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Zhou R, He L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhan X, Tao L. Molecular basis of TMPRSS2 recognition by Paeniclostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1976. [PMID: 38438396 PMCID: PMC10912200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic toxin (TcsH) is a major virulence factor produced by Paeniclostridium sordellii, which is a non-negligible threat to women undergoing childbirth or abortions. Recently, Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) was identified as a host receptor of TcsH. Here, we show the cryo-EM structures of the TcsH-TMPRSS2 complex and uncover that TcsH binds to the serine protease domain (SPD) of TMPRSS2 through the CROP unit-VI. This receptor binding mode is unique among LCTs. Five top surface loops of TMPRSS2SPD, which also determine the protease substrate specificity, constitute the structural determinants recognized by TcsH. The binding of TcsH inhibits the proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2, whereas its implication in disease manifestations remains unclear. We further show that mutations selectively disrupting TMPRSS2-binding reduce TcsH toxicity in the intestinal epithelium of the female mice. These findings together shed light on the distinct molecular basis of TcsH-TMPRSS2 interactions, which expands our knowledge of host recognition mechanisms employed by LCTs and provides novel targets for developing therapeutics against P. sordellii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Liuqing He
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiechao Zhan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Liang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhan X, Luo J, Li D, Zhou R, Zhang J, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Jia T, Zhang X, Li Y, Tao L. Structural dynamics of the CROPs domain control stability and toxicity of Paeniclostridium sordellii lethal toxin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8426. [PMID: 38114525 PMCID: PMC10730571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeniclostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) is a potent exotoxin that causes lethal toxic shock syndrome associated with fulminant bacterial infections. TcsL belongs to the large clostridial toxin (LCT) family. Here, we report that TcsL with varied lengths of combined repetitive oligopeptides (CROPs) deleted show increased autoproteolysis as well as higher cytotoxicity. We next present cryo-EM structures of full-length TcsL, at neutral (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.0) conditions. The TcsL at neutral pH exhibits in the open conformation, which resembles reported TcdB structures. Low pH induces the conformational change of partial TcsL to the closed form. Two intracellular interfaces are observed in the closed conformation, which possibly locks the cysteine protease domain and hinders the binding of the host receptor. Our findings provide insights into the structure and function of TcsL and reveal mechanisms for CROPs-mediated modulation of autoproteolysis and cytotoxicity, which could be common across the LCT family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Xiechao Zhan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Diyin Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Zhenrui Pan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Tianhui Jia
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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Kuttappan DA, Mooyottu S, Sponseller BA. An Overview of Equine Enteric Clostridial Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:15-23. [PMID: 36737289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the pathogenesis of equine enteric clostridial organisms is an active, evolving field. Advances will improve our knowledge both from the animal welfare and human health perspectives. The zoonotic nature of this group of diseases makes them relevant in the age of One health, as a significant amount of close human-equine interactions occurs for business and pleasure. Economic and welfare reasons prompt a better understanding of enteric clostridial pathogenesis, treatment, and control of the infection in horses and ongoing efforts are needed to advance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2134 College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
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4
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Angwenyi SKS, Hassell J, Miller MA, Mutinda M, Vitali F, Murray S. A
review of
clostridial
diseases
in
rhinoceroses. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaleen Kemunto Sarange Angwenyi
- Global Health Program Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington, DC USA
- Mpala Research Centre Nanyuki Kenya
| | - James Hassell
- Global Health Program Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington, DC USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Michele Ann Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Mathew Mutinda
- Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Global Health Program Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington, DC USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington, DC USA
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Kalender H, Öngör H, Timurkaan N, Karagülle B, Karabulut B, İncili CA, Başar HE, Ekinci E, Çevik A, Atıl E, Çetinkaya B. Detection and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum from lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis in Turkey. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:8. [PMID: 36639759 PMCID: PMC9837962 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenic Clostridia cause neurotoxic, histotoxic and enterotoxic infections in humans and animals. Several Clostridium species have been associated with abomasitis in ruminants. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency, and the presence of virulence genes, of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum in lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis. RESULTS A total of 38 abomasum samples, collected from lambs and goat kids of 1 week to 1 month of age in different farms located in eastern Turkey between 2021 and 2022, were evaluated by histopathology, culture and PCR. At necropsy, the abomasum of the animals was excessively filled with caseinized content and gas, and the abomasum mucosa was hemorrhagic in varying degrees. In histopathological evaluation, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic inflammation was noted in abomasum samples. The examination of swab samples by culture and PCR revealed that C. perfringens type A was the most frequently detected species (86.84%) either alone or in combination with other Clostridium species. P. sordellii, C. perfringens type F and C. septicum were also harboured in the samples, albeit at low rates. Beta2 toxin gene (cpb2) was found in three of C. perfringens type A positive samples. CONCLUSION It was suggested that vaccination of pregnant animals with toxoid vaccines would be beneficial in terms of protecting newborn animals against Clostridial infections. This study investigated the presence of clostridial toxin genes in abomasal samples for the first time in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Kalender
