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Jacob S, Dupont L, Haegeman B, Thierry M, Campana JLM, Legrand D, Cote J, Raffard A. Phenotypic plasticity and the effects of thermal fluctuations on specialists and generalists. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240256. [PMID: 38889786 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical theories predict that relatively constant environments should generally favour specialists, while fluctuating environments should be selected for generalists. However, theoretical and empirical results have pointed out that generalist organisms might, on the contrary, perform poorly under fluctuations. In particular, if generalism is underlaid by phenotypic plasticity, performance of generalists should be modulated by the temporal characteristics of environmental fluctuations. Here, we used experiments in microcosms of Tetrahymena thermophila ciliates and a mathematical model to test whether the period or autocorrelation of thermal fluctuations mediate links between the level of generalism and the performance of organisms under fluctuations. In the experiment, thermal fluctuations consistently impeded performance compared with constant conditions. However, the intensity of this effect depended on the level of generalism: while the more specialist strains performed better under fast or negatively autocorrelated fluctuations, plastic generalists performed better under slow or positively autocorrelated fluctuations. Our model suggests that these effects of fluctuations on organisms' performance may result from a time delay in the expression of plasticity, restricting its benefits to slow enough fluctuations. This study points out the need to further investigate the temporal dynamics of phenotypic plasticity to better predict its fitness consequences under environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Jacob
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR2029, CNRS, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Léonard Dupont
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR2029, CNRS, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Bart Haegeman
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Mélanie Thierry
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR2029, CNRS, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Julie L M Campana
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR2029, CNRS, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR2029, CNRS, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Julien Cote
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR 5300, CNRS-IRD-TINP-UT3, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 9, France
| | - Allan Raffard
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Hakobyan S, Ross P, Bayramyan N, Poghosyan A, Avetisyan A, Avagyan H, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Harutyunova L, Karalyan Z. Experimental models of ecological niches for african swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Weiler J, Zilio G, Zeballos N, Nørgaard L, Conce Alberto WD, Krenek S, Kaltz O, Bright L. Among-Strain Variation in Resistance of Paramecium caudatum to the Endonuclear Parasite Holospora undulata: Geographic and Lineage-Specific Patterns. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603046. [PMID: 33381098 PMCID: PMC7767928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance is a key determinant in interactions between hosts and their parasites. Understanding the amount and distribution of variation in this trait between strains can provide insights into (co)evolutionary processes and their potential to shape patterns of diversity in natural populations. Using controlled inoculation in experimental mass cultures, we investigated the quantitative variation in resistance to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata across a worldwide collection of strains of its ciliate host Paramecium caudatum. We combined the observed variation with available information on the phylogeny and biogeography of the strains. We found substantial variation in resistance among strains, with upper-bound values of broad-sense heritability >0.5 (intraclass correlation coefficients). Strain estimates of resistance were repeatable between laboratories and ranged from total resistance to near-complete susceptibility. Early (1 week post inoculation) measurements provided higher estimates of resistance heritability than did later measurements (2-3 weeks), possibly due to diverging epidemiological dynamics in replicate cultures of the same strains. Genetic distance (based on a neutral marker) was positively correlated with the difference in resistance phenotype between strains (r = 0.45), essentially reflecting differences between highly divergent clades (haplogroups) within the host species. Haplogroup A strains, mostly European, were less resistant to the parasite (49% infection prevalence) than non-European haplogroup B strains (28%). At a smaller geographical scale (within Europe), strains that are geographically closer to the parasite origin (Southern Germany) were more susceptible to infection than those from further away. These patterns are consistent with a picture of local parasite adaptation. Our study demonstrates ample natural variation in resistance on which selection can act and hints at symbiont adaptation producing signatures in geographic and lineage-specific patterns of resistance in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Weiler
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
| | - Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Zeballos
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Nørgaard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sascha Krenek
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lydia Bright
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
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4
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Weber de Melo V, Lowe R, Hurd PJ, Petchey OL. Phenotypic responses to temperature in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7616-7626. [PMID: 32760552 PMCID: PMC7391332 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of temperature on ecological and evolutionary processes is crucial for generating future climate adaptation scenarios. Using experimental evolution, we evolved the model ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila in an initially novel high temperature environment for more than 35 generations, closely monitoring population dynamics and morphological changes. We observed initially long lag phases in the high temperature environment that over about 26 generations reduced to no lag phase, a strong reduction in cell size and modifications in cell shape at high temperature. When exposing the adapted populations to their original temperature, most phenotypic traits returned to the observed levels in the ancestral populations, indicating phenotypic plasticity is an important component of this species thermal stress response. However, persistent changes in cell size were detected, indicating possible costs related to the adaptation process. Exploring the molecular basis of thermal adaptation will help clarify the mechanisms driving these phenotypic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Weber de Melo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Robert Lowe
