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Conde SV, Martins FO, Sacramento JF. Carotid body interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 255:103207. [PMID: 39121687 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Interoception entails perceiving or being aware of the internal state of the body, playing a pivotal role in regulating processes such as heartbeat, digestion, glucose metabolism, and respiration. The carotid body (CB) serves as an interoceptive organ, transmitting information to the brain via its sensitive nerve, the carotid sinus nerve, to maintain homeostasis. While traditionally known for sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels, the CB is now recognized to possess additional interoceptive properties, detecting various mediators involved in blood pressure regulation, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis, among other physiological functions. Furthermore, in the last decades CB dysfunction has been linked to diseases like sleep apnea, essential hypertension, and diabetes. In this review manuscript, we make a concise overview of the traditional interoceptive functions of the CB, acting as a sensor for oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and pH, and introduce the novel interoceptive properties of the CB related to vascular, glucose and energy regulation. Additionally, we revise the contribution of the CB to the onset and progression of metabolic diseases, delving into the potential dysfunction of its interoceptive metabolic functions as a contributing factor to pathophysiology. Finally, we postulate the use of therapeutic interventions targeting the metabolic interoceptive properties of the CB as a potential avenue for addressing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Conde
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fatima O Martins
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Sacramento
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Lataro RM, Brognara F, Iturriaga R, Paton JFR. Inflammation of some visceral sensory systems and autonomic dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 251:103137. [PMID: 38104365 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The sensitization and hypertonicity of visceral afferents are highly relevant to the development and progression of cardiovascular and respiratory disease states. In this review, we described the evidence that the inflammatory process regulates visceral afferent sensitivity and tonicity, affecting the control of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Some inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and arginine vasopressin may inhibit baroreceptor afferents and contribute to the baroreflex impairment observed in cardiovascular diseases. Cytokines may act directly on peripheral afferent terminals that transmit information to the central nervous system (CNS). TLR-4 receptors, which recognize lipopolysaccharide, were identified in the nodose and petrosal ganglion and have been implicated in disrupting the blood-brain barrier, which can potentiate the inflammatory process. For example, cytokines may cross the blood-brain barrier to access the CNS. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and some of their receptors have been identified in the nodose ganglion and carotid body. These pro-inflammatory cytokines also sensitize the dorsal root ganglion or are released in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In cardiovascular disease, pro-inflammatory mediators increase in the brain, heart, vessels, and plasma and may act locally or systemically to activate/sensitize afferent nervous terminals. Recent evidence demonstrated that the carotid body chemoreceptor cells might sense systemic pro-inflammatory molecules, supporting the novel proposal that the carotid body is part of the afferent pathway in the central anti-inflammatory reflexes. The exact mechanisms of how pro-inflammatory mediators affects visceral afferent signals and contribute to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases awaits future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lataro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - F Brognara
- Department of Nursing, General and Specialized, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Iturriaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina en Altura - FIMEDALT, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - J F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Mota CMD, Madden CJ. Neural control of the spleen as an effector of immune responses to inflammation: mechanisms and treatments. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R375-R384. [PMID: 35993560 PMCID: PMC9485006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune system responses are a vital defense mechanism against pathogens. Inflammatory mediators finely regulate complex inflammatory responses from initiation to resolution. However, in certain conditions, the inflammation is initiated and amplified, but not resolved. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the regulation of the immune response is critical for developing therapeutic alternatives, including pharmaceuticals and bioelectronic tools. The spleen is an important immune effector organ since it orchestrates innate and adaptive immune responses such as pathogen clearance, cytokine production, and differentiation of cells, therefore playing a modulatory role that balances pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. However, modulation of splenic immune activity is a largely unexplored potential therapeutic tool that could be used for the treatment of inflammatory and life-threatening conditions. This review discusses some of the mechanisms controlling neuroimmune communication and the brain-spleen axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M D Mota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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4
