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Tamang A, Kaur A, Thakur D, Thakur A, Thakur BK, Shivani, Swarnkar M, Pal PK, Hallan V, Pandey SS. Unraveling endophytic diversity in dioecious Siraitia grosvenorii: implications for mogroside production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:247. [PMID: 38427084 PMCID: PMC10907472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Host and tissue-specificity of endophytes are important attributes that limit the endophyte application on multiple crops. Therefore, understanding the endophytic composition of the targeted crop is essential, especially for the dioecious plants where the male and female plants are different. Here, efforts were made to understand the endophytic bacterial composition of the dioecious Siraitia grosvenorii plant using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The present study revealed the association of distinct endophytic bacterial communities with different parts of male and female plants. Roots of male and female plants had a higher bacterial diversity than other parts of plants, and the roots of male plants had more bacterial diversity than the roots of female plants. Endophytes belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria were abundant in all parts of male and female plants except male stems and fruit pulp, where the Firmicutes were most abundant. Class Gammaproteobacteria predominated in both male and female plants, with the genus Acinetobacter as the most dominant and part of the core microbiome of the plant (present in all parts of both, male and female plants). The presence of distinct taxa specific to male and female plants was also identified. Macrococcus, Facklamia, and Propionibacterium were the distinct genera found only in fruit pulp, the edible part of S. grosvenorii. Predictive functional analysis revealed the abundance of enzymes of secondary metabolite (especially mogroside) biosynthesis in the associated endophytic community with predominance in roots. The present study revealed bacterial endophytic communities of male and female S. grosvenorii plants that can be further explored for monk fruit cultivation, mogroside production, and early-stage identification of male and female plants. KEY POINTS: • Male and female Siraitia grosvenorii plants had distinct endophytic communities • The diversity of endophytic communities was specific to different parts of plants • S. grosvenorii-associated endophytes may be valuable for mogroside biosynthesis and monk fruit cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Tamang
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Deepali Thakur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Ankita Thakur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Babit Kumar Thakur
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivani
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohit Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
| | - Probir K Pal
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shiv Shanker Pandey
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, 176061, HP, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Tamang A, Swarnkar M, Kumar P, Kumar D, Pandey SS, Hallan V. Endomicrobiome of in vitro and natural plants deciphering the endophytes-associated secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurrooa, a Himalayan medicinal herb. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0227923. [PMID: 37811959 PMCID: PMC10715050 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02279-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Picrorhiza kurrooa is a major source of picrosides, potent hepatoprotective molecules. Due to the ever-increasing demands, overexploitation has caused an extensive decline in its population in the wild and placed it in the endangered plants' category. At present plant in-vitro systems are widely used for the sustainable generation of P. kurrooa plants, and also for the conservation of other commercially important, rare, endangered, and threatened plant species. Furthermore, the in-vitro-generated plants had reduced content of therapeutic secondary metabolites compared to their wild counterparts, and the reason behind, not well-explored. Here, we revealed the loss of plant-associated endophytic communities during in-vitro propagation of P. kurrooa plants which also correlated to in-planta secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Therefore, this study emphasized to consider the essential role of plant-associated endophytic communities in in-vitro practices which may be the possible reason for reduced secondary metabolites in in-vitro plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Tamang
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Mohit Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Shanker Pandey
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
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Angoshtari R, Scribner KT, Marsh TL. The impact of primary colonizers on the community composition of river biofilm. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288040. [PMID: 37956125 PMCID: PMC10642824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a strategy for minimizing microbial infections in fish hatcheries, we have investigated how putatively probiotic bacterial populations influence biofilm formation. All surfaces that are exposed to the aquatic milieu develop a microbial community through the selective assembly of microbial populations into a surface-adhering biofilm. In the investigations reported herein, we describe laboratory experiments designed to determine how initial colonization of a surface by nonpathogenic isolates from sturgeon eggs influence the subsequent assembly of populations from a pelagic river community, into the existing biofilm. All eight of the tested strains altered the assembly of river biofilm in a strain-specific manner. Previously formed isolate biofilm was challenged with natural river populations and after 24 hours, two strains and two-isolate combinations proved highly resistant to invasion, comprising at least 80% of the biofilm community, four isolates were intermediate in resistance, accounting for at least 45% of the biofilm community and two isolates were reduced to 4% of the biofilm community. Founding biofilms of Serratia sp, and combinations of Brevundimonas sp.-Hydrogenophaga sp. and Brevundimonas sp.-Acidovorax sp. specifically blocked populations of Aeromonas and Flavobacterium, potential fish pathogens, from colonizing the biofilm. In addition, all isolate biofilms were effective at blocking invading populations of Arcobacter. Several strains, notably Deinococcus sp., recruited specific low-abundance river populations into the top 25 most abundant populations within biofilm. The experiments suggest that relatively simple measures can be used to control the assembly of biofilm on the eggs surface and perhaps offer protection from pathogens. In addition, the methodology provides a relatively rapid way to detect potentially strong ecological interactions between bacterial populations in the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Angoshtari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Kim T. Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Terence L. Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Gou J, Lu Y, Xie M, Tang X, Chen L, Zhao J, Li G, Wang H. Antimicrobial activity in Asterceae: The selected genera characterization and against multidrug resistance bacteria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14985. [PMID: 37151707 PMCID: PMC10161380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants from the Asteraceae family are widely used as ethno medicines to treatment parasitic, malaria, hematemesis, pruritus, pyretic, anthelmintic, wound healing. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of Asteraceae plants antimicrobial activity. The most relevant results from the published studies are summarized and discussed. The species in genus of Artemisia, Echinacea, Centaurea, Baccharis, and Calendula showed antimicrobial activity. Most of these species are usually used as ethno medicines to treat infection, inflammation, and parasitics. The effective part or component for antimicrobial was essential oil and crude extract, and essential oil attracted more attention. It was also reported that nanoparticles coated with crude extract were effective against multidrug resistant bacteria. For multidrug resistant bacteria study, the species in Armtemisia were the most investigated, and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most studied multidrug resistant strains. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated mainly based on the results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Few reports have been reported on minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) and its antibacterial mechanisms. According to the reported study results, some plants in Asteraceae have the potential to be developed as bacteriostatic agents and against multidrug resistant bacteria. However, most studies are still in vitro, further clinical and applied studies are needed.
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Maggini V, Bettini PP, Fani R, Firenzuoli F, Bogani P. Echinacea purpurea microbiota: bacterial-fungal interactions and the interplay with host and non-host plant species in vitro dual culture. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:246-256. [PMID: 36445167 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Important evidence is reported on the antimicrobial and antagonistic properties of bacterial endophytes in Echinacea purpurea and their role in the modulation of plant synthesis of bioactive compounds. Here, endophytic fungi were isolated from E. purpurea, and the dual culture approach was applied to deepen insights into the complex plant-microbiome interaction network. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the species specificity of the interaction between host (E. purpurea) and non-host (E. angustifolia and Nicotiana tabacum) plant tissues and bacterial or fungal endophytes isolated from living E. purpurea plants to test interactions between fungal and bacterial endophytes. A higher tropism towards plant tissue and growth was observed for both fungal and bacterial isolates compared to controls without plant tissue. The growth of all fungi was significantly inhibited by several bacterial strains that, in turn, were scarcely affected by the presence of fungi. Finally, E. purpurea endophytic bacteria were able to inhibit mycelial growth of the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with wild Echinacea plants interact with each other and could represent a potential source of bioactive compounds and a biocontrol tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Maggini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CERFIT, Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - P P Bettini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - R Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Firenzuoli
- CERFIT, Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - P Bogani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Chiellini C, De Leo M, Longo V, Pieracci Y, Pistelli L. Characterization of the endophytic bacterial community of Bituminaria bituminosa plant grown in vitro and its interaction with the plant extract. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1076573. [PMID: 36743570 PMCID: PMC9889976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1076573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bituminaria bituminosa is a medicinal plant recognized for its phytochemicals, such as furanocoumarins, pterocarpans, and flavonoids. Since the secondary metabolism is influenced by the plant-endophyte interactions, the endophytic bacterial community of B. bituminosa was explored and the possible interactions with the plant were described. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different bacterial strains were isolated from different organs of in vitro plants as shoots, roots, and seeds. The bacterial strains were identified and phenotypically characterized for different traits; strains were also exposed to different concentrations of B. bituminosa plant extract showing different susceptibility, probably determined by different secondary metabolites produced by the plant in the different organs (i.e. aerial parts and roots). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bacterial strains showed different phenotypic characteristics; the 6 detected haplotypes were dominated by a single species related to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila. Endophytes isolated from the aerial parts produced a higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) amount than those of the roots, while all strains were unable to produce biosurfactants and antagonistic activity toward the other strains. The research opens new perspectives for future analysis addressed to test the susceptibility of the endophytic bacterial community of B. bituminosa toward the pure compounds extracted from the plants, and to investigate the role of these compounds on the distribution of endophytes within the different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiellini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Instrument Sharing of Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pistelli