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hasan Öngör
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Necati Timurkaan
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Burcu Karagülle
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Burak Karabulut
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Canan Akdeniz İncili
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hatip Enfal Başar
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Elif Ekinci
- grid.411690.b0000 0001 1456 5625Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Aydın Çevik
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Eray Atıl
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burhan Çetinkaya
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Paeniclostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin targets TMPRSS2 to induce colonic epithelial lesions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4331. [PMID: 35882856 PMCID: PMC9321280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic toxin (TcsH) is an important exotoxin produced by Paeniclostridium sordellii, but the exact role of TcsH in the pathogenesis remains unclear, partly due to the lack of knowledge of host receptor(s). Here, we carried out two genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens parallelly with TcsH and identified cell surface fucosylation and TMPRSS2 as host factors contributing to the binding and entry of TcsH. Genetic deletion of either fucosylation biosynthesis enzymes or TMPRSS2 in the cells confers resistance to TcsH intoxication. Interestingly, TMPRSS2 and fucosylated glycans can mediate the binding/entry of TcsH independently, thus serving as redundant receptors. Both TMPRSS2 and fucosylation recognize TcsH through its CROPs domain. By using Tmprss2‒/‒ mice, we show that Tmprss2 is important for TcsH-induced systematic toxicity and colonic epithelial lesions. These findings reveal the importance of TMPRSS2 and surface fucosylation in TcsH actions and further provide insights into host recognition mechanisms for large clostridial toxins. Paeniclostridium sordellii is an opportunistic pathogen that can occur and be fatal in women undergoing abortion or childbirth. The pathogenesis of a hemorrhagic toxin, TcsH, produced by this bacteria, remains unknown. Here, authors carry out genome-wide screens to identify pathologically relevant host factors of TcsH.
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Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Zhang F, Hua D, Liu J, Yang L, Yao J, Xiong B. Changes in the Profile of Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites as Well as Serum Metabolites and Proteome After Dietary Inulin Supplementation in Dairy Cows With Subclinical Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809139. [PMID: 35479637 PMCID: PMC9037088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of mastitis is linked to dysbiostic gastrointestinal microbiota. Inulin is a dietary prebiotic that improves the profile of intestinal flora. Our previous study showed that inulin supplementation could improve the ruminal microbes of subclinical mastitis (SCM) cows. The current study attempted to further investigate the response of hindgut (fecal) microbiome and metabolites, serum metabolism, and protein expression to inulin in the in SCM cows. Different levels of inulin (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/day per cow) were supplemented in SCM cows. Compared with control group, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria were increased, and Paeniclostridium, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, and Clostridia were decreased in the feces of inulin groups, and accompanied with elevated propionate and butyrate concentrations, while secondary bile acid (SBA) metabolites were increased and proinflammatory lipid oxidation products were dropped in both feces and serum. In serum, inulin intake suppressed the levels of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Serum proteome analysis found that CD44 antigen, phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D, apolipoprotein A-II, and superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] were upregulated, while cathelicidin-1, haptoglobin, serpin A3, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 were downregulated in inulin groups. These findings suggested further evidence for inulin supplementation in amelioration of inflammatory symptoms in SCM cows, which might provide alternative treatment for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Langfang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Paeniclostridium sordellii in Hospital Settings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010038. [PMID: 35052916 PMCID: PMC8772839 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clostridia strains in a hospital environment in Algeria and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility to antibiotics and biocides. (2) Methods: Five hundred surface samples were collected from surfaces in the intensive care unit and surgical wards in the University Hospital of Tlemcen, Algeria. Bacterial identification was carried out using MALDI-TOF-MS, and then the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antimicrobial agents were determined by the E-test method. P. sordellii toxins were searched by enzymatic and PCR assays. Seven products intended for daily disinfection in the hospitals were tested against Clostridium spp. spore collections. (3) Results: Among 100 isolates, 90 P. sordellii were identified, and all strains were devoid of lethal and hemorrhagic toxin genes. Beta-lactam, linezolid, vancomycin, tigecycline, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol all proved effective against isolated strains. Among all strains tested, the spores of P. sordellii exhibited remarkable resistance to the tested biocides compared to other Clostridium species. The (chlorine-based 0.6%, 30 min), (glutaraldehyde solution 2.5%, 30 min), and (hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid 3%, 15 min) products achieved the required reduction in spores. (4) Conclusions: Our hospital’s current cleaning and disinfection methods need to be optimized to effectively remove spores from caregivers’ hands, equipment, and surfaces.