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Katayama PL, Leirão IP, Kanashiro A, Luiz JPM, Cunha FQ, Navegantes LCC, Menani JV, Zoccal DB, Colombari DSA, Colombari E. The carotid body detects circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha to activate a sympathetic anti-inflammatory reflex. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:370-386. [PMID: 35339628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that the carotid bodies might act as immunological sensors, detecting pro-inflammatory mediators and signalling to the central nervous system, which, in turn, orchestrates autonomic responses. Here, we confirmed that the TNF-α receptor type I is expressed in the carotid bodies of rats. The systemic administration of TNF-α increased carotid body afferent discharge and activated glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), where many pre-sympathetic neurons reside. The activation of these neurons was accompanied by an increase in splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity. Carotid body ablation blunted the TNF-α-induced activation of RVLM-projecting NTS neurons and the increase in splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity. Finally, plasma and spleen levels of cytokines after TNF-α administration were higher in rats subjected to either carotid body ablation or splanchnic sympathetic denervation. Collectively, our findings indicate that the carotid body detects circulating TNF-α to activate a counteracting sympathetic anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Katayama
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabela P Leirão
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João P M Luiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz C C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a bilateral arterial chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery bifurcation with an essential role in cardiorespiratory homeostasis. It is composed of highly perfused cell clusters, or glomeruli, innervated by sensory fibers. Glomus cells, the most abundant in each glomerulus, are neuron-like multimodal sensory elements able to detect and integrate changes in several physical and chemical parameters of the blood, in particular O2 tension, CO2 and pH, as well as glucose, lactate, or blood flow. Activation of glomus cells (e.g., during hypoxia or hypercapnia) stimulates the afferent fibers which impinge on brainstem neurons to elicit rapid compensatory responses (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation). This chapter presents an updated view of the structural organization of the CB and the mechanisms underlying the chemosensory responses of glomus cells, with special emphasis on the molecular processes responsible for acute O2 sensing. The properties of the glomus cell-sensory fiber synapse as well as the organization of CB output are discussed. The chapter includes the description of recently discovered CB stem cells and progenitor cells, and their role in CB growth during acclimatization to hypoxemia. Finally, the participation of the CB in the mechanisms of disease is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Iturriaga R, Del Rio R, Alcayaga J. Carotid Body Inflammation: Role in Hypoxia and in the Anti-inflammatory Reflex. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 37:128-140. [PMID: 34866399 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00031.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent evidence indicates that the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors may sense systemic inflammatory molecules, and is an afferent-arm of the anti-inflammatory reflex. Moreover, a pro-inflammatory milieu within the CB is involved in the enhanced CB chemosensory responsiveness to oxygen following sustained and intermittent hypoxia. In this review, we focus on the physio-pathological participation of CBs in inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis and intermittent hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia. Departamento de Fisiologia. Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago-1, Región, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Dias ML, O'Connor KM, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. Targeting the Toll-like receptor pathway as a therapeutic strategy for neonatal infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R879-R902. [PMID: 34612068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial transmembrane receptors that form part of the innate immune response. They play a role in the recognition of various microorganisms and their elimination from the host. TLRs have been proposed as vital immunomodulators in the regulation of multiple neonatal stressors that extend beyond infection such as oxidative stress and pain. The immune system is immature at birth and takes some time to become fully established. As such, babies are especially vulnerable to sepsis at this early stage of life. Findings suggest a gestational age-dependent increase in TLR expression. TLRs engage with accessory and adaptor proteins to facilitate recognition of pathogens and their activation of the receptor. TLRs are generally upregulated during infection and promote the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies report that TLRs are epigenetically modulated by chromatin changes and promoter methylation upon bacterial infection that have long-term influences on immune responses. TLR activation is reported to modulate cardiorespiratory responses during infection and may play a key role in driving homeostatic instability observed during sepsis. Although complex, TLR signaling and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neonatal diseases. By reviewing the expression and function of key Toll-like receptors, we aim to provide an important framework to understand the functional role of these receptors in response to stress and infection in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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8
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Falvey A, Metz CN, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Peripheral nerve stimulation and immunity: the expanding opportunities for providing mechanistic insight and therapeutic intervention. Int Immunol 2021; 34:107-118. [PMID: 34498051 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical research advances our understanding of the vagus nerve-mediated regulation of immunity and clinical trials successfully utilize electrical vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of patients with inflammatory disorders. This symbiotic relationship between pre-clinical and clinical research exploring the vagus nerve-based 'inflammatory reflex' has substantially contributed to establishing the field of bioelectronic medicine. Recent studies identify a crosstalk between the vagus nerve and other neural circuitries in controlling inflammation and delineate new neural immunoregulatory pathways. Here we outline current mechanistic insights into the role of vagal and non-vagal neural pathways in neuro-immune communication and inflammatory regulation. We also provide a timely overview of expanding opportunities for bioelectronic neuromodulation in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Falvey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States
