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Sima CM, Buzilă ER, Trofin F, Păduraru D, Luncă C, Duhaniuc A, Dorneanu OS, Nastase EV. Emerging Strategies against Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7447-7472. [PMID: 39057083 PMCID: PMC11275306 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Even with the intensive efforts by public health programs to control and prevent it, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection remains an important public health challenge. It is responsible for approximately 150 million illnesses and 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. NTS infection poses significant risks with high rates of morbidity and mortality, leading to potential short- and long-term complications. There is growing concern among health authorities about the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, with multidrug resistance totaling 22.6% in Europe, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NTS infection. We outline the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NTS infection, as well as the events leading to invasive NTS infection and the subsequent complications associated with it. Given the widespread implications of antimicrobial resistance, our review also presents the global landscape of resistance, including multidrug resistance, and delve into the underlying mechanisms driving this resistance. The rising rates of antibiotic resistance frequently lead to treatment failures, emphasizing the importance of investigating alternative therapeutic options. Therefore, in this review we also explore potential alternative therapies that could offer promising approaches to treating NTS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mihaela Sima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Roxana Buzilă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Diana Păduraru
- “Dr. C.I. Parhon” Clinical Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cătălina Luncă
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Duhaniuc
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.S.); (E.R.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.); (A.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Infectious Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Gao X, Han J, Zhu L, Nychas GJE, Mao Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Dong P. The Effect of the PhoP/PhoQ System on the Regulation of Multi-Stress Adaptation Induced by Acid Stress in Salmonella Typhimurium. Foods 2024; 13:1533. [PMID: 38790833 PMCID: PMC11121531 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acidic stress in beef cattle slaughtering abattoirs can induce the acid adaptation response of in-plant contaminated Salmonella. This may further lead to multiple resistance responses threatening public health. Therefore, the acid, heat, osmotic and antibiotic resistances of Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) were evaluated after a 90 min adaption in a pH = 5.4 "mild acid" Luria-Bertani medium. Differences in such resistances were also determined between the ∆phoP mutant and wild-type Salmonella strains to confirm the contribution of the PhoP/PhoQ system. The transcriptomic differences between the acid-adapted and ∆phoP strain were compared to explore the role of the PhoP/Q two-component system in regulating multi-stress resistance. Acid adaptation was found to increase the viability of Salmonella to lethal acid, heat and hyperosmotic treatments. In particular, acid adaptation significantly increased the resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Polymyxin B, and such resistance can last for 21 days when the adapted strain was stored in meat extract medium at 4 °C. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 178 up-regulated and 274 down-regulated genes in the ∆phoP strain. The Salmonella infection, cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, quorum sensing and two-component system pathways were down-regulated, while the bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways were up-regulated. Transcriptomics and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that the deletion of the phoP gene resulted in the down-regulation of the expression of genes related to lipid A modification and efflux pumps. These changes in the gene expression result in the change in net negative charge and the mobility of the cell membrane, resulting in enhanced CAMP resistance. The confirmation of multiple stress resistance under acid adaptation and the transcriptomic study in the current study may provide valuable information for the control of multiple stress resistance and meat safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jina Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, China;
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Yanwei Mao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yunge Liu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xueqing Jiang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
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Pereira GDN, Seribelli AA, Campioni F, Gomes CN, Tiba-Casas MR, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, Falcão JP. High levels of multidrug-resistant isolates of genetically similar Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:I:- from Brazil between 1983 and 2020. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38375878 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains with different antimicrobial resistance profiles have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks in several countries. In Brazil, S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- was identified as one of the most prevalent serovars in São Paulo State during 2004-2020.Gap Statement. However, few studies have characterized this serovar in Brazil.Aim. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated from different sources in Southeast Brazil and compare their genetic diversity.Methodology. We analysed 113 S. 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains isolated from humans (n=99), animals (n=7), food (n=5) and the environment (n=2) between 1983 and 2020. Susceptibility testing against 13 antimicrobials was performed using the disc diffusion method for all the strains. Plasmid resistance genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions were identified in phenotypically fluoroquinolone-resistant strains. Molecular typing was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) for all strains and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for 40 selected strains.Results. Of the 113 strains, 54.87 % were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The highest resistance rates were observed against ampicillin (51.33 %), nalidixic acid (39.82 %) and tetracycline (38.05 %). Additionally, 39 (34.51 %) strains were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Nine fluoroquinolone-resistant strains exhibited the gyrA mutation (Ser96→Tyr96) and contained the qnrB gene. The 113 strains were grouped into two clusters using ERIC-PCR, and most of strains were present in one cluster, with a genetic similarity of ≥80 %. Finally, 40 strains were typed as ST19 using MLST.Conclusion. The prevalence of MDR strains is alarming because antimicrobial treatment against these strains may lead to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, the ERIC-PCR and MLST results suggested that most strains belonged to one main cluster. Thus, a prevalent subtype of Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:i:- strains has probably been circulating among different sources in São Paulo, Brazil, over decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana do Nascimento Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas (DACTB), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas (DACTB), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Campioni
