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Sponseller BA. Getting Prepared. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:xiii-xiv. [PMID: 36737283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011-3619, USA.
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Sponseller BA. Equine Infectious Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(23)00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
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Kuttappan DA, Mooyottu S, Sponseller BA. An Overview of Equine Enteric Clostridial Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:15-23. [PMID: 36737289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the pathogenesis of equine enteric clostridial organisms is an active, evolving field. Advances will improve our knowledge both from the animal welfare and human health perspectives. The zoonotic nature of this group of diseases makes them relevant in the age of One health, as a significant amount of close human-equine interactions occurs for business and pleasure. Economic and welfare reasons prompt a better understanding of enteric clostridial pathogenesis, treatment, and control of the infection in horses and ongoing efforts are needed to advance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2134 College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
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Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Bhandari M, Wiechert SA, Gilbertie J, Jones DE, Sponseller BA. Induction of Reactive Intermediates and Autophagy-Related Proteins upon Infection of Macrophages with Rhodococcus equi. Scientifica (Cairo) 2017; 2017:8135737. [PMID: 29230347 PMCID: PMC5688232 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8135737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) is an intracellular macrophage-tropic pathogen with potential for causing fatal pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals between 1 and 6 months of age. In this study, we sought to determine whether infection of macrophages with R. equi could lead to the induction of autophagy. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected with R. equi for various time intervals and analyzed for upregulation of autophagy proteins and accumulation of autophagosomes relative to uninfected controls. Western blot analysis showed a progressive increase in LC3-II and Beclin1 levels in a time-dependent manner. The functional accumulation of autophagosomes detected with monodansylcadaverine further supported the enhanced induction of autophagy in BMDM infected with R. equi. In addition, infection of BMDM with R. equi induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. These data are consistent with reports documenting the role of ROS in induction of autophagy and indicate that the infection of macrophages by R. equi elicits innate host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Chandramani-Shivalingappa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mahesh Bhandari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sarah A. Wiechert
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jessica Gilbertie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Douglas E. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brett A. Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hostetter SJ, Clark SK, Gilbertie JM, Wiechert SA, Jones DE, Sponseller BA. Age-related variation in the cellular composition of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:344-353. [PMID: 28346682 PMCID: PMC10629498 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports reveal variation in the cellular composition of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the profiles of BALF from horses to assess age-related differences. Serial BALF samples were collected from the same individuals over a one-year period to identify changes in individual animals as they aged. METHODS Collection of BALF was performed on horses aged one week and one, 2, 6, and 12 months. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC), protein concentration, and cytology were assessed. Longitudinal analysis was performed and compared to healthy adults. RESULTS Foals at one week and 6 months of age had significantly higher TNCC than adults (medians: 320/μL, 285/μL, and 90/μL, respectively); no differences in total protein were found. Foals at one month had the highest proportion of macrophages (median: 87.3%), differing significantly from both yearlings and adults (medians: 45.5% and 48.7%, respectively). Foals aged one week and one month had significantly lower proportions of lymphocytes than yearlings and adults (medians: 3.2% and 4.7% vs 43.2% and 45.8%, respectively). Eosinophil percentage was lowest in foals aged one week, one month, and 2 months (median: 0.0%) and highest in foals aged 6 months (median: 2.2%). Mast cell percentages were highest in yearlings and adults (medians: 2.2% and 3.3%, respectively) and neutrophil percentage was highest in foals aged one week (13.7%). CONCLUSIONS Cytologic profiles of BALF from foals and adult horses differed considerably. Significant changes in TNCC and percentages of lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils occurred with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra K Clark
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jessica M Gilbertie