- The Blizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul J. Hurd
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Owen L. Petchey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Comont D, Lowe C, Hull R, Crook L, Hicks HL, Onkokesung N, Beffa R, Childs DZ, Edwards R, Freckleton RP, Neve P. Evolution of generalist resistance to herbicide mixtures reveals a trade-off in resistance management. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3086. [PMID: 32555156 PMCID: PMC7303185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense selection by pesticides and antibiotics has resulted in a global epidemic of evolved resistance. In agriculture and medicine, using mixtures of compounds from different classes is widely accepted as optimal resistance management. However, this strategy may promote the evolution of more generalist resistance mechanisms. Here we test this hypothesis at a national scale in an economically important agricultural weed: blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), for which herbicide resistance is a major economic issue. Our results reveal that greater use of herbicide mixtures is associated with lower levels of specialist resistance mechanisms, but higher levels of a generalist mechanism implicated in enhanced metabolism of herbicides with diverse modes of action. Our results indicate a potential evolutionary trade-off in resistance management, whereby attempts to reduce selection for specialist resistance traits may promote the evolution of generalist resistance. We contend that where specialist and generalist resistance mechanisms co-occur, similar trade-offs will be evident, calling into question the ubiquity of resistance management based on mixtures and combination therapies. Mixtures of antibiotics or pesticides can help reduce the evolution of resistance to individual compounds. Here, Comont et al. show that in blackgrass, an important agricultural weed, herbicide mixtures do reduce specialized resistance but instead can select for a generalized resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Comont
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Claudia Lowe
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard Hull
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Laura Crook
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Helen L Hicks
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK.,School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Nawaporn Onkokesung
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Roland Beffa
- Bayer Crop Science, Weed Resistance Research, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.,Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, CV8 2TL, UK
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6
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Gloria‐Soria A, Mendiola SY, Morley VJ, Alto BW, Turner PE. Prior evolution in stochastic versus constant temperatures affects RNA virus evolvability at a thermal extreme. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5440-5450. [PMID: 32607165 PMCID: PMC7319105 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how historical adaptation versus maladaptation in a prior environment affects population evolvability in a novel habitat. Prior work showed that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations evolved at constant 37°C improved in cellular infection at both 29°C and 37°C; in contrast, those evolved under random changing temperatures between 29°C and 37°C failed to improve. Here, we tested whether prior evolution affected the rate of adaptation at the thermal-niche edge: 40°C. After 40 virus generations in the new environment, we observed that populations historically evolved at random temperatures showed greater adaptability. Deep sequencing revealed that most of the newly evolved mutations were de novo. Also, two novel evolved mutations in the VSV glycoprotein and replicase genes tended to co-occur in the populations previously evolved at constant 37°C, whereas this parallelism was not seen in populations with prior random temperature evolution. These results suggest that prior adaptation under constant versus random temperatures constrained the mutation landscape that could improve fitness in the novel 40°C environment, perhaps owing to differing epistatic effects of new mutations entering genetic architectures that earlier diverged. We concluded that RNA viruses maladapted to their previous environment could "leapfrog" over counterparts of higher fitness, to achieve faster adaptability in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gloria‐Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic DiseasesThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sandra Y. Mendiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaVero BeachFLUSA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Program in MicrobiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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7
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Räsänen E, Lindström L, Ketola T. Environmental Fluctuations Drive Species' Competitive Success in Experimental Invasions. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Räsänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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8