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9
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Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:354-375. [PMID: 34763560 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Asín
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
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10
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Gryaznova MV, Syromyatnikov MY, Dvoretskaya YD, Solodskikh SA, Klimov NT, Mikhalev VI, Zimnikov VI, Mikhaylov EV, Popov VN. Microbiota of Cow's Milk with Udder Pathologies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091974. [PMID: 34576870 PMCID: PMC8469946 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease for cattle, causing great economic losses for the global dairy industry. Recent studies indicate the multi-agent and microbiome diversity of this disease. To understand the nature of mastitis and investigate the role of the microbiome in the development of pathologies in the udder of bovines, we performed NGS sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of cow’s milk with pathologies of the udder. The obtained data show a significant increase in the Cutibacterium, Blautia, Clostridium sensu stricto 2, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Microbacterium genera for groups of cows with udder pathologies. Increasing relative abundance of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera was associated with subclinical mastitis. Our data show that a relative increase in abundance of the Staphylococcus and Microbacterium genera may be an early sign of infection. We have shown, for the first time, an increase in the Colidextribacter, Paeniclostridium and Turicibacter genera in groups of cows with mastitis. These results expand our understanding of the role of the microbiome in the development of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V. Gryaznova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (S.A.S.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Syromyatnikov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (S.A.S.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-473-220-0876
| | - Yulia D. Dvoretskaya
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (S.A.S.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Solodskikh
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (S.A.S.); (V.N.P.)
| | - Nikolay T. Klimov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (N.T.K.); (V.I.M.); (V.I.Z.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Vitaliy I. Mikhalev
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (N.T.K.); (V.I.M.); (V.I.Z.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Vitaliy I. Zimnikov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (N.T.K.); (V.I.M.); (V.I.Z.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Evgeniy V. Mikhaylov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia; (N.T.K.); (V.I.M.); (V.I.Z.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Vasily N. Popov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia; (M.V.G.); (Y.D.D.); (S.A.S.); (V.N.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
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11
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Tian S, Liu Y, Wu H, Liu H, Zeng J, Choi MY, Chen H, Gerhard R, Dong M. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Semaphorin 6A and 6B as Receptors for Paeniclostridium sordellii Toxin TcsL. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:782-792.e7. [PMID: 32302524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The exotoxin TcsL is a major virulence factor in Paeniclostridium (Clostridium) sordellii and responsible for the high lethality rate associated with P. sordellii infection. Here, we present a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-mediated screen using a human lung carcinoma cell line and identify semaphorin (SEMA) 6A and 6B as receptors for TcsL. Disrupting SEMA6A/6B expression in several distinct human cell lines and primary human endothelial cells results in reduced TcsL sensitivity, while SEMA6A/6B over-expression increases their sensitivity. TcsL recognizes the extracellular domain (ECD) of SEMA6A/6B via a region homologous to the receptor-binding site in Clostridioides difficile toxin B (TcdB), which binds the human receptor Frizzled. Exchanging the receptor-binding interfaces between TcsL and TcdB switches their receptor-binding specificity. Finally, administration of SEMA6A-ECD proteins protects human cells from TcsL toxicity and reduces TcsL-induced damage to lung tissues and the lethality rate in mice. These findings establish SEMA6A and 6B as pathophysiologically relevant receptors for TcsL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- The Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Whole-genome sequences are now available for all the clinically important clostridia and many of the lesser or opportunistically pathogenic clostridia. The complex clade structures of C. difficile, C. perfringens, and the species that produce botulinum toxins have been delineated by whole-genome sequence analysis. The true clostridia of cluster I show relatively low levels of gross genomic rearrangements within species, in contrast to the species of cluster XI, notably C. difficile, which have been found to have very plastic genomes with significant levels of chromosomal rearrangement. Throughout the clostridial phylotypes, a large proportion of the strain diversity is driven by the acquisition and loss of mobile elements, including phages, plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons. Genomic analysis has been used to investigate the diversity and spread of C. difficile within hospital settings, the zoonotic transfer of isolates, and the emergence, origins, and geographic spread of epidemic ribotypes. In C. perfringens the clades defined by chromosomal sequence analysis show no indications of clustering based on host species or geographical location. Whole-genome sequence analysis helps to define the different survival and pathogenesis strategies that the clostridia use. Some, such as C. botulinum, produce toxins which rapidly act to kill the host, whereas others, such as C. perfringens and C. difficile, produce less lethal toxins which can damage tissue but do not rapidly kill the host. The genomes provide a resource that can be mined to identify potential vaccine antigens and targets for other forms of therapeutic intervention.