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sarah A Wiechert
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Doug E Jones
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Sponseller BA, Clark SK, Gilbertie J, Wong DM, Hepworth K, Wiechert S, Chandramani P, Sponseller BT, Alcott CJ, Bellaire B, Petersen AC, Jones DE. Macrophage effector responses of horses are influenced by expression of CD154. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 180:40-44. [PMID: 27692094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive intermediates contribute to innate immunity by providing phagocytes with a mechanism of defense against bacteria, viruses and parasites. To better characterize the role of CD154 in the production of reactive intermediates, we cloned and expressed recombinant equine CD154 (reqCD154) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO). In co-culture experiments, CHO cells ectopically expressing reqCD154 elicited superoxide production in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Collectively, our results indicate that regulation of CD154 expression plays a role in innate host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Sandra K Clark
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Jessica Gilbertie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Kate Hepworth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Sarah Wiechert
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Prashanth Chandramani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Beatrice T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Cody J Alcott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Bryan Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Douglas E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Caston SS, Cooper EE, Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Sponseller BA, Hostetter JM, Sun Y. CD47 expression in cryopreserved equine cutaneous masses and normal skin. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:408-13. [PMID: 27154320 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716643352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated CD47 expression in cryopreserved sections of equine cutaneous masses and normal skin. CD47 is a cell surface protein expressed on many cell types and overexpressed in some tumors. Interaction of CD47 and signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα) inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages. Formalin-fixed tissues from horses prospectively enrolled in the study were used to establish a histologic diagnosis. Immunohistochemical assays were performed on cryopreserved tissues using anti-CD47 antibodies or IgG control antibodies. CD47 was not expressed on equine normal skin but positivity to CD47 was present in 13 of 24 (54%) masses. Immunotherapy with anti-CD47 antibodies for equine cutaneous tumors that express CD47 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Caston
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Elizabeth E Cooper
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Prashanth Chandramani-Shivalingappa
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jesse M Hostetter
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Caston, Cooper), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Chandramani-Shivalingappa, Sponseller), Iowa State University, Ames, IAVeterinary Pathology (Hostetter), Iowa State University, Ames, IACollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Statistics (Sun), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Wong DM, Sponseller BA, Alcott CJ, Agbedanu PN, Wang C, Hsu WH. Effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B in neonatal foals with experimental endotoxemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:874-81. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wong DM, Witty D, Alcott CJ, Sponseller BA, Wang C, Hepworth K. Renal replacement therapy in healthy adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:308-16. [PMID: 23458828 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been implemented extensively in people to facilitate recovery from acute renal failure (ARF). RRT has not been explored in horses, but might provide a further treatment option in horses with ARF. OBJECTIVE To investigate efficacy and safety of RRT in horses. ANIMALS Five healthy adult horses. METHODS A prospective study was performed on horses restrained in stocks and intravenously connected to a commercial RRT machine to allow continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration to be performed for 6 hours. The RRT machine was set at the following flow rates: blood flow rate 250 mL/min; dialysate rate 3,000 mL/h; prefilter replacement pump 3,000 mL/h; and postfilter replacement pump rate 2,000 mL/h. Balanced electrolyte solution was used as dialysate and replacement fluid. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, direct arterial blood pressure, urine output, and various clinicopathologic parameters were measured over the study period. RESULTS Renal replacement therapy was successfully performed in horses, resulting in a mean creatinine clearance of 0.127 mL/kg/min (68.9 mL/min) and urea reduction ratio of 24%. No adverse effects were detected although a significant decrease in rectal temperature was observed (P ≤ .007). A significant increase in serum phosphorus (P ≤ .001) and decrease in BUN (P < .001) were also noted. A significant prolongation of prothrombin (P < .01) and partial thromboplastin time (P < .0001) were observed along with a decrease in platelet count (P ≤ .04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Renal replacement therapy can safely and effectively be used in adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Sponseller BA, Clark SK, Friedrich RA. Mechanisms of equine infectious anemia virus escape from neutralizing antibody responses define epitope specificity. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:324-8. [PMID: 22746986 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mechanisms of viral escape to particular epitopes recognized by virus-neutralizing antibody can facilitate characterization of host-neutralizing antibody responses as type- versus group-specific, and provides necessary information for vaccine development. Our study reveals that a single N-glycan located in the 5' region of the Wyoming wild-type equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) principal neutralizing domain (PND) accounts for the differences in neutralization phenotype observed between PND variants, while variations in charged amino acids within the PND do not appear to play a key role in viral escape. Site-directed mutagenesis and peptide mapping of a conserved epitope to neutralizing antibody in the 3' region of the PND showed rapid selective pressure for acquisition of a 5' PND N-glycan responsible for defining the specificity of the neutralizing-antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Clark SK, Jones DE, Fisher PG, Sponseller BA. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and neonatal isoerythrolysis in a Thoroughbred colt. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:219-26. [PMID: 22362958 PMCID: PMC10619328 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-day-old Thoroughbred colt was originally presented for treatment of neonatal isoerythrolysis, which was treated with a blood transfusion. However, persistent neutropenia was observed despite the absence of detectable infection. Subsequently, a granulocyte agglutination test was performed by incubating the colt's neutrophils with the mare's serum; results were positive, leading to a clinical diagnosis of alloimmune neonatal neutropenia. The diagnosis was further supported via flow cytometric analysis. The colt was hospitalized and treated prophylactically with antimicrobials and 4 separate doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF; 1.4-3.5 µg/kg, subcutaneously) in attempts to maintain the neutrophil count within reference intervals over a 4-week period. The colt's neutrophil count increased after administration of rhG-CSF and eventually stabilized within reference intervals by day 20. The colt maintained normal neutrophil counts after discharge and was reportedly healthy at 6 months of age. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia should be considered in foals with persistent neutropenia in the absence of infection. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia can be treated with prophylactic antimicrobials combined with rhG-CSF with a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wong
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Cody J. Alcott
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sandra K. Clark
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Douglas E. Jones
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Phyllis G. Fisher
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brett A. Sponseller
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Wang C, Bornkamp JL, Young JL, Sponseller BA. Agreement between arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen values obtained by direct arterial blood measurements versus noninvasive methods in conscious healthy and ill foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1341-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.10.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sponseller BA, Sponseller BT, Alcott CJ, Kline K, Hostetter J, Reinertson EL, Fales-Williams A. Syringohydromyelia in horses: 3 cases. Can Vet J 2011; 52:147-152. [PMID: 21532819 PMCID: PMC3022450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Syringomyelia and hydromyelia are cavitary lesions of the spinal cord that may be acquired or congenital. These lesions are not frequently reported in large animal species. The presenting complaints, clinical, gross pathological, and histopathologic findings of 2 cases of syringomyelia and 1 case of hydromyelia in horses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Sponseller BA, Strait E, Jergens A, Trujillo J, Harmon K, Koster L, Jenkins-Moore M, Killian M, Swenson S, Bender H, Waller K, Miles K, Pearce T, Yoon KJ, Nara P. Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in domestic cat. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:534-7. [PMID: 20202440 PMCID: PMC3322044 DOI: 10.3201/eid1603.091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus continues to rapidly spread worldwide. In 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in a domestic cat from Iowa was diagnosed by a novel PCR assay that distinguishes between Eurasian and North American pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus matrix genes. Human-to-cat transmission is presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1248, USA.