| | - Christine N Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
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9
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Brognara F, Castania JA, Kanashiro A, Dias DPM, Salgado HC. Physiological Sympathetic Activation Reduces Systemic Inflammation: Role of Baroreflex and Chemoreflex. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637845. [PMID: 33995355 PMCID: PMC8117744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baroreflex and chemoreflex act through the autonomic nervous system, which is involved with the neural regulation of inflammation. The present study reports the effects of reflex physiological sympathetic activation in endotoxemic rats using bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO), a physiological approach involving the baroreflex and chemoreflex mechanisms and the influence of the baroreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular and systemic inflammatory responses. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, the arterial pressure was recorded during 360 min in unanesthetized rats, and serial blood samples were collected to analyze the plasma cytokine levels. BCO elicited the reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system, providing the following outcomes: (I) increased the power of the low-frequency band in the spectrum of the systolic arterial pressure during the BCO period; (II) reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the interleukin (IL)-1β; (III) increased the plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, 90 min after LPS administration. Moreover, selective baroreceptor or chemoreceptor denervation deactivated mechanosensitive and chemical sensors, respectively, and decreased the release of the LPS-induced cytokine but did not alter the BCO modulatory effects. These results show, for the first time, that physiological reflex activation of the sympathetic circuit decreases the inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats and suggest a novel function for the baroreceptors as immunosensors during the systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaci Airton Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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10
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Conde SV, Sacramento JF, Martins FO. Immunity and the carotid body: implications for metabolic diseases. Bioelectron Med 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 33353562 PMCID: PMC7756955 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-020-00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune communication has gained enormous interest in recent years due to increasing knowledge of the way in which the brain coordinates functional alterations in inflammatory and autoimmune responses, and the mechanisms of neuron-immune cell interactions in the context of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we will explain how this relationship between the nervous and immune system impacts the pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways with specific reference to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and the vagal reflex and will explore the possible involvement of the carotid body (CB) in the neural control of inflammation. We will also highlight the mechanisms of vagal anti-inflammatory reflex control of immunity and metabolism, and the consequences of functional disarrangement of this reflex in settlement and development of metabolic diseases, with special attention to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the role of CB in the interplay between metabolism and immune responses will be discussed, with specific reference to the different stimuli that promote CB activation and the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic in this context. In doing so, we clarify the multivarious neuronal reflexes that coordinate tissue-specific responses (gut, pancreas, adipose tissue and liver) critical to metabolic control, and metabolic disease settlement and development. In the final section, we will summarize how electrical modulation of the carotid sinus nerve may be utilized to adjust these reflex responses and thus control inflammation and metabolic diseases, envisioning new therapeutics horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Conde
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-274, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana F Sacramento
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-274, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fatima O Martins
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-274, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Jendzjowsky NG, Roy A, Iftinca M, Barioni NO, Kelly MM, Herrington BA, Visser F, Altier C, Wilson RJA. PKCε stimulation of TRPV1 orchestrates carotid body responses to asthmakines. J Physiol 2020; 599:1335-1354. [PMID: 33180962 PMCID: PMC7898719 DOI: 10.1113/jp280749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points We have previously shown that carotid body stimulation by lysophosphatidic acid elicits a reflex stimulation of vagal efferent activity sufficient to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic rats. Here, we show that pathophysiological concentrations of asthma‐associated prototypical Th2 cytokines also stimulate the carotid bodies. Stimulation of the carotid bodies by these asthmakines involves a PKCε–transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) signalling mechanism likely dependent on TRPV1 S502 and T704 phosphorylation sites. As the carotid bodies’ oxygen sensitivity is independent of PKCε–TRPV1 signalling, systemic blockade of PKCε may provide a novel therapeutic target to reduce allergen‐induced asthmatic bronchoconstriction. Consistent with the therapeutic potential of blocking the PKCε–TRPV1 pathway, systemic delivery of a PKCε‐blocking peptide suppresses asthmatic respiratory distress in response to allergen and reduces airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin.