- Interdepartmental Center for Instrument Sharing of Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Li J, Li J, Zhang Y, Lu H. The responses of marine anammox bacteria-based microbiome to multi-antibiotic stress in mariculture wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119050. [PMID: 36084441 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saline mariculture wastewater containing multi-antibiotics poses a challenge to anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) process. Herein, the halophilic marine anammox bacteria (MAB)-based microbiome was used for treating mariculture wastewater (35‰ salinity) under multi-antibiotics (enrofloxacin + oxytetracycline + sulfamethoxazole, EOS) stress. And the main focus of this study lies in the response of MAB-based microbiome against multi-antibiotics stress. It is found that MAB-based microbiome shows stable community structure and contributes high nitrogen removal efficiency (>90%) even under high stress of EOS (up to 4 mg·L-1). The relative abundance of main functional genus Candidatus Scalindua, responsible for anammox, had little change while controlling the influent EOS concentration within 4 mg·L-1, whereas, significantly decreased to 2.23% at EOS concentration of as high as 24 mg·L-1. As an alternative, antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) species Rheinheimera dominated the microbial community of MAB-based biological reactor under extremely high EOS stress (e.g. 24 mg·L-1 in influent). The response mechanism of MAB-based microbiome consists of extracellular and intracellular defenses with dependence of EOS concentration. For example, while EOS within 4 mg·L-1 in this study, most of the antibiotics were retained by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) via adsorption; If increasing the EOS concentration to 8 and even 24 mg·L-1, part of antibiotics could intrude into the cells and cause the intracellular accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (total abundance up to 2.44 × 10-1 copies/16S rRNA) for EOS response. These new understandings will facilitate the practical implementation of MAB-based bioprocess for saline nitrogen- and antibiotics-laden wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Adeleke BS, Ayangbenro AS, Babalola OO. Bacterial community structure of the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) endosphere. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1974217. [PMID: 34590546 PMCID: PMC9208795 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1974217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemical applications on farmland aim to enhance crop yield; however, the consequence of biodiversity loss has caused a reduction in ecological functions. The positive endosphere interactions and crop rotation systems may function in restoring a stable ecosystem. Employing culture-independent techniques will help access the total bacteria community in the sunflower endosphere. Limited information is available on the bacteria diversity in sunflower plants cultivated under different agricultural practices. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the endophytic bacterial community structure of sunflower at the growing stage. Plant root and stem samples were sourced from two locations (Itsoseng and Lichtenburg), for DNA extraction and sequenced on the Illumina Miseq platform. The sequence dataset was analyzed using online bioinformatics tools. Saccharibacteria and Acidobacteria were dominant in plant roots, while the stem is dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Gemmatimonadetes across the sites. Bacterial genera, Acidovorax, Flavobacterium, Hydrogenophaga, and Burkholderia-Paraburkhoderia were found dominant in the root, while the stem is dominated by Streptomyces. The diverse bacterial community structure at phyla and class levels were significantly different in plant organs across the sites. The influence of soil physical and chemical parameters analyzed was observed to induce bacterial distribution across the sites. This study provides information on the dominant bacteria community structure in sunflowers at the growing stage and their predictive functions, which suggest their future exploration as bioinoculants for improved agricultural yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew Saanu Adeleke
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- CONTACT Olubukola Oluranti Babalola Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho2735, South Africa
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Minerdi D, Maggini V, Fani R. Volatile organic compounds: from figurants to leading actors in fungal symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6261439. [PMID: 33983430 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis involving two (or more) prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic partners is extremely widespread in nature, and it has performed, and is still performing, a key role in the evolution of several biological systems. The interaction between symbiotic partners is based on the emission and perception of a plethora of molecules, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthesized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (micro)organisms. VOCs acquire increasing importance since they spread above and below ground and act as infochemicals regulating a very complex network. In this work we review what is known about the VOCs synthesized by fungi prior to and during the interaction(s) with their partners (either prokaryotic or eukaryotic) and their possible role(s) in establishing and maintaining the symbiosis. Lastly, we also describe the potential applications of fungal VOCs from different biotechnological perspectives, including medicinal, pharmaceutical and agronomical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
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Cardinale M, Viola M, Miceli E, Faddetta T, Puglia AM, Maggini V, Tani C, Firenzuoli F, Schiff S, Bogani P, Fani R, Papini A. The cypsela (achene) of Echinacea purpurea as a diffusion unit of a community of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2951-2965. [PMID: 33687502 PMCID: PMC8007504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is a plant cultivated worldwide for its pharmaceutical properties, mainly related to the stimulation of the immune system in the treatment of respiratory infections. The cypselas (fruits) of E. purpurea were examined in order to investigate the presence, localization and potential function(s) of endophytic microorganisms. Electron and confocal microscopy observations showed that three different components of microorganisms were associated to cypselas of E. purpurea: (i) one endocellular bacterial component in the cotyledons, enclosed within the host membrane; (ii) another more generic bacterial component adhering to the external side of the perianth; and (iii) a fungal component inside the porous layer of the perianth, the woody and porous modified residual of the flower, in the form of numerous hyphae able to cross the wall between adjacent cells. Isolated bacteria were affiliated to the genera Paenibacillus, Pantoea, and Sanguibacter. Plate tests showed a general resistance to six different antibiotics and also to an antimicrobial-producing Rheinheimera sp. test strain. Finally, microbiome-deprived E. purpurea seeds showed a reduced ability to germinate, suggesting an active role of the microbiome in the plant vitality. Our results suggest that the endophytic bacterial community of E. purpurea, previously found in roots and stem/leaves, might be already carried at the seed stage, hosted by the cotyledons. A further microbial fungal component is transported together with the seed in the perianth of the cypsela, whose remarkable structure may be considered as an adaptation for fungal transportation, and could influence the capability of the seed to germinate in the soil.Key Points• The fruit of Echinacea purpurea contains fungi not causing any damage to the plant.• The seed cotyledons contain endocellular bacteria.• Seed/fruit deprived of the microbiome showed a reduced ability to germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, P.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marian Viola