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Nyaoke AC, Navarro MA, Fresneda K, Diab SS, Moore J, Lyras D, Awad M, Uzal FA. Paeniclostridium (Clostridium) sordellii-associated enterocolitis in 7 horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:239-245. [PMID: 32052697 PMCID: PMC7081492 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720903738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric disease in horses may be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including several clostridial species. Paeniclostridium sordellii (previously Clostridium sordellii) has been frequently associated with gas gangrene in humans and several animal species, including horses. However, its role in enteric diseases of animals has not been fully determined. We describe herein 7 cases of enteric disease in horses associated with P. sordellii infection. Grossly, the small and/or large intestines were necrotic, hemorrhagic, and edematous. Microscopically, there was severe mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage of the small and/or large intestine of all horses. P. sordellii was isolated and/or demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and/or PCR in the intestine of all horses. All other known causes of enteric disease in horses were ruled out in these 7 cases. P. sordellii should be considered among the differential diagnoses in cases of enteric disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinyi C Nyaoke
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Karina Fresneda
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Santiago S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Janet Moore
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Dena Lyras
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Milena Awad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Nyaoke, Navarro, Fresneda, Moore, Uzal) and Davis (Diab) branches, CA
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Lyras, Awad)
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14
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Bravo-Ojeda J, Gomez-Quintero C, Pescador-Vargas L, Suarez-Tirado J. Bacteriemia por Clostridium sordellii en paciente con neoplasia gastrointestinal. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura. INFECTIO 2020. [DOI: 10.22354/in.v24i2.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
La bacteriemia por Clostridium sordellii es infrecuente y usualmente se origina a partir de infecciones de etiología generalmente ginecológica y puerperal, con unamortalidad de aproximadamente el 70%. Existen pocas herramientas para el diagnóstico rápido y oportuno, siendo así la experiencia de tratamiento para este germen muy limitada en otros escenarios, lo que probablemente sea la causa de su alta mortalidad. Presentamos una paciente con antecedente de masa abdominal expansiva de larga data, con diagnóstico por histopatología e inmunohistoquimica compatibles con tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST por sus siglas en inglés) y estudios de extensión que confirman compromiso metastásico hepático, en quien se documenta bacteriemia por Clostridium sordellii.
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15
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The clostridia cause a spectrum of diseases in humans and animals ranging from life-threatening tetanus and botulism, uterine infections, histotoxic infections and enteric diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and food poisoning. The symptoms of all these diseases are the result of potent protein toxins produced by these organisms. These toxins are diverse, ranging from a multitude of pore-forming toxins to phospholipases, metalloproteases, ADP-ribosyltransferases and large glycosyltransferases. The location of the toxin genes is the unifying theme of this review because with one or two exceptions they are all located on plasmids or on bacteriophage that replicate using a plasmid-like intermediate. Some of these plasmids are distantly related whilst others share little or no similarity. Many of these toxin plasmids have been shown to be conjugative. The mobile nature of these toxin genes gives a ready explanation of how clostridial toxin genes have been so widely disseminated both within the clostridial genera as well as in the wider bacterial community.