Abstract The autonomic nervous system orchestrates organ‐specific, systemic and behavioural responses to inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated a vital role for lysophosphatidic acid in stimulating the primary autonomic oxygen chemoreceptors, the carotid bodies, in parasympathetic‐mediated asthmatic airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the cacophony of stimulatory factors and cellular mechanisms of carotid body activation are unknown. Therefore, we set out to determine the intracellular signalling involved in carotid body‐mediated sensing of asthmatic blood‐borne inflammatory mediators. We employed a range of in vitro and rat in situ preparations, site‐directed mutagenesis, patch‐clamp, nerve recordings and pharmacological inhibition to assess cellular signalling. We show that the carotid bodies are also sensitive to asthma‐associated prototypical Th2 cytokines which elicit sensory nerve excitation. This provides additional asthmatic ligands contributing to the previously established reflex arc resulting in efferent vagal activity and asthmatic bronchoconstriction. This novel sensing role for the carotid body is mediated by a PKCε‐dependent stimulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), likely via TRPV1 phosphorylation at sites T704 and S502. Importantly, carotid body oxygen sensing was unaffected by blocking either PKCε or TRPV1. Further, we demonstrate that systemic PKCε blockade reduces asthmatic respiratory distress in response to allergen and airway hyperresponsiveness. These discoveries support an inflammation‐dependent, oxygen‐independent function for the carotid body and suggest that targeting PKCε provides a novel therapeutic option to abate allergic airway disease without altering life‐saving autonomic hypoxic reflexes. We have previously shown that carotid body stimulation by lysophosphatidic acid elicits a reflex stimulation of vagal efferent activity sufficient to cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic rats. Here, we show that pathophysiological concentrations of asthma‐associated prototypical Th2 cytokines also stimulate the carotid bodies. Stimulation of the carotid bodies by these asthmakines involves a PKCε–transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) signalling mechanism likely dependent on TRPV1 S502 and T704 phosphorylation sites. As the carotid bodies’ oxygen sensitivity is independent of PKCε–TRPV1 signalling, systemic blockade of PKCε may provide a novel therapeutic target to reduce allergen‐induced asthmatic bronchoconstriction. Consistent with the therapeutic potential of blocking the PKCε–TRPV1 pathway, systemic delivery of a PKCε‐blocking peptide suppresses asthmatic respiratory distress in response to allergen and reduces airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Jendzjowsky
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Arijit Roy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole O Barioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittney A Herrington
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Visser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Falvey A, Duprat F, Simon T, Hugues-Ascery S, Conde SV, Glaichenhaus N, Blancou P. Electrostimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in mice attenuates inflammation via glucocorticoid receptor on myeloid immune cells. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:368. [PMID: 33267881 PMCID: PMC7709223 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carotid bodies and baroreceptors are sensors capable of detecting various physiological parameters that signal to the brain via the afferent carotid sinus nerve for physiological adjustment by efferent pathways. Because receptors for inflammatory mediators are expressed by these sensors, we and others have hypothesised they could detect changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine blood levels and eventually trigger an anti-inflammatory reflex. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we surgically isolated the carotid sinus nerve and implanted an electrode, which could deliver an electrical stimulation package prior and following a lipopolysaccharide injection. Subsequently, 90 min later, blood was extracted, and cytokine levels were analysed. RESULTS Here, we found that carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor production in both anaesthetised and non-anaesthetised conscious mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation was so potent that it protected conscious mice from endotoxaemic shock-induced death. In contrast to the mechanisms underlying the well-described vagal anti-inflammatory reflex, this phenomenon does not depend on signalling through the autonomic nervous system. Rather, the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor production by carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation is abolished by surgical removal of the adrenal glands, by treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone or by genetic inactivation of the glucocorticoid gene in myeloid cells. Further, carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation increases the spontaneous discharge activity of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus leading to enhanced production of corticosterone. CONCLUSION Carotid sinus nerve electrostimulation attenuates inflammation and protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemic shock via increased corticosterone acting on the glucocorticoid receptor of myeloid immune cells. These results provide a rationale for the use of carotid sinus nerve electrostimulation as a therapeutic approach for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Falvey
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Fabrice Duprat