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Teresa Faddetta
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Tani
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiff
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Papini
- Laboratory of Biomorphologies, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Raimi A, Adeleke R. Bioprospecting of endophytic microorganisms for bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1917-1942. [PMID: 33677637 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presently, several drug discovery investigations on therapeutic management of human health are aimed at bioprospecting for microorganisms, especially endophytic microbes of biotechnological importance. This review investigates the benefits of endophytes, especially in producing bioactive compounds useful in modern medicine by systematically reviewing published data from 12 databases. Only experimental studies investigating either or both bacterial and fungal endophytes and within the scope of this review were selected. The published data from the last 2 decades (2000-2019) revealed diverse endophytes associated with different plants produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. Notably, antibacterial, followed by anticancer and antifungal activities, were mostly reported. Only three studies investigated the anti-plasmodial activity. The variation observed in the synthesis of bioactive compounds amongst endophytes varied with host type, endophyte species, and cultivation medium. Fungal endophytes were more investigated than bacterial endophytes, with both endophytes having species diversity amongst literature. The endophytes were predominantly from medicinal plants and belonged to either Ascomycota (fungi) or Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (bacteria). This review presents excellent prospects of harnessing endophytes and their unique bioactive compounds in developing novel and effective compounds of medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Raimi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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12
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Castronovo LM, Vassallo A, Mengoni A, Miceli E, Bogani P, Firenzuoli F, Fani R, Maggini V. Medicinal Plants and Their Bacterial Microbiota: A Review on Antimicrobial Compounds Production for Plant and Human Health. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020106. [PMID: 33498987 PMCID: PMC7911374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants (MPs) have been used since antiquity in traditional and popular medicine, and they represent a very important source of bioactive molecules, including antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal molecules. Such compounds are often of plant origin, but in some cases, an origin or a modification from plant microbiota has been shown. Actually, the research continues to report the production of bioactive molecules by plants, but the role of plant–endophytic interaction is emerging. Classic examples are mainly concerned with fungal endophytes; however, it has been recently shown that bacterial endophytes can also play an important role in influencing the plant metabolism related to the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In spite of this, a deep investigation on the power of MP bacterial endophytes is lacking. Here, an overview of the studies on MP bacterial microbiota and its role in the production of plant antimicrobial compounds contributing to prime host defense system and representing a huge resource for biotech and therapeutic applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Mitia Castronovo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Alberto Vassallo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- CERFIT, Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, 50141 Florence, Italy;
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (V.M.); Tel.: +39-0554574742 (R.F.); +39-0554574731 (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (L.M.C.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
- CERFIT, Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, 50141 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (V.M.); Tel.: +39-0554574742 (R.F.); +39-0554574731 (V.M.)
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13
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Fu J, Zhong C, Zhang P, Gao Q, Zong G, Zhou Y, Cao G. A Novel Mobile Element ICE RspD18B in Rheinheimera sp. D18 Contributes to Antibiotic and Arsenic Resistance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:616364. [PMID: 33391249 PMCID: PMC7775301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and organoarsenical compounds are frequently used as feed additives in many countries. However, these compounds can cause serious antibiotic and arsenic (As) pollution in the environment, and the spread of antibiotic and As resistance genes from the environment. In this report, we characterized the 28.5 kb genomic island (GI), named as ICERspD18B, as a novel chromosomal integrative and conjugative element (ICE) in multidrug-resistant Rheinheimera sp. D18. Notably, ICERspD18B contains six antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and an arsenic tolerance operon, as well as genes encoding conjugative transfer proteins of a type IV secretion system, relaxase, site-specific integrase, and DNA replication or partitioning proteins. The transconjugant strain 25D18-B4 was generated using Escherichia coli 25DN as the recipient strain. ICERspD18B was inserted into 3'-end of the guaA gene in 25D18-B4. In addition, 25D18-B4 had markedly higher minimum inhibitory concentrations for arsenic compounds and antibiotics when compared to the parental E. coli strain. These findings demonstrated that the integrative and conjugative element ICERspD18B could mediate both antibiotic and arsenic resistance in Rheinheimera sp. D18 and the transconjugant 25D18-B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafang Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanqing Zhong
