [PMID: 19093161 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like menopause, during complete lactation, circulating estrogen concentrations are markedly reduced, resulting in amplified bone resorption. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the effects of soy isoflavones, common dietary components used to mitigate the bone loss of menopause, on the bone loss associated with lactation. METHODS Lactating rats were randomized to one of four diets supplemented with different levels of soy isoflavones (0, 2, 4, 8 mg aglycone isoflavone/g protein). Milk was collected from all dams between days 12 and 15 of lactation and was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus and genistein concentrations. Serum and bones from half of the animals from each diet group were taken at weaning and from the remaining half at 4 weeks post-weaning. Bones underwent histomorphometric analysis and serum was used for genistein determinations. RESULTS Serum genistein and milk concentrations reflected dietary isoflavone dose. Isoflavone intake had no effect on any of the bone changes associated with lactation or recovery. Milk calcium and mineral concentrations were unaffected by dietary isoflavones. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of soy isoflavones, in levels that can be readily attained through soy foods, have neither protective effects on bone nor deleterious effects on milk quality or quantity during lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Peterson
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri, 217 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Faria DEP, Borges LV, Peters VM, Reis JEDP, Ribeiro LC, de Cássia da Silveira E Sá R, Guerra MDO. Postnatal development of pups from nursing rats treated with Gingko biloba. Phytother Res 2008; 22:185-9. [PMID: 17726727 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Gingko biloba extract is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation due to the lack of information about its effects on these reproductive phases. Previous studies have shown that G. biloba extract contains components with estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, thus nursing dams treated with the extract of this plant could show reduction in milk production, resulting in malnutrition and poor development of pups. This work analyzes the postnatal development of pups, whose mothers were treated with G. biloba extract during the lactation period. Nursing Wistar rats received 3.5 mg/kg/day of G. biloba aqueous extract, corresponding to the highest human dose. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were evaluated. The growth rate, viability, survival during treatment and lactation indices of the pups were calculated. The physical, motor and sensorial development of the pups was also evaluated. No maternal signs of toxicity were observed. As there were no biological differences between control and G. biloba treated pups, it is possible to assume that, in this experimental design, the administration of G. biloba aqueous extract to nursing rats during the lactation period seems to be devoid of toxic effect to mothers and to the physical, motor and sensory development of the pups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieime Elaine Pereira de Faria
- Centro de Biologia da Reprodução, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, caixa postal 328, CEP 36001-970, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Galluzzo P, Ascenzi P, Bulzomi P, Marino M. The nutritional flavanone naringenin triggers antiestrogenic effects by regulating estrogen receptor alpha-palmitoylation. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2567-75. [PMID: 18239068 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin (Nar) is a component of fruits and vegetables associated with healthful benefits, such as in osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These protective effects have been linked with Nar antiestrogenic as well as estrogenic activities. Previous studies indicate that Nar impaired estrogen receptor (ER) alpha signaling by interfering with ERalpha-mediated activation of ERK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways in the absence of effects at the transcriptional level. The present studies evaluated the hypothesis that these Nar antagonistic effects occur at the level of the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that Nar induces ERalpha depalmitoylation faster than 17beta-estradiol, which results in receptor rapid dissociation from caveolin-1. Furthermore, Nar impedes ERalpha to bind adaptor (modulator of nongenomic actions of the ER) and signaling (c-Src) proteins involved in the activation of the mitogenic signaling cascades (i.e. ERK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase). On the other hand, Nar induces the ER-dependent, but palmitoylation-independent, activation of p38 kinase, which in turn is responsible for Nar-mediated antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. Altogether, these data highlight new ER-dependent mechanisms on the root of antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Nar. Moreover, the different modulation of ERalpha palmitoylation exerted by different ligands represents a pivotal mechanism that drives cancer cell to proliferation or apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ruhlen RL, Howdeshell KL, Mao J, Taylor JA, Bronson FH, Newbold RR, Welshons WV, vom Saal FS. Low phytoestrogen levels in feed increase fetal serum estradiol resulting in the "fetal estrogenization syndrome" and obesity in CD-1 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:322-8. [PMID: 18335098 PMCID: PMC2265041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although estrogenic chemicals can disrupt development of the reproductive system, there is debate about whether phytoestrogens in soy are beneficial, benign, or harmful. OBJECTIVES We compared reproductive and metabolic characteristics in male and female mice reared and maintained on non-soy low-phytoestrogen feed or soy-based high-phytoestrogen feed. METHODS The low-phytoestrogen diet was non-soy PMI 5K96 (verified casein diet), and the high-phytoestrogen diet consisted of soy-based PMI 5008 during pregnancy and lactation and soy-based PMI 5001 maintenance feed after weaning. RESULTS In fetuses whose mothers consumed