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Uiterwaal SF, Lagerstrom IT, Luhring TM, Salsbery ME, DeLong JP. Trade-offs between morphology and thermal niches mediate adaptation in response to competing selective pressures. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1368-1377. [PMID: 32076520 PMCID: PMC7029080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of climate change-such as increased temperature variability and novel predators-rarely happen in isolation, but it is unclear how organisms cope with multiple stressors simultaneously. To explore this, we grew replicate Paramecium caudatum populations in either constant or variable temperatures and exposed half to predation. We then fit thermal performance curves (TPCs) of intrinsic growth rate (r max) for each replicate population (N = 12) across seven temperatures (10°C-38°C). TPCs of P. caudatum exposed to both temperature variability and predation responded only to one or the other (but not both), resulting in unpredictable outcomes. These changes in TPCs were accompanied by changes in cell morphology. Although cell volume was conserved across treatments, cells became narrower in response to temperature variability and rounder in response to predation. Our findings suggest that predation and temperature variability produce conflicting pressures on both thermal performance and cell morphology. Lastly, we found a strong correlation between changes in cell morphology and TPC parameters in response to predation, suggesting that responses to opposing selective pressures could be constrained by trade-offs. Our results shed new light on how environmental and ecological pressures interact to elicit changes in characteristics at both the individual and population levels. We further suggest that morphological responses to interactive environmental forces may modulate population-level responses, making prediction of long-term responses to environmental change challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian T. Lagerstrom
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska ‐ LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Thomas M. Luhring
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska ‐ LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | - John P. DeLong
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska ‐ LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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9
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Yang J, Wei H, Yalin T, Alan W, Xiaofeng L, Jiqiu L. Combined effects of food resources and exposure to ammonium nitrogen on population growth performance in the bacterivorous ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Eur J Protistol 2019; 71:125631. [PMID: 31542654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa (ciliates) play vital roles in biological wastewater-treatment processes, however, combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors as well as the importance of species-specificity of bacterial food organisms on population growth dynamics remain poorly understood, which are hampering the management and optimization of biological wastewater treatment processes. This study investigated the effects of food resources and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) exposure, both independently and in combination, on the population growth of the bacterivorous ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Results showed that, when fed with two different bacterial food organisms, population growth performance of P. caudatum differed significantly and increased with the addition of protozoa pellet medium. When exposed to NH4+ population growth declined and metabolic enzyme activities were altered. The negative effects of NH4+ on population growth could be weakened by supplementing the food resource with protozoa pellet media. In brief, it was confirmed that the existence of interactive effect of food resources and ammonium nitrogen, as well as the importance of species-specificity of bacterial food organisms on the population growth performance of ciliates. These findings might lead to the development of a valuable strategy for improving the performance of biological wastewater-treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Hu Wei
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Tan Yalin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Warren Alan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Lin Xiaofeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Li Jiqiu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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10
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Refsnider JM, Carter SE, Kramer GR, Siefker AD, Streby HM. Is dietary or microhabitat specialization associated with environmental heterogeneity in horned lizards ( Phrynosoma)? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5542-5550. [PMID: 31160981 PMCID: PMC6540669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Niche breadth is predicted to correlate with environmental heterogeneity, such that generalists will evolve in heterogeneous environments and specialists will evolve in environments that vary less over space and time. We tested the hypothesis that lizards in a heterogeneous environment were generalists compared to lizards in a homogeneous environment. We compared niche breadths of greater short-horned lizards by quantifying resource selection in terms of two different niche axes, diet (prey items and trophic level), and microhabitat (ground cover and shade cover) between two populations occurring at different elevations. We assessed the heterogeneity of dietary and microhabitat resources within each population's environment by quantifying the availability of prey items, ground cover, and shade cover in each environment. Overall, our results demonstrate that despite differences in resource heterogeneity between elevations, resource selection did not consistently differ between populations. Moreover, environmental heterogeneity was not associated with generalization of resource use. The low-elevation site had a broader range of available prey items, yet lizards at the high-elevation site demonstrated more generalization in diet. In contrast, the high-elevation site had a broader range of available microhabitats, but the lizard populations at both sites were similarly generalized for shade cover selection and were similarly specialized for ground cover selection. Our results demonstrate that environmental heterogeneity of a particular resource does not necessarily predict the degree to which organisms specialize on that resource.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Carter
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Gunnar R. Kramer
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Adam D. Siefker
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Henry M. Streby
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
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11