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Department of Microbiology, Jinan, China
| | - Qingxia Gao
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Gongli Zong
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Department of Microbiology, Jinan, China
| | - Yingping Zhou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,College of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Department of Microbiology, Jinan, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang E, Wang N. Mechanisms Underlying the Rhizosphere-To-Rhizoplane Enrichment of Cellvibrio Unveiled by Genome-Centric Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040583. [PMID: 32316533 PMCID: PMC7232360 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining integrity of the plant cell walls is critical for plant health, however, our previous study showed that Cellvibrio, which is recognized by its robust ability to degrade plant cell walls, was enriched from the citrus rhizosphere to the rhizoplane (i.e., the root surface). Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying the rhizosphere-to-rhizoplane enrichment of Cellvibrio through genome-centric metagenomics and metatranscriptomics analyses. We recovered a near-complete metagenome-assembled genome representing a potentially novel species of Cellvibrio, herein designated Bin79, with genome size of 5.71 Mb across 11 scaffolds. Differential gene expression analysis demonstrated that plant cell wall degradation genes were repressed, whereas genes encoding chitin-degrading enzymes were induced in the rhizoplane compared with the rhizosphere. Enhanced expression of multi-drug efflux genes and iron acquisition- and storage-associated genes in the rhizoplane indicated mechanisms by which Bin79 competes with other microbes. In addition, genes involved in repelling plant immune responses were significantly activated in the rhizoplane. Comparative genomics analyses with five related Cellvibrio strains showed the importance of gene gain events for the rhizoplane adaptation of Bin79. Overall, this study characterizes a novel Cellvibrio strain and indicates the mechanisms involved in its adaptation to the rhizoplane from meta-omics data without cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzeng Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (N.W.); Tel.: +86-(514)-87971136 (Y.Z.); +1-(863)-9568829 (N.W.)
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C. D. Mexico 11340, Mexico;
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (N.W.); Tel.: +86-(514)-87971136 (Y.Z.); +1-(863)-9568829 (N.W.)
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15
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Fu J, Zhong C, Zhang P, Zong G, Liu M, Cao G. Novel Mobilizable Genomic Island GEI-D18A Mediates Conjugational Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Multidrug-Resistant Strain Rheinheimera sp. D18. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32318052 PMCID: PMC7155750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic environments act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance from these environments is of increasing concern. In this study, a multidrug-resistant bacterial strain, identified as Rheinheimera sp. D18, was isolated from the sea water of an industrial maricultural system in the Yellow Sea, China. Whole-genome sequencing of D18 revealed the presence of a novel 25.8 kb antibiotic resistance island, designated GEI-D18A, which carries several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including aadA1, aacA3, tetR, tet(B), catA, dfrA37, and three sul1 genes. Besides, integrase, transposase, resolvase, and recombinase encoding genes were also identified in GEI-D18A. The transferability of GEI-D18A was confirmed by mating experiments between Rheinheimera sp. D18 and Escherichia coli 25DN, and efflux pump inhibitor assays also suggested that tet(B) in GEI-D18A was responsible for tetracycline resistance in both D18 and the transconjugant. This study represents the first characterization of a mobilizable antibiotic resistance island in a species of Rheinheimera and provides evidence that Rheinheimera spp. could be important reservoirs and vehicles for ARGs in the Yellow Sea area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafang Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanqing Zhong
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Gongli Zong
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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16
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Jha PN, Gomaa AB, Yanni YG, El-Saadany AEY, Stedtfeld TM, Stedtfeld RD, Gantner S, Chai B, Cole J, Hashsham SA, Dazzo FB. Alterations in the Endophyte-Enriched Root-Associated Microbiome of Rice Receiving Growth-Promoting Treatments of Urea Fertilizer and Rhizobium Biofertilizer. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:367-382. [PMID: 31346687 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the bacterial endophyte-enriched root-associated microbiome within rice (Oryza sativa) 55 days after growth in soil with and without urea fertilizer and/or biofertilization with a growth-promotive bacterial strain (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii E11). After treatment to deplete rhizosphere/rhizoplane communities, washed roots were macerated and their endophyte-enriched communities were analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA 454 amplicon pyrosequencing. This analysis clustered 99,990 valid sequence reads into 1105 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% sequence identity, 133 of which represented a consolidated core assemblage representing 12.04% of the fully detected OTU richness. Taxonomic affiliations indicated Proteobacteria as the most abundant phylum (especially α- and γ-Proteobacteria classes), followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and several other phyla. Dominant genera included Rheinheimera, unclassified Rhodospirillaceae, Pseudomonas, Asticcacaulis, Sphingomonas, and Rhizobium. Several OTUs had close taxonomic affiliation to genera of diazotrophic rhizobacteria, including Rhizobium, unclassified Rhizobiales, Azospirillum, Azoarcus, unclassified Rhizobiaceae, Bradyrhizobium, Azonexus, Mesorhizobium, Devosia, Azovibrio, Azospira, Azomonas, and Azotobacter. The endophyte-enriched microbiome was restructured within roots receiving growth-promoting treatments. Compared to the untreated control, endophyte-enriched communities receiving urea and/or biofertilizer treatments were significantly reduced in OTU richness and relative read abundances. Several unique OTUs were enriched in each of the treatment communities. These alterations in structure of root-associated communities suggest dynamic interactions in the host plant microbiome, some of which may influence the well-documented positive synergistic impact of rhizobial biofertilizer inoculation plus low doses of urea-N fertilizer on growth promotion of rice, considered as one of the world's most important food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat N Jha