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Platt R, Sponseller BA, Chiang YW, Roth JA. Cell-mediated immunity evaluation in foals infected with virulent equine herpesvirus-1 by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:275-81. [PMID: 20116862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response of foals to virulent equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection was evaluated by multi-parameter flow cytometry (FCM). Ten 7-8-month-old EHV-1 seronegative foals were infected intranasally with virulent EHV-1 and 10 foals served as uninfected controls. Blood samples were collected 6 and 7 weeks after infection to test for specific CMI responses to live heterologous EHV-1 recall antigen. The activation markers included major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), intracellular interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). The results from both tests were averaged before statistical analysis. Following EHV-1 stimulation, the MHC II expression index (EI) increased significantly in CD2+CD4+CD8- and CD2+CD4-CD8+ subsets of the infected group. At 4 days after incubation, the non-antigen stimulated CD2+CD4-CD8- subset of the infected group expressed a high percentage (61.1%) of MHC II. When stimulated with EHV-1, the MHC II expression declined significantly but remained at a relatively high percentage (34.4%). The IFN-gamma EI was significantly higher in infected foals in all major T cell subsets (CD2+) while only the CD2+CD4+CD8- subset showed a significant increase in intracellular IL-4 EI. The FCM results showed strong specific CMI responses to EHV-1 by all three tested parameters compared to the control group (p<0.01). The high MHC II expression in the CD2+CD4-CD8- subset suggests that this T cell subset may represent a gammadelta TCR repertoire and thereby plays an important role as antigen presenting cells in the horse, as reported in other species. Being able to simultaneously quantify the frequency of specific lymphocyte subsets and the expression of cytokines that characterize activation of lymphocytes and protective CMI by multi-parameter FCM enables evaluation of subset-specific CMI responses to EHV-1 infection. This system can be applied to measure CMI responses to other equine vaccines and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratree Platt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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Wong DM, Vo DT, Alcott CJ, Peterson AD, Sponseller BA, Hsu WH. Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234:126-32. [PMID: 19119977 DOI: 10.2460/javma.234.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and responses to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 58 ill foals. PROCEDURES Baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations and cortisol concentrations after administration of a low dose of cosyntropin were determined within 6 hours after admission. Foals were assigned to 4 groups on the basis of age (<or=24 hours vs 1 to 56 days) and presence of septicemia (yes vs no). Values were compared among groups and with values previously reported for healthy foals. RESULTS Plasma cortisol concentrations 30 and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration in foals<or=24 hours old were significantly higher than corresponding cortisol concentrations in older foals. In all 4 groups, plasma cortisol concentration 30 minutes after cosyntropin administration was significantly higher than baseline cortisol concentration or concentration 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration. No differences in baseline cortisol or ACTH concentration or in the ACTH-to-cortisol ratio were detected between groups or when ill foals were compared with healthy foals. A small number of ill foals had low baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations or low responses to cosyntropin administration, compared with healthy foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that most ill foals in the present study population had adequate responses to cosyntropin administration. However, a small subset of ill foals appeared to have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Wong DM, Vo DT, Alcott CJ, Stewart AJ, Peterson AD, Sponseller BA, Hsu WH. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests in healthy foals from birth to 12 weeks of age. Can J Vet Res 2009; 73:65-72. [PMID: 19337398 PMCID: PMC2613599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate total baseline plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations, and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations in foals from birth to 12 wk of age. Plasma (baseline) cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured in 13 healthy foals at birth and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 d of age. Each foal received cosyntropin (0.1 microg/kg) intravenously. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured before (baseline), and 30, and 60 min after cosyntropin administration at birth and at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 d of age. Compared with baseline, cortisol concentration increased significantly 30 min after administration of cosyntropin on all days. Cortisol concentration was highest at birth, measured at 30 and 60 min after cosyntropin administration, compared with all other days. With the exception of birth measurements, cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 84, measured at 30 and 60 min after cosyntropin administration, when compared with all other days. Baseline plasma ACTH was lowest at birth when compared with concentrations on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 42, 56, and 84. Administration of 0.1 microg/kg of cosyntropin, IV, reliably induces cortisol secretion in healthy foals. Differences in the magnitude of response to cosyntropin are observed depending on the age of the foal. These data should serve as a reference for the ACTH stimulation test in foals and should be useful in subsequent studies to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy and critically ill foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Sponseller BA, de Macedo MMA, Clark SK, Gallup JM, Jones DE. Activation