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Thomas Simon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Silvia V Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Philippe Blancou
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
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Stocco E, Barbon S, Tortorella C, Macchi V, De Caro R, Porzionato A. Growth Factors in the Carotid Body-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197267. [PMID: 33019660 PMCID: PMC7594035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body may undergo plasticity changes during development/ageing and in response to environmental (hypoxia and hyperoxia), metabolic, and inflammatory stimuli. The different cell types of the carotid body express a wide series of growth factors and corresponding receptors, which play a role in the modulation of carotid body function and plasticity. In particular, type I cells express nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, insulin-like-growth factor-I and -II, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and -β, interleukin-1β and -6, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelin-1. Many specific growth factor receptors have been identified in type I cells, indicating autocrine/paracrine effects. Type II cells may also produce growth factors and express corresponding receptors. Future research will have to consider growth factors in further experimental models of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases and in human (normal and pathologic) samples. From a methodological point of view, microarray and/or proteomic approaches would permit contemporary analyses of large groups of growth factors. The eventual identification of physical interactions between receptors of different growth factors and/or neuromodulators could also add insights regarding functional interactions between different trophic mechanisms.
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Exploring the Mediators that Promote Carotid Body Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Related Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155545. [PMID: 32756352 PMCID: PMC7432672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid bodies (CBs) are peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in blood O2, CO2, and pH levels. Apart from ventilatory control, these organs are deeply involved in the homeostatic regulation of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and inflammation. It has been described that CB dysfunction is involved in the genesis of metabolic diseases and that CB overactivation is present in animal models of metabolic disease and in prediabetes patients. Additionally, resection of the CB-sensitive nerve, the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), or CB ablation in animals prevents and reverses diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance as well as sympathoadrenal overactivity, meaning that the beneficial effects of decreasing CB activity on glucose homeostasis are modulated by target-related efferent sympathetic nerves, through a reflex initiated in the CBs. In agreement with our pre-clinical data, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, which reduces CB activity, improves glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes patients. Insulin, leptin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the CB. In this manuscript, we review in a concise manner the putative pathways linking CB chemoreceptor deregulation with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and discuss and present new data that highlight the roles of hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and chronic inflammation as major factors contributing to CB dysfunction in metabolic disorders.
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15
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Mkrtchian S, Kåhlin J, Gómez-Galán M, Ebberyd A, Yoshitake T, Schmidt S, Kehr J, Hildenborg M, Jonsson Fagerlund M, Erlandsson Harris H, Eriksson LI. The impact of damage-associated molecular patterns on the neurotransmitter release and gene expression in the ex vivo rat carotid body. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1634-1647. [PMID: 32652583 DOI: 10.1113/ep088705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are carotid bodies (CBs) modulated by the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and humoral factors of aseptic tissue injury? What are the main findings and their importance? DAMPs (HMGB1, S100 A8/A9) and blood plasma from rats subjected to tibia surgery, a model of aseptic injury, stimulate the release of neurotransmitters (ATP, dopamine) and TNF-α from ex vivo rat CBs. All-thiol HMGB1 mediates upregulation of immune-related biological pathways. These data suggest regulation of CB function by endogenous mediators of innate immunity. ABSTRACT The glomus cells of carotid bodies (CBs) are the primary sensors of arterial partial O2 and CO2 tensions and moreover serve as multimodal receptors responding also to other stimuli, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by acute infection. Modulation of CB function by excessive amounts of these immunomodulators is suggested to be associated with a detrimental hyperinflammatory state. We have hypothesized that yet another class of immunomodulators, endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released upon aseptic tissue injury and recognized by the same pathogen recognition receptors as PAMPs, might modulate the CB activity in a fashion similar to PAMPs. We have tested this hypothesis by exposing rat CBs to various DAMPs, such as HMGB1 (all-thiol and disulfide forms) and S100 A8/A9 in a series of ex vivo experiments that demonstrated the release of dopamine and