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Abu-Bakr Gomaa
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youssef G Yanni
- Department of Microbiology, Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | | | - Tiffany M Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Swift Biosciences, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Swift Biosciences, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan Gantner
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Medicine, Economics and Health, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benli Chai
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Swift Biosciences, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Cole
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Syed A Hashsham
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Frank B Dazzo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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17
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Stanisavljević N, Soković Bajić S, Jovanović Ž, Matić I, Tolinački M, Popović D, Popović N, Terzić-Vidojević A, Golić N, Beškoski V, Samardžić J. Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Allium ursinum and Their Associated Microbiota During Simulated in vitro Digestion in the Presence of Food Matrix. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:601616. [PMID: 33335521 PMCID: PMC7736176 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.601616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, the comprehensive analysis of antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of ramson, followed by the analysis of its associated microbiota and health-promoting effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), was performed. Ramson (Allium ursinum) is recognized as a medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. In this study the influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the cytotoxic activity of A. ursinum extracts against human malignant cell lines was demonstrated. Seven sulfur compounds, the degradation products of thiosulfinates, including diallyl disulfide were shown to inhibit proliferation of malignant cells by inducing accumulation within G2/M phase as well as to induce apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 and mitochondrial signaling pathway. Further, the A. ursinum microbiota, particularly LAB with potential probiotic effects, was analyzed by culture-dependent method and culture-independent method [denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)]. The obtained results revealed that the most abundant genera were Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. The Lactobacillus genus was mainly represented by L. fermentum. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed the presence of two PFGE pulsotypes. The probiotic potential of the strain L. fermentum BGSR163 belonging to PFGE pulsotype 1 and the strain L. fermentum BGSR227 belonging to the PFGE pulsotype 2 was characterized. The results revealed that both strains are safe for human use, successfully survive the simulated gastrointestinal conditions, have potential to transiently colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and have a protective immunomodulatory effect, inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokine IL17 and regulatory cytokine IL10, while decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that consumption of A. ursinum might have health-promoting properties, including anticancer effects, while L. fermentum strains isolated from A. ursinum leaves could be used as probiotics for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Stanisavljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nemanja Stanisavljević,
| | - Svetlana Soković Bajić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Živko Jovanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinački
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušanka Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amarela Terzić-Vidojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Samardžić
- Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Weitekamp CA, Phelps D, Swank A, McCord J, Sobus JR, Catron T, Keely S, Brinkman N, Zurlinden T, Wheaton E, Strynar M, McQueen C, Wood CE, Tal T. Triclosan-Selected Host-Associated Microbiota Perform Xenobiotic Biotransformations in Larval Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:109-122. [PMID: 31504981 PMCID: PMC10461336 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota regulate important physiologic processes during early host development. They also biotransform xenobiotics and serve as key intermediaries for chemical exposure. Antimicrobial agents in the environment may disrupt these complex interactions and alter key metabolic functions provided by host-associated microbiota. To examine the role of microbiota in xenobiotic metabolism, we exposed zebrafish larvae to the antimicrobial agent triclosan. Conventionally colonized (CC), microbe-free axenic (AX), or axenic colonized on day 1 (AC1) zebrafish were exposed to 0.16-0.30 µM triclosan or vehicle on days 1, 6, 7, 8, and 9 days post fertilization (dpf). After 6 and 10 dpf, host-associated microbial community structure and putative function were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 10 dpf, triclosan exposure selected for bacterial taxa, including Rheinheimera. Triclosan-selected microbes were predicted to be enriched in pathways related to mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, sulfonation, oxidative stress, and drug metabolism. Furthermore, at 10 dpf, colonized zebrafish contained 2.5-3 times more triclosan relative to AX larvae. Nontargeted chemical analysis revealed that, relative to AX larvae, both cohorts of colonized larvae showed elevations in 23 chemical features, including parent triclosan and putative triclosan sulfate. Taken together, these data suggest that triclosan exposure selects for microbes that harbor the capacity to biotransform triclosan into chemical metabolites with unknown toxicity profiles. More broadly, these data support the concept that microbiota modify the toxicokinetics of xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Weitekamp
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Adam Swank
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/RCU, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - James McCord
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Tara Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Scott Keely