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Ashrafi R, Bruneaux M, Sundberg L, Pulkkinen K, Valkonen J, Ketola T. Broad thermal tolerance is negatively correlated with virulence in an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1700-1714. [PMID: 30344637 PMCID: PMC6183471 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the effects of global increase in temperatures on disease virulence is challenging, especially for environmental opportunistic bacteria, because pathogen fitness may be differentially affected by temperature within and outside host environment. So far, there is very little empirical evidence on the connections between optimal temperature range and virulence in environmentally growing pathogens. Here, we explored whether the virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, is malleable to evolutionary changes via correlated selection on thermal tolerance. To this end, we experimentally quantified the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for maximum biomass yield of 49 F. columnare isolates from eight different geographic locations in Finland over ten years (2003-2012). We also characterized virulence profiles of these strains in a zebra fish (Danio rerio) infection model. We show that virulence among the strains increased over the years, but thermal generalism, and in particular tolerance to higher temperatures, was negatively associated with virulence. Our data suggest that temperature has a strong effect on the pathogen genetic diversity and therefore presumably also on disease dynamics. However, the observed increase in frequency and severity of F. columnare epidemics over the last decade cannot be directly linked to bacterial evolution due to increased mean temperature, but is most likely associated with factors related to increased length of growing season, or other time-dependent change in environment. Our study demonstrates that complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and the environment influence disease virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Matthieu Bruneaux
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Janne Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science (and Nanoscience Center)Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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12
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Saarinen K, Laakso J, Lindström L, Ketola T. Adaptation to fluctuations in temperature by nine species of bacteria. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2901-2910. [PMID: 29531704 PMCID: PMC5838078 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid environmental fluctuations are ubiquitous in the wild, yet majority of experimental studies mostly consider effects of slow fluctuations on organism. To test the evolutionary consequences of fast fluctuations, we conducted nine independent experimental evolution experiments with bacteria. Experimental conditions were same for all species, and we allowed them to evolve either in fluctuating temperature alternating rapidly between 20°C and 40°C or at constant 30°C temperature. After experimental evolution, we tested the performance of the clones in both rapid fluctuation and in constant environments (20°C, 30°C and 40°C). Results from experiments on these nine species were combined meta-analytically. We found that overall the clones evolved in the fluctuating environment had evolved better efficiency in tolerating fluctuations (i.e., they had higher yield in fluctuating conditions) than the clones evolved in the constant environment. However, we did not find any evidence that fluctuation-adapted clones would have evolved better tolerance to any measured constant environments (20°C, 30°C, and 40°C). Our results back up recent empirical findings reporting that it is hard to predict adaptations to fast fluctuations using tolerance curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Saarinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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13
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Le Vinh Thuy J, VandenBrooks JM, Angilletta MJ. Developmental plasticity evolved according to specialist-generalist trade-offs in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0379. [PMID: 27405382 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the evolution of developmental plasticity in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that evolved at either constant or fluctuating temperatures. Consistent with theory, genotypes that evolved at a constant 16°C or 25°C performed best when raised and tested at that temperature. Genotypes that evolved at fluctuating temperatures performed well at either temperature, but only when raised and tested at the same temperature. Our results confirm evolutionary patterns predicted by theory, including a loss of plasticity and a benefit of specialization in constant environments.
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14
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Roemhild R, Barbosa C, Beardmore RE, Jansen G, Schulenburg H. Temporal variation in antibiotic environments slows down resistance evolution in pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evol Appl 2015; 8:945-55. [PMID: 26640520 PMCID: PMC4662347 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern to public health. New treatment strategies may alleviate the situation by slowing down the evolution of resistance. Here, we evaluated sequential treatment protocols using two fully independent laboratory-controlled evolution experiments with the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and two pairs of clinically relevant antibiotics (doripenem/ciprofloxacin and cefsulodin/gentamicin). Our results consistently show that the sequential application of two antibiotics decelerates resistance evolution relative to monotherapy. Sequential treatment enhanced population extinction although we applied antibiotics at sublethal dosage. In both experiments, we identified an order effect of the antibiotics used in the sequential protocol, leading to significant variation in the long-term efficacy of the tested protocols. These variations appear to be caused by asymmetric evolutionary constraints, whereby adaptation to one drug slowed down adaptation to the other drug, but not vice versa. An understanding of such asymmetric constraints may help future development of evolutionary robust treatments against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilo Barbosa
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, University of KielKiel, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Jansen
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, University of KielKiel, Germany
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15
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Faure D, Bonin P, Duran R. Environmental microbiology as a mosaic of explored ecosystems and issues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13577-13598. [PMID: 26310700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbes are phylogenetically (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, and viruses) and functionally diverse. They colonize highly varied environments and rapidly respond to and evolve as a response to local and global environmental changes, including those induced by pollutants resulting from human activities. This review exemplifies the Microbial Ecology EC2CO consortium's efforts to explore the biology, ecology, diversity, and roles of microbes in aquatic and continental ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Faure