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Vidor CJ, Bulach D, Awad M, Lyras D. Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridioides difficile encode similar and clinically relevant tetracycline resistance loci in diverse genomic locations. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:53. [PMID: 30832583 PMCID: PMC6399922 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the current rise of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, it is important to monitor the efficacy of antimicrobials in clinical use. Paeniclostridium sordellii (previously Clostridium sordellii) is a bacterial pathogen that causes human uterine infection after spontaneous or medically induced abortion, for which mortality rates approach 100%. Prophylactic antibiotics have been recommended for individuals undergoing medically-induced abortion, one of which is doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline antibiotic family. However, tetracycline resistance had not been well characterized in P. sordellii. This study therefore aimed to determine the levels of tetracycline resistance in P. sordellii isolates, and to identify associated loci and their genomic locations. RESULTS Using a MIC assay, five of 24 P. sordellii isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline, minocycline, and importantly, doxycycline. Analysis of genome sequence data from 46 isolates found that phenotypically resistant isolates encoded a variant of the Clostridium perfringens tetracycline resistance determinant Tet P. Bioinformatic analysis and comparison of the regions surrounding these determinants found variation in the genomic location of Tet P among P. sordellii isolates. The core genome comparison of the 46 isolates revealed genetic diversity and the absence of dominant genetic types among the isolates. There was no strong association between geographic location of isolation, animal host or Tet P carriage with isolate genetic type. Furthermore, the analysis of the Tet P genotype revealed that Tet P is encoded chromosomally, or on one of two, novel, small plasmids, all consistent with multiple acquisition and recombination events. BLAST analysis of Clostridioides difficile draft genome sequences also identified a Tet P locus, the genomic location of which demonstrated an evolutionary relationship with the P. sordellii locus. CONCLUSIONS The Tet P determinant is found in variable genomic locations within diverse human and animal isolates of P. sordellii and C. difficile, which suggests that it can undergo horizontal transfer, and may disseminate tetracycline resistance between clostridial species. Doxycycline is a suggested prophylactic treatment for P. sordellii infections, however, a small sub-set of the isolates tested are resistant to this antibiotic. Doxycycline may therefore not be an appropriate prophylactic treatment for P. sordellii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J Vidor
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Bakhtiary F, Sayevand HR, Remely M, Hippe B, Indra A, Hosseini H, Haslberger AG. Identification of Clostridium spp. derived from a sheep and cattle slaughterhouse by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:3232-3240. [PMID: 30065434 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridia are widespread and some of them are serious human pathogens. Identification of Clostridium spp. is important for managing microbiological risks in the food industry. Samples derived from sheep and cattle carcasses from a slaughterhouse in Iran were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS using direct transfer and extended direct transfer sample preparation methods and 16S rDNA sequencing. MALDI-TOF MS could identify ten species in 224 out of 240 Clostridium isolates. In comparison to the 16S rDNA sequencing, correct identification rate of the Clostridium spp. at the species level by MALDI-TOF MS technique was 93.3%. 16 isolates were not identified by MALDI-TOF MS but 16s rDNA sequencing identified them as C. estertheticum, C. frigidicarnis, and C. gasigenes species. The most frequently identified Clostridium species were: C. sporogenes (13%), C. cadaveris (12.5%), C. cochlearium (12%) and C. perfringens (10%). Extended direct transfer method [2.26 ± 0.18 log (score)] in comparison to direct transfer method [2.15 ± 0.23 log (score)] improved Clostridium spp. IDENTIFICATION Using a cut-off score of 1.7 was sufficient for accurate identification of Clostridium species. MALDI-TOF MS identification scores for Clostridium spp. decreased with longer incubation time. Clostridium species predominantly were isolated from carcasses after skinning and evisceration steps in the slaughterhouse. MALDI-TOF MS could be an accurate way to identify Clostridium species. Moreover, continuous improvement of the database and MALDI-TOF MS instrument enhance its performance in food control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Bakhtiary
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII;2D541, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hamid Reza Sayevand
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII;2D541, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Remely
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII;2D541, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Berit Hippe
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII;2D541, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hedayat Hosseini
- 3Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander G Haslberger
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZAII;2D541, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Rabi R, Larcombe S, Mathias R, McGowan S, Awad M, Lyras D. Clostridium sordellii outer spore proteins maintain spore structural integrity and promote bacterial clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007004. [PMID: 29668758 PMCID: PMC5927469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spores play an important role in disease initiation, transmission and persistence. In some species, the exosporium forms the outermost structure of the spore and provides the first point of contact between the spore and the environment. The exosporium may also be involved in spore adherence, protection and germination. Clostridium sordellii is a highly lethal, spore forming pathogen that causes soft-tissue infections, enteritis and toxic-shock syndrome. Despite the importance of C. sordellii spores in disease, spore proteins from this bacterium have not been defined or interrogated functionally. In this study, we identified the C. sordellii outer spore proteome and two of the identified proteins, CsA and CsB, were characterised using a genetic and phenotypic approach. Both proteins were essential for the correct formation and positioning of the C. sordellii spore coat and exosporium. The absence of CsA reduced sporulation levels and increased spore sensitivity to heat, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. By comparison, CsB was required for normal levels of spore adherence to cervical, but not vaginal, cells, with csB mutant spores having increased