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/SED, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220
| | | | - Todd Zurlinden
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NCCT, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | | | - Mark Strynar
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Charlene McQueen
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Charles E. Wood
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Tamara Tal
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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19
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The influence of Echinacea purpurea leaf microbiota on chicoric acid level. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10897. [PMID: 31350520 PMCID: PMC6659708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The controversial anti-proliferative effects of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Asteraceae) might be related to different plant metabolites contained in plant samples, extracts and products. The influence of bacterial endophytes on the synthesis of bioactive compounds in the medicinal plants has been previously demonstrated but there are only few studies addressing anticancer effects and mechanisms of E. purpurea extracts following endophytic colonization. The present study aimed to test and compare the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibition potential of n-hexane and methanol extracts from in vitro endophyte non-inoculated and inoculated E. purpurea plants. An in vitro model was previously set up to perform the infection of axenic E. purpurea plants with bacterial endophytic strains isolated from E. purpurea aerial part. Only methanol extracts showed LDH5 inhibition, in particular the richest in chicoric acid and most strongly inhibiting extract was obtained from inoculated stem and leaves of E. purpurea (IC50 = 0.9 mg/ml). Chicoric acid showed an IC50 value (66.7 µM) in enzymatic assays better than that of the reference compound galloflavin. Modeling studies were carried out to suggest the putative interaction mode of chicoric acid in the enzyme active site. This in vitro model on plant-bacterial interaction may lead to obtain extracts from plants enriched in bioactive compounds and it is a new approach for the discovery of novel anticancer compounds.
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20
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Maggini V, Mengoni A, Gallo ER, Biffi S, Fani R, Firenzuoli F, Bogani P. Tissue specificity and differential effects on in vitro plant growth of single bacterial endophytes isolated from the roots, leaves and rhizospheric soil of Echinacea purpurea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:284. [PMID: 31253081 PMCID: PMC6598257 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinacea-endophyte interaction might affect plant secondary metabolites content and influence bacterial colonization specificity and plant growth, but the underlying mechanisms need deepening. An in vitro model, in which E. purpurea axenic plants as host species and E. angustifolia and Nicotiana tabacum as non-host species inoculated with single endophytes isolated from stem/leaf, root and rhizospheric soil, were used to investigate bacterial colonization. RESULTS Colonization analysis showed that bacteria tended to reach tissues from which they were originally isolated (tissue-specificity) in host plants but not in non-host ones (species-specificity). Primary root elongation inhibition as well as the promotion of the growth of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia plants were observed and related to endophyte-produced indole-3-Acetic Acid. Bacteria-secreted substances affected plant physiology probably interacting with plant regulators. Plant metabolites played an important role in controlling the endophyte growth. CONCLUSIONS The proposed in vitro infection model could be, generally used to identify novel bioactive compounds and/or to select specific endophytes contributing to the host metabolism properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Genetics, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine - CERFIT Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Genetics, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Eugenia Rosaria Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine - CERFIT Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Genetics, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine - CERFIT Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Genetics, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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21
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Chiellini C, Lombardo K, Mocali S, Miceli E, Fani R. Pseudomonas strains isolated from different environmental niches exhibit different antagonistic ability. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1621391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiellini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), 50019, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Katia Lombardo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), 50019, Italy
| | - Stefano Mocali
- Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria ― Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), Cascine del Riccio (Firenze), 50125, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), 50019, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), 50019, Italy
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22
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Maggini V, Miceli E, Fagorzi C, Maida I, Fondi M, Perrin E, Mengoni A, Bogani P, Chiellini C, Mocali S, Fabiani A, Decorosi F, Giovannetti L, Firenzuoli F, Fani R. Antagonism and antibiotic resistance drive a species-specific plant microbiota differentiation in Echinacea spp. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5037916. [PMID: 29912319 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor in the study of plant-microbes interactions is the composition of plant microbiota, but little is known about the factors determining its functional and taxonomic organization. Here we investigated the possible forces driving the assemblage of bacterial endophytic and rhizospheric communities, isolated from two congeneric medicinal plants, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea angustifolia (DC) Heller, grown in the same soil, by analysing bacterial strains (isolated from three different compartments, i.e. rhizospheric soil, roots and stem/leaves) for phenotypic features such as antibiotic resistance, extracellular enzymatic activity, siderophore and indole 3-acetic acid production, as well as cross-antagonistic activities. Data obtained highlighted that bacteria from different plant compartments were characterized by specific antibiotic resistance phenotypes and antibiotic production, suggesting that the bacterial communities themselves could be responsible for structuring their own communities by the production of antimicrobial molecules selecting bacterial-adaptive phenotypes for plant tissue colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.,Center for Integrative Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Isabel Maida