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas (DACTB), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Departamento de Física e Ciência Interdisciplinar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nogueira Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas (DACTB), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas (DACTB), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Akshay SD, Deekshit VK, Mohan Raj J, Maiti B. Outer Membrane Proteins and Efflux Pumps Mediated Multi-Drug Resistance in Salmonella: Rising Threat to Antimicrobial Therapy. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2072-2092. [PMID: 37910638 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite colossal achievements in antibiotic therapy in recent decades, drug-resistant pathogens have remained a leading cause of death and economic loss globally. One such WHO-critical group pathogen is Salmonella. The extensive and inappropriate treatments for Salmonella infections have led from multi-drug resistance (MDR) to extensive drug resistance (XDR). The synergy between efflux-mediated systems and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may favor MDR in Salmonella. Differential expression of the efflux system and OMPs (influx) and positional mutations are the factors that can be correlated to the development of drug resistance. Insights into the mechanism of influx and efflux of antibiotics can aid in developing a structurally stable molecule that can be proficient at escaping from the resistance loops in Salmonella. Understanding the strategic responsibilities and developing policies to address the surge of drug resistance at the national, regional, and global levels are the needs of the hour. In this Review, we attempt to aggregate all the available research findings and delineate the resistance mechanisms by dissecting the involvement of OMPs and efflux systems. Integrating major OMPs and the efflux system's differential expression and positional mutation in Salmonella may provide insight into developing strategic therapies for one health application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Dangari Akshay
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Juliet Mohan Raj
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
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5
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Kharga K, Dhar I, Kashyap S, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Kumar L. Zingerone inhibits biofilm formation and enhances antibiotic efficacy against Salmonella biofilm. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:268. [PMID: 37528258 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a significant cause of typhoid fever and a major public health problem. The ability of S. Typhi to form biofilms on living and non-living surfaces results in antibiotic resistance and poses a major challenge in health care. In this study, we assessed the ability of zingerone alone and in combination with antibiotics against the motility phenotypes and biofilm-forming ability of S. Typhi. Results showed that zingerone effectively reduced the swimming, swarming, and twitching phenotypes and exhibited biofilm inhibition potential. Moreover, zingerone enhanced the antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin and kanamycin. Microscopic analysis revealed a thinner biofilm in the presence of zingerone, which may have enhanced the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. The microscopic analysis showed that the presence of zingerone resulted in a reduction in the thickness of the biofilm, potentially increasing the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. In silico molecular docking and simulation studies further indicated that zingerone may bind to the fimbriae subunits (FimA, FimC, FimH, and FimY) of S. Typhi and form stable interactions. These findings provide important insights into the potential of zingerone to target biofilm-associated Salmonella infections. Further research is considered a promising option for designing innovative approaches to prevent infections associated with biofilms. Schematic representation of the role of zingerone in biofilm, motility inhibition and molecular interactions with biofilm associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Irra Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Shashank Kashyap
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sounok Sengupta
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Kumawat M, Nabi B, Sharma P, Pal N, Sarma DK, Shubham S, Tiwari RR, Singh S, Kumar M. Assessment of multidrug-resistant profile, multi-locus sequence typing and efflux pump activity in Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from hospital sewage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:162. [PMID: 37067651 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is becoming a leading cause of gastroenteritis and mortality. The use of antibiotics has increased natural resistance of S. Typhimurium to antibiotics. This study aims to isolate and characterize multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains from hospital sewage samples in Bhopal City, central India. The MDR isolates were characterized by molecular identification, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multi-locus sequence typing, and efflux pump activity. Specific genes (hilA, stn, invA, typh, and iroB) were used to confirm S. Typhimurium isolates. The Kirbey-Bauer method was employed to profile antimicrobial resistance using 20 antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing confirmed S. Typhimurium using seven housekeeping genes (aroC, dnaN, hemD, hisD, purE, sucA, and thr). Out of five strains, only four were confirmed as S. Typhimurium during MLST analysis. Efflux pump activity was determined using the ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel test. Of the 160 isolates, 38 were presumptively confirmed as S. Typhimurium based on biochemical characterization, and only five MDR Salmonella strains were selected for their resistance against most antibiotics. Efflux pump activity revealed that five out of the four MDR isolates did not retain EtBr inside the cells, indicating pronounced efflux activity. Additionally, the isolated strains showed a specific correlation between the antimicrobial phenotypes and genotypes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the characterization of S. Typhimurium serotype in Bhopal City. Future studies should focus on understanding changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, pathogenicity, and the genetic background of Salmonella serotypes. Further surveillance activities for antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in different environmental sources should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bilkees Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swasti Shubham
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samradhi Singh
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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