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS-CEA-Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France,
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16
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Condon C, Acharya A, Adrian GJ, Hurliman AM, Malekooti D, Nguyen P, Zelic MH, Angilletta MJ. Indirect selection of thermal tolerance during experimental evolution of Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1873-80. [PMID: 26140203 PMCID: PMC4485968 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection alters the distribution of a trait in a population and indirectly alters the distribution of genetically correlated traits. Long-standing models of thermal adaptation assume that trade-offs exist between fitness at different temperatures; however, experimental evolution often fails to reveal such trade-offs. Here, we show that adaptation to benign temperatures in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster resulted in correlated responses at the boundaries of the thermal niche. Specifically, adaptation to fluctuating temperatures (16-25°C) decreased tolerance of extreme heat. Surprisingly, flies adapted to a constant temperature of 25°C had greater cold tolerance than did flies adapted to other thermal conditions, including a constant temperature of 16°C. As our populations were never exposed to extreme temperatures during selection, divergence of thermal tolerance likely reflects indirect selection of standing genetic variation via linkage or pleiotropy. We found no relationship between heat and cold tolerances in these populations. Our results show that the thermal niche evolves by direct and indirect selection, in ways that are more complicated than assumed by theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Condon
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Ajjya Acharya
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Gregory J Adrian
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Alex M Hurliman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - David Malekooti
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Phivu Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85287
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17
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Flies developed smaller cells when temperature fluctuated more frequently. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:106-10. [PMID: 26615732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell size might be an important component of adaptation to thermal heterogeneity. Although Drosophila melanogaster develops smaller cells at fluctuating temperatures, we do not know whether this response depends on the frequency or amplitude of thermal change. In a laboratory experiment, we exposed flies to either frequent or infrequent fluctuations between 17 and 27 °C, while controlling the total exposure to each temperature. Flies emerged from these treatments with similar body sizes, but flies at more frequent fluctuations emerged earlier and had smaller epidermal cells for a given body size. Tissue built from small cells has more nuclei for transcription, shorter distances between cell compartments, and a larger surface area for transport across membranes. Therefore, we hypothesize that physiological effects of small cells reduce lags in metabolic activity and enhance performance of flies during warming. For plasticity of cell size to confer a fitness advantage, this hypothetical benefit must outweigh the cost of maintaining a greater area of plasma membrane.
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18
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Condon C, Cooper BS, Yeaman S, Angilletta MJ. Temporal variation favors the evolution of generalists in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2013; 68:720-8. [PMID: 24152128 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In variable environments, selection should favor generalists that maintain fitness across a range of conditions. However, costs of adaptation may generate fitness trade-offs and lead to some compromise between specialization and generalization that maximizes fitness. Here, we evaluate the evolution of specialization and generalization in 20 populations of Drosophila melanogaster experimentally evolved in constant and variable thermal environments for 3 years. We developed genotypes from each population at two temperatures after which we measured fecundity across eight temperatures. We predicted that constant environments would select for thermal specialists and that variable environments would select for thermal generalists. Contrary to our predictions, specialists and generalists did not evolve in constant and spatially variable environments, respectively. However, temporal variation produced a type of generalist that has rarely been considered by theoretical models of developmental plasticity. Specifically, genotypes from the temporally variable selective environment were more fecund across all temperatures than were genotypes from other environments. These patterns suggest certain allelic effects and should inspire new directions for modeling adaptation to fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Condon
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287.
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19
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Ketola T, Mikonranta L, Zhang J, Saarinen K, Örmälä AM, Friman VP, Mappes J, Laakso J. FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURE LEADS TO EVOLUTION OF THERMAL GENERALISM AND PREADAPTATION TO NOVEL ENVIRONMENTS. Evolution 2013; 67:2936-44. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Ketola
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35; Jyväskylä; FI-40014; Finland
| | - Lauri Mikonranta
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35; Jyväskylä; FI-40014; Finland
| | - Ji Zhang
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35; Jyväskylä; FI-40014; Finland
| | - Kati Saarinen
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35; Jyväskylä; FI-40014; Finland
| | | | - Ville-Petri Friman
- Biosciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus; Penryn; TR10 9EZ; United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; P.O. Box 35; Jyväskylä; FI-40014; Finland
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20
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Bonin P, Faure D. Environmental microbiology at the heart of ecosystem dynamics. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:817-9. [PMID: 22000989 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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