ATP, neurotransmitters known to mediate CB homeostatic responses. We observed a similar response after incubating CBs with conditioned blood plasma obtained from the rats subjected to tibia surgery, a model of aseptic injury. In addition, we have investigated global gene expression in the rat CB using an RNA sequencing approach. Differential gene expression analysis showed all-thiol HMGB1-driven upregulation of a number of prominent pro-inflammatory markers including Il1α and Il1β. Interestingly, conditioned plasma had a more profound effect on the CB transcriptome resulting in inhibition rather than activation of the immune-related pathways. These data are the first to suggest potential modulation of CB function by endogenous mediators of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souren Mkrtchian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Kåhlin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Gómez-Galán
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anette Ebberyd
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pronexus Analytical AB, Bromma, Sweden
| | - Malin Hildenborg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Jonsson Fagerlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Erlandsson Harris
- Department of Medicine Solna, Section for Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Gauda EB, McLemore GL. Premature birth, homeostatic plasticity and respiratory consequences of inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 274:103337. [PMID: 31733340 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infants who are born premature can have persistent apnea beyond term gestation, reemergence of apnea associated with inflammation during infancy, increased risk of sudden unexplained death, and sleep disorder breathing during infancy and childhood. The autonomic nervous system, particularly the central neural networks that control breathing and peripheral and central chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors that modulate the activity of the central respiratory network, are rapidly developing during the last trimester (22-37 weeks gestation) of fetal life. With advances in neonatology, in well-resourced, developed countries, infants born as young as 23 weeks gestation can survive. Thus, a substantial part of maturation of central and peripheral systems that control breathing occurs ex-utero in infants born at the limit of viability. The balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences dictates the ultimate output from the central respiratory network. We propose in this review that simply being born early in the last trimester can trigger homeostatic plasticity within the respiratory network tipping the balance toward inhibition that persists in infancy. We discuss the intersection of premature birth, homeostatic plasticity and biological mechanisms leading to respiratory depression during inflammation in former premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle B Gauda
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Gabrielle L McLemore
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematics and Natural Sciences (SCMNS), Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, 21251, United States
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Santos-Almeida FM, Domingos-Souza G, Meschiari CA, Fávaro LC, Becari C, Castania JA, Lopes A, Cunha TM, Moraes DJA, Cunha FQ, Ulloa L, Kanashiro A, Tezini GCSV, Salgado HC. Carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation in conscious rats attenuates systemic inflammation via chemoreceptor activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6265. [PMID: 28740186 PMCID: PMC5524712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated a critical functional connection between the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous and the immune systems. The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) conveys electrical signals from the chemoreceptors of the carotid bifurcation to the central nervous system where the stimuli are processed to activate sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent signals. Here, we reported that chemoreflex activation via electrical CSN stimulation, in conscious rats, controls the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide attenuating the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). By contrast, the chemoreflex stimulation increases the plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). This chemoreflex anti-inflammatory network was abrogated by carotid chemoreceptor denervation and by pharmacological blockade of either sympathetic - propranolol - or parasympathetic - methylatropine – signals. The chemoreflex stimulation as well as the surgical and pharmacological procedures were confirmed by real-time recording of hemodynamic parameters [pulsatile arterial pressure (PAP) and heart rate (HR)]. These results reveal, in conscious animals, a novel mechanism of neuromodulation mediated by the carotid chemoreceptors and involving both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gean Domingos-Souza
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - César A Meschiari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Campos Fávaro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jaci A Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation. Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Geisa C S V Tezini
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