adherence properties. The establishment of a mouse infection model of the gastrointestinal tract for C. sordellii allowed the role of CsA and CsB to be interrogated in an infected host. Following the oral administration of spores to mice, the wild-type strain efficiently colonized the gastrointestinal tract, with the peak of bacterial numbers occurring at one day post-infection. Colonization was reduced by two logs at four days post-infection. By comparison, mice infected with the csB mutant did not show a reduction in bacterial numbers. We conclude that C. sordellii outer spore proteins are important for the structural and functional integrity of spores. Furthermore, outer spore proteins are required for wild-type levels of colonization during infection, possibly as a result of the role that the proteins play in spore structure and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rabi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Larcombe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rommel Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Clostridium sordellii Pathogenicity Locus Plasmid pCS1-1 Encodes a Novel Clostridial Conjugation Locus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01761-17. [PMID: 29339424 PMCID: PMC5770547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01761-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A major virulence factor in Clostridium sordellii-mediated infection is the toxin TcsL, which is encoded within a region of the genome called the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). C. sordellii isolates carry the PaLoc on the pCS1 family of plasmids, of which there are four characterized members. Here, we determined the potential mobility of pCS1 plasmids and characterized a fifth unique pCS1 member. Using a derivative of the pCS1-1 plasmid from strain ATCC 9714 which had been marked with the ermB erythromycin resistance gene, conjugative transfer into a recipient C. sordellii isolate, R28058, was demonstrated. Bioinformatic analysis of pCS1-1 identified a novel conjugation gene cluster defined as the C. sordellii transfer (cst) locus. Interruption of genes within the cst locus resulted in loss of pCS1-1 transfer, which was restored upon complementation in trans. These studies provided clear evidence that genes within the cst locus are essential for the conjugative transfer of pCS1-1. The cst locus is present on all pCS1 subtypes, and homologous loci were identified on toxin-encoding plasmids from Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum and also carried within genomes of Clostridium difficile isolates, indicating that it is a widespread clostridial conjugation locus. The results of this study have broad implications for the dissemination of toxin genes and, potentially, antibiotic resistance genes among members of a diverse range of clostridial pathogens, providing these microorganisms with a survival advantage within the infected host. C. sordellii is a bacterial pathogen that causes severe infections in humans and animals, with high mortality rates. While the pathogenesis of C. sordellii infections is not well understood, it is known that the toxin TcsL is an important virulence factor. Here, we have shown the ability of a plasmid carrying the tcsL gene to undergo conjugative transfer between distantly related strains of C. sordellii, which has far-reaching implications for the ability of C. sordellii to acquire the capacity to cause disease. Plasmids that carry tcsL encode a previously uncharacterized conjugation locus, and individual genes within this locus were shown to be required for conjugative transfer. Furthermore, homologues on toxin plasmids from other clostridial species were identified, indicating that this region represents a novel clostridial conjugation locus. The results of this study have broad implications for the dissemination of virulence genes among members of a diverse range of clostridial pathogens.
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Structural Characterization of Clostridium sordellii Spores of Diverse Human, Animal, and Environmental Origin and Comparison to Clostridium difficile Spores. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00343-17. [PMID: 28989969 PMCID: PMC5628289 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00343-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium sordellii is a significant pathogen with mortality rates approaching 100%. It is the bacterial spore that is critical in initiating infection and disease. An understanding of spore structures as well as spore morphology across a range of strains may lead to a better understanding of C. sordellii infection and disease. However, the structural characteristics of the C. sordellii spores are limited. In this work, we have addressed this lack of detail and characterized the C. sordellii spore morphology. The use of traditional and advanced microscopy techniques has provided detailed new observations of C. sordellii spore structural features, which serve as a reference point for structural studies of spores from other bacterial species. Clostridium sordellii is an often-lethal bacterium causing human and animal disease. Crucial to the infectious cycle of C. sordellii is its ability to produce spores, which can germinate into toxin-producing vegetative bacteria under favorable conditions. However, structural details of the C. sordellii spore are lacking. Here, we used a range of electron microscopy techniques together with superresolution optical microscopy to characterize the C. sordellii spore morphology with an emphasis on the exosporium. The C. sordellii spore is made up of multiple layers with the exosporium presenting as a smooth balloon-like structure that is open at the spore poles. Focusing on the outer spore layers, we compared the morphologies of C. sordellii spores derived from different strains and determined that there is some variation between the spores, most notably with spores of some strains having tubular appendages. Since Clostridium difficile is a close relative of C. sordellii, their spores were compared by electron microscopy and their exosporia were found to be distinctly different from each other. This study therefore provides new structural details of the C. sordellii spore and offers insights into the physical structure of the exosporium across clostridial species. IMPORTANCEClostridium sordellii is a significant pathogen with mortality rates approaching 100%. It is the bacterial spore that is critical in initiating infection and disease. An understanding of spore structures as well as spore morphology across a range of strains may lead to a better understanding of C. sordellii infection and disease. However, the structural characteristics of the C. sordellii spores are limited. In this work, we have addressed this lack of detail and characterized the C. sordellii spore morphology. The use of traditional and advanced microscopy techniques has provided detailed new observations of C. sordellii spore structural features, which serve as a reference point for structural studies of spores from other bacterial species.