the low-phytoestrogen PMI 5K96 feed, we found a paradoxical significant elevation in endogenous serum estradiol, which was associated postnatally with adverse reproductive outcomes referred to as the "fetal estrogenization syndrome (FES)". In females, this syndrome included early puberty and increased uterine responsiveness to estrogen, and in males, it included reduced testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle size, but an enlarged prostate. The low-phytoestrogen-fed males and females were lighter at birth, but, between weaning and adulthood, they became obese and developed abnormally high serum leptin levels; these males, but not females, showed impaired glucose regulation. CONCLUSIONS Removing phytoestrogens from mouse feed produces an obese phenotype consistent with metabolic syndrome, and the associated reproductive system abnormalities are consistent with FES due to elevated endogenous fetal estradiol. Laboratory rodents may have become adapted to high-phytoestrogen intake over many generations of being fed soy-based commercial feed; removing all phytoestrogens from feed leads to alterations that could disrupt many types of biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Ruhlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kembra L. Howdeshell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Retha R. Newbold
- Developmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptor Section, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Montani C, Penza M, Jeremic M, Biasiotto G, La Sala G, De Felici M, Ciana P, Maggi A, Di Lorenzo D. Genistein is an Efficient Estrogen in the Whole-Body throughout Mouse Development. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
32
|
Marino M, Galluzzo P. Are flavonoids agonists or antagonists of the natural hormone 17β-estradiol? IUBMB Life 2008; 60:241-4. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
33
|
Jefferson WN, Padilla-Banks E, Newbold RR. Disruption of the developing female reproductive system by phytoestrogens: Genistein as an example. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:832-44. [PMID: 17604387 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies in our laboratory have shown that exposure to genistein causes deleterious effects on the developing female reproductive system. Mice treated neonatally on days 1-5 by subcutaneous injection of genistein (0.5-50 mg/kg) exhibited altered ovarian differentiation leading to multioocyte follicles (MOFs) at 2 months of age. Ovarian function and estrous cyclicity were also disrupted by neonatal exposure to genistein with increasing severity observed over time. Reduced fertility was observed in mice treated with genistein (0.5, 5, or 25 mg/kg) and infertility was observed at 50 mg/kg. Mammary gland and behavioral endpoints were also affected by neonatal genistein treatment. Further, transgenerational effects were observed; female offspring obtained from breeding genistein treated females (25 mg/kg) to control males had increased MOFs. Thus, neonatal treatment with genistein at environmentally relevant doses caused adverse consequences on female development which is manifested in adulthood. Whether adverse effects occur in human infants exposed to soy-based products such as soy infant formulas is unknown but the neonatal murine model may help address some of the current uncertainties since we have shown that many effects obtained from feeding genistin, the glycosolated form of genistein found in soy formula, are similar to those obtained from injecting genistein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Jefferson
- Developmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptor Section, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wu HJ, Chan WH. Genistein protects methylglyoxal-induced oxidative DNA damage and cell injury in human mononuclear cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:335-42. [PMID: 17049802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound produced mainly from glycolytic intermediates in the cell and often found at high level in the blood from the diabetic patients. Glycation reactions of MG with amino acids can induce oxidative stress and free radical generation, leading to subsequent cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Recently, studies have demonstrated that high level MG may be the main cause of immune dysfunction in diabetic patients. Here, we examined the effects of genistein, an antioxidant isoflavone compound, on MG-induced effects in vitro and in human mononuclear cells. We first monitored DNA strand breakage to examine the effect of 12.5-100 microM genistein on the ROS generation and oxidative DNA damage induced in vitro by a 50 microM MG/lysine glycation reaction (3h). Our results revealed that genistein concentrations higher than 25 microM decreased the oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by 50 microM MG/lysine. In mononuclear cells, pretreatment with 8-16 microM genistein for 1h followed by co-incubation with genistein and 50 microM MG for an additional 36 h inhibited MG-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis. Finally, animal model experiments showed that dietary genistein effectively blocks MG-induced apoptosis in mononuclear cells. These results collectively suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in MG-induced cell injury, and that genistein blocks these effects by virtue of its antioxidant properties, consequently preventing cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200, Chung Pei Road, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan, ROC
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rozman KK, Bhatia J, Calafat AM, Chambers C, Culty M, Etzel RA, Flaws JA, Hansen DK, Hoyer PB, Jeffery EH, Kesner JS, Marty S, Thomas JA, Umbach D. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of genistein. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2006; 77:485-638. [PMID: 17186522 PMCID: PMC2020434 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl K Rozman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hamann I, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Köhrle J. Effects of isoflavonoids and other plant-derived compounds on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid hormone axis. Maturitas 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|