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Elena Perrin
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Carolina Chiellini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Mocali
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio (Florence), Italy
| | - Arturo Fabiani
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesca Decorosi
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luciana Giovannetti
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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23
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Chiellini C, Pasqualetti C, Lanzoni O, Fagorzi C, Bazzocchi C, Fani R, Petroni G, Modeo L. Harmful Effect of Rheinheimera sp. EpRS3 ( Gammaproteobacteria) Against the Protist Euplotes aediculatus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea): Insights Into the Ecological Role of Antimicrobial Compounds From Environmental Bacterial Strains. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 31001206 PMCID: PMC6457097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheinheimera sp. strain EpRS3, isolated from the rhizosphere of Echinacea purpurea, is already known for its ability to produce antibacterial compounds. By use of culture experiments, we verified and demonstrated its harmful effect against the ciliated protist Euplotes aediculatus (strain EASCc1), which by FISH experiments resulted to harbor in its cytoplasm the obligate bacterial endosymbiont Polynucleobacter necessarius (Betaproteobacteria) and the secondary endosymbiont "Candidatus Nebulobacter yamunensis" (Gammaproteobacteria). In culture experiments, the number of ciliates treated both with liquid broth bacteria-free (Supernatant treatment) and bacteria plus medium (Tq treatment), decreases with respect to control cells, with complete disappearance of ciliates within 6 h after Tq treatment. Results suggest that Rheinheimera sp. EpRS3 produces and releases in liquid culture one or more bioactive molecules affecting E. aediculatus survival. TEM analysis of control (not treated) ciliates allowed to morphologically characterize both kind of E. aediculatus endosymbionts. In treated ciliates, collected soon after the arising of cell suffering leading to death, TEM observations revealed some ultrastructural damages, indicating that P. necessarius endosymbionts went into degradation and vacuolization after both Supernatant and Tq treatments. Additionally, TEM investigation showed that when the ciliate culture was inoculated with Tq treatment, both a notable decrease of P. necessarius number and an increase of damaged and degraded mitochondria occur. FISH experiments performed on treated ciliates confirmed TEM results and, by means of the specific probe herein designed, disclosed the presence of Rheinheimera sp. EpRS3 both inside phagosomes and free in cytoplasm in ciliates after Tq treatment. This finding suggests a putative ability of Rheinheimera sp. EpRS3 to reintroduce itself in the environment avoiding ciliate digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Modeo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Gallo G, Presta L, Perrin E, Gallo M, Marchetto D, Puglia AM, Fani R, Baldi F. Genomic traits of Klebsiella oxytoca DSM 29614, an uncommon metal-nanoparticle producer strain isolated from acid mine drainages. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:198. [PMID: 30482178 PMCID: PMC6258164 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella oxytoca DSM 29614 - isolated from acid mine drainages - grows anaerobically using Fe(III)-citrate as sole carbon and energy source, unlike other enterobacteria and K. oxytoca clinical isolates. The DSM 29614 strain is multi metal resistant and produces metal nanoparticles that are embedded in its very peculiar capsular exopolysaccharide. These metal nanoparticles were effective as antimicrobial and anticancer compounds, chemical catalysts and nano-fertilizers. Results The DSM 29614 strain genome was sequenced and analysed by a combination of in silico procedures. Comparative genomics, performed between 85 K. oxytoca representatives and K. oxytoca DSM 29614, revealed that this bacterial group has an open pangenome, characterized by a very small core genome (1009 genes, about 2%), a high fraction of unique (43,808 genes, about 87%) and accessory genes (5559 genes, about 11%). Proteins belonging to COG categories “Carbohydrate transport and metabolism” (G), “Amino acid transport and metabolism” (E), “Coenzyme transport and metabolism” (H), “Inorganic ion transport and metabolism” (P), and “membrane biogenesis-related proteins” (M) are particularly abundant in the predicted proteome of DSM 29614 strain. The results of a protein functional enrichment analysis - based on a previous proteomic analysis – revealed metabolic optimization during Fe(III)-citrate anaerobic utilization. In this growth condition, the observed high levels of Fe(II) may be due to different flavin metal reductases and siderophores as inferred form genome analysis. The presence of genes responsible for the synthesis of exopolysaccharide and for the tolerance to heavy metals was highlighted too. The inferred genomic insights were confirmed by a set of phenotypic tests showing specific metabolic capability in terms of i) Fe2+ and exopolysaccharide production and ii) phosphatase activity involved in precipitation of metal ion-phosphate salts. Conclusion The K. oxytoca DSM 29614 unique capabilities of using Fe(III)-citrate as sole carbon and energy source in anaerobiosis and tolerating diverse metals coincides with the presence at the genomic level of specific genes that can support i) energy metabolism optimization, ii) cell protection by the biosynthesis of a peculiar exopolysaccharide armour entrapping metal ions and iii) general and metal-specific detoxifying activities by different proteins and metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1330-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luana Presta
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Perrin
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, University Cà Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Davide Marchetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, University Cà Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Baldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, University Cà Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Venezia, Italy
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