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Philips A, Stolarek I, Kuczkowska B, Juras A, Handschuh L, Piontek J, Kozlowski P, Figlerowicz M. Comprehensive analysis of microorganisms accompanying human archaeological remains. Gigascience 2017; 6:1-13. [PMID: 28609785 PMCID: PMC5965364 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenome analysis has become a common source of information about microbial communities that occupy a wide range of niches, including archaeological specimens. It has been shown that the vast majority of DNA extracted from ancient samples come from bacteria (presumably modern contaminants). However, characterization of microbial DNA accompanying human remains has never been done systematically for a wide range of different samples. We used metagenomic approaches to perform comparative analyses of microorganism communities present in 161 archaeological human remains. DNA samples were isolated from the teeth of human skeletons dated from 100 AD to 1200 AD. The skeletons were collected from 7 archaeological sites in Central Europe and stored under different conditions. The majority of identified microbes were ubiquitous environmental bacteria that most likely contaminated the host remains not long ago. We observed that the composition of microbial communities was sample-specific and not correlated with its temporal or geographical origin. Additionally, traces of bacteria and archaea typical for human oral/gut flora, as well as potential pathogens, were identified in two-thirds of the samples. The genetic material of human-related species, in contrast to the environmental species that accounted for the majority of identified bacteria, displayed DNA damage patterns comparable with endogenous human ancient DNA, which suggested that these microbes might have accompanied the individual before death. Our study showed that the microbiome observed in an individual sample is not reliant on the method or duration of sample storage. Moreover, shallow sequencing of DNA extracted from ancient specimens and subsequent bioinformatics analysis allowed both the identification of ancient microbial species, including potential pathogens, and their differentiation from contemporary species that colonized human remains more recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Philips
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Stolarek
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Bogna Kuczkowska
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
| | - Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty
of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Luiza Handschuh
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of
Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-569, Poland
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of
Technology, Poznan, 60-965, Poland
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty
of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of
Technology, Poznan, 60-965, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 61-704, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan,
60-965, Poland
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22
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Abstract
Many anaerobic spore-forming clostridial species are pathogenic, and some are industrially useful. Although many are strict anaerobes, the bacteria persist under aerobic and growth-limiting conditions as multilayered metabolically dormant spores. For many pathogens, the spore form is what most commonly transmits the organism between hosts. After the spores are introduced into the host, certain proteins (germinant receptors) recognize specific signals (germinants), inducing spores to germinate and subsequently grow into metabolically active cells. Upon germination of the spore into the metabolically active vegetative form, the resulting bacteria can colonize the host and cause disease due to the secretion of toxins from the cell. Spores are resistant to many environmental stressors, which make them challenging to remove from clinical environments. Identifying the conditions and the mechanisms of germination in toxin-producing species could help develop affordable remedies for some infections by inhibiting germination of the spore form. Unrelated to infectious disease, spore formation in species used in the industrial production of chemicals hinders the optimum production of the chemicals due to the depletion of the vegetative cells from the population. Understanding spore germination in acetone-butanol-ethanol-producing species can help boost the production of chemicals, leading to cheaper ethanol-based fuels. Until recently, clostridial spore germination is assumed to be similar to that of Bacillus subtilis However, recent studies in Clostridium difficile shed light on a mechanism of spore germination that has not been observed in any endospore-forming organisms to date. In this review, we focus on the germinants and the receptors recognizing these germinants in various clostridial species.