of peripheral blood monocytes results in more robust production of IL-10 in neonatal foals compared to adult horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:167-73. [PMID: 18976818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foals are particularly vulnerable to infection by Rhodococcus equi during the first 2 weeks of life whereas mature horses are not. While an innate immunodeficiency likely accounts for this clinically relevant vulnerability, the factors that contribute to infection by R. equi have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that cells of the monocyte lineage, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, that have been activated with LPS and IFN-gamma, respond with a statistically significant, greater amount of cytokine mRNA production of IL-10, IL-12p35, and IL-12p40 than unstimulated control cells. Interestingly, activation of neonatal cells resulted in a twofold log increase in baseline cytokine mRNA expression of IL-10 compared with adult cells. In contrast, no significant differences in mean cytokine mRNA expression of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 were detected, suggesting that the defect in chromosomal remodeling that prevents IL-12p35 gene transcription as a cause for decreased IL-12 synthesis in human neonates is not a likely occurrence in equine neonates. Collectively, these differences indicate that in vivo activation of equine cells of the monocyte lineage may result in different autocrine and paracrine cellular responses that vary according to age, with potential impact on regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Sponseller BA, Sparks WO, Wannemuehler Y, Li Y, Antons AK, Oaks JL, Carpenter S. Immune selection of equine infectious anemia virus env variants during the long-term inapparent stage of disease. Virology 2007; 363:156-65. [PMID: 17328936 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The principal neutralizing domain (PND) of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is located in the V3 region of SU. Genetic variation in the PND is considered to play an important role in immune escape and EIAV persistence; however, few studies have characterized genetic variation in SU during the inapparent stage of disease. To better understand the mechanisms of virus persistence, we undertook a longitudinal study of SU variation in a pony experimentally inoculated with the virulent EIAV(Wyo). Viral RNA isolated from the inoculum and from sequential sera samples was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, and individual clones were sequenced. Of the 147 SU clones obtained, we identified 71 distinct V3 variants that partitioned into five major non-overlapping groups, designated PND-1 to PND-5, which segregated with specific stages of clinical disease. Genotypes representative of each group were inserted into an infectious molecular clone, and chimeric viruses were tested for susceptibility to neutralization by autologous sera from successive times post-infection. Overall, there was a trend for increasing resistance to neutralizing antibody during disease progression. The PND genotype associated with recrudescence late in infection was resistant to both type-specific and broadly neutralizing antibody, and displayed a reduced replication phenotype in vitro. These findings indicate that neutralizing antibody exerts selective pressure throughout infection and suggest that viral strategies of immune evasion and persistence change in the face of an evolving and maturing host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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Belshan M, Baccam P, Oaks JL, Sponseller BA, Murphy SC, Cornette J, Carpenter S. Genetic and biological variation in equine infectious anemia virus Rev correlates with variable stages of clinical disease in an experimentally infected pony. Virology 2001; 279:185-200. [PMID: 11145901 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and biological variation in the regulatory protein Rev of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were examined throughout a clinically dynamic disease course of an experimentally infected pony. Following infection with the virulent EIAV(Wyo), the pony underwent a variable disease course, including an acute fever episode at 12 days postinfection (DPI), multiple recurrent fever episodes until 135 DPI, a prolonged subclinical period, and two late fever episodes. Viral RNA was isolated from the inoculum and sequential sera samples, and the rev exon 2/gp45 overlapping ORFs were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Novel variants were found throughout infection, and genetic analyses indicated that both the Rev and gp45 ORFs were under selective pressure. The Rev variant predominant in the inoculum, R1, remained predominant during the early periods following infection (until 35 DPI); however, R1 was replaced by new predominant variants during the recurrent fever period (67-135 DPI). R1 reemerged as the predominant variant during the afebrile period, but a new predominant variant, R93, was associated with the late fever episodes. Rev variants predominant during recurrent febrile and late-febrile periods had significantly higher Rev-mediated nuclear export activity than the variants predominant during the acute and afebrile periods. Statistical correlation was found between Rev activity and different stages of clinical disease. Together, these results suggest that genetic and biological variation in rev may be a contributing factor in EIAV disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Equine Infectious Anemia/physiopathology
- Equine Infectious Anemia/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Products, rev/chemistry
- Gene Products, rev/genetics
- Gene Products, rev/metabolism
- Genetic Variation
- Horses
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/classification
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/genetics
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Load
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belshan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Sponseller
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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