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23
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Bonnecaze AK, Stephens SEE, Miller PJ. Non-lethal Clostridium sordellii bacteraemia in an immunocompromised patient with pleomorphic sarcoma. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-215240. [PMID: 27489063 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium sordellii is a spore-forming anaerobic Gram-positive rod that has rarely been reported to cause disease in humans. Resultant mortality from infection is estimated at nearly 70% and is most often correlated with gynaecological procedures, intravenous drug abuse or trauma. C. sordellii infection often presents similarly to toxic shock syndrome (TSS); notable features of infection include refractory hypotension, haemoconcentration and marked leucocytosis. Although clinically similar to TSS, a notable difference is C. sordellii infections rarely involve fever. The organism's major toxins include haemorrhagic (TcsH) and lethal factor (TcsL), which function to disrupt cytoskeletal integrity. Current literature suggests treating C. sordelli infection with a broad-spectrum penicillin, metronidazole and clindamycin. We present a case of C. sordellii bacteraemia and septic shock in an immunocompromised patient who was recently diagnosed with pleomorphic gluteal sarcoma. Despite presenting in critical condition, the patient improved after aggressive hemodynamic resuscitation, source control and intravenous antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K Bonnecaze
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Ellen Elza Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter John Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Department of Anesthesia, Section on Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Azzopardi E, Lloyd C, Teixeira SR, Conlan RS, Whitaker IS. Clinical applications of amylase: Novel perspectives. Surgery 2016; 160:26-37. [PMID: 27117578 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylase was the first enzyme to be characterized, and for the previous 200 years, its clinical role has been restricted to a diagnostic aid. Recent interface research has led to a substantial expansion of its role into novel, viable diagnostic, and therapeutic applications to cancer, infection, and wound healing. This review provides a concise "state-of-the-art" overview of the genetics, structure, distribution, and localization of amylase in humans. METHOD A first-generation literature search was performed with the MeSH search string "Amylase AND (diagnost∗ OR therapeut$)" on OVIDSP and PUBMED platforms. A second-generation search was then performed by forward and backward referencing on Web of Knowledge™ and manual indexing, limited to the English Language. RESULTS "State of the Art" in amylase genetics, structure, function distribution, localisation and detection of amylase in humans is provided. To the 4 classic patterns of hyperamylasemia (pancreatic, salivary, macroamylasemia, and combinations) a fifth, the localized targeting of amylase to specific foci of infection, is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The implications are directed at novel therapeutic and diagnostic clinical applications of amylase such as the novel therapeutic drug classes capable of targeted delivery and "smart release" in areas of clinical need. Future directions of research in areas of high clinical benefit are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Azzopardi
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Lloyd
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Steven Conlan
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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25
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Abstract
Clostridia can cause unique histotoxic syndromes produced by specific toxins (e.g., gas gangrene and food poisoning) as well as non-syndromic infections (e.g., abscess, local infections, and blood born infection). Clostridia can also be recovered from various body sites as part of polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic infection. These include intra-abdominal (peritonitis and abscess), biliary tract, female genital tract, abscess (rectal area and oropharyngeal), pleuropulmonary, central nervous system, and skin and soft-tissue infections. Clostridia were recovered from children with bacteremia of gastrointestinal origin, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sickle cell disease. They have also been isolated in acute and chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis and mastoiditis, peritonsillar abscesses, and neonatal conjunctivitis. Early and aggressive surgical debridement, decompression, and drainage of affected tissues are critical to successful outcome of histotoxic infections. Effective antimicrobials include penicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and vancomycin.
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26
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Popoff MR. From saprophytic to toxigenic clostridia, a complex evolution based on multiple diverse genetic transfers and/or rearrangements. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:221-4. [PMID: 25744779 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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27
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Abstract
A survey of the isolation of Clostridium spp. from 1543 specimens sent to anaerobic microbiology laboratories revealed 113 isolates from 107 specimens (7.0% of all specimens) from 96 children. The isolates comprised 43 (38%) unidentified Clostridium spp., 37 (33%) C. perfringens, 13 (12%) C. ramosum, five (4%) C. innocuum, six (5%) C. botulinum, three (3%) C. difficile, two (2%) C. butyricum, and one isolate each of C. bifermentans, C. clostridiiforme, C. limosum and C. paraputrificum. Most clostridial isolates were from abscesses (38), peritonitis (26), bacteraemia (10), and chronic otitis media (7). Predisposing or underlying conditions were present in 31 (32%) cases. These were immunodeficiency (12), malignancy (9), diabetes (7), trauma (7), presence of a foreign body (6) and previous surgery (6). The clostridia were the only bacterial isolates in 14 (15%) cases; 82 (85%) cases had mixed infection. The species most commonly isolated with clostridia were anaerobic cocci (57); Bacteroides spp. (B. fragilis group) (50), Escherichia coli (22), pigmented Prevotella or Porphyromonas spp. (18) and Fusobacterium spp. (10). Most Bacteroides and Escherichia coli isolates with clostridia were from abdominal infections and skin and soft tissue infections adjacent to the rectal area; most pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas isolates were from oropharyngeal, pulmonary, and head and neck sites. Antimicrobial therapy was given to all patients, in conjunction with surgical drainage in 34 (35%). Only two patients died. These data illustrate the importance of Clostridium spp. in paediatric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brook
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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