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Sallam MY, El-Gowilly SM, Abdel-Galil AGA, El-Mas MM. Cyclosporine counteracts endotoxemia-evoked reductions in blood pressure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction via central sGC/MAPKs signaling in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 797:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Modulation by Central MAPKs/PI3K/sGc of the TNF-α/iNOS-dependent Hypotension and Compromised Cardiac Autonomic Control in Endotoxic Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 68:171-81. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Master ZR, Porzionato A, Kesavan K, Mason A, Chavez-Valdez R, Shirahata M, Gauda EB. Lipopolysaccharide exposure during the early postnatal period adversely affects the structure and function of the developing rat carotid body. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:816-827. [PMID: 27418689 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01094.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) substantially influences breathing in premature infants by affecting the frequency of apnea and periodic breathing. In adult animals, inflammation alters the structure and chemosensitivity of the CB, yet it is not known if this pertains to neonates. We hypothesized that early postnatal inflammation leads to morphological and functional changes in the developing rat CB, which persists for 1 wk after the initial provoking insult. To test our hypothesis, we exposed rat pups at postnatal day 2 (P2) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg) or saline (SAL) intraperitoneally. At P9-10 (1 wk after treatment), LPS-exposed animals had significantly more spontaneous intermittent hypoxic (IH) events, attenuated ventilatory responses to changes in oxygen tension (measured by whole body plethysmography), and attenuated hypoxic chemosensitivity of the carotid sinus nerve (measured in vitro), compared with SAL-exposed controls. These functional changes were associated with the following: 1) increased inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels; 2) decreased volume of supportive type II cells; and 3) elevated dopamine levels (a major inhibitory neuromodulator) within the CB. These findings suggest that early postnatal inflammation in newborn rats adversely affects the structure and function of the CB and is associated with increased frequency of intermittent desaturations, similar to the phenomenon observed in premature infants. Furthermore, this is the first newborn model of spontaneous intermittent desaturations that may be used to understand the mechanisms contributing to IH events in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zankhana R Master
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and
| | - Kalpashri Kesavan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ariel Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Machiko Shirahata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Estelle B Gauda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Rodet F, Tasiemski A, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Van Camp C, Vuillaume C, Slomianny C, Salzet M. Hm-MyD88 and Hm-SARM: two key regulators of the neuroimmune system and neural repair in the medicinal leech. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9624. [PMID: 25880897 PMCID: PMC4399414 DOI: 10.1038/srep09624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, the CNS of the medicinal leech can regenerate damaged neurites, thus restoring neural functions after lesion. We previously demonstrated that the injured leech nerve cord is able to mount an immune response promoting the regenerative processes. Indeed neurons and microglia express sensing receptors like Hm-TLR1, a leech TLR ortholog, associated with chemokine release in response to a septic challenge or lesion. To gain insights into the TLR signaling pathways involved during these neuroimmune responses, members of the MyD88 family were investigated. In the present study, we report the characterization of Hm-MyD88 and Hm-SARM. The expression of their encoding gene was strongly regulated in leech CNS not only upon immune challenge but also during CNS repair, suggesting their involvement in both processes. This work also showed for the first time that differentiated neurons of the CNS could respond to LPS through a MyD88-dependent signalling pathway, while in mammals, studies describing the direct effect of LPS on neurons and the outcomes of such treatment are scarce and controversial. In the present study, we established that this PAMP induced the relocalization of Hm-MyD88 in isolated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodet
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - A Tasiemski
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - C Boidin-Wichlacz
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - C Van Camp
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - C Vuillaume
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
| | - C Slomianny
- Inserm U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - M Salzet
- Inserm U-1192, Laboratoire de Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
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Expressions of angiotensin and cytokine receptors in the paracrine signaling of the carotid body in hypoxia and sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 209:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kåhlin J, Mkrtchian S, Ebberyd A, Eriksson LI, Fagerlund MJ. The Human Carotid Body Gene Expression and Function in Signaling of Hypoxia and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 860:371-7. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Fernández R, Cortés P, Del Rio R, Acuña-Castillo C, Reyes EP. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Ionized Hypocalcemia and Acute Kidney Injury in Carotid Chemo/Baro-Denervated Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 860:161-6. [PMID: 26303478 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The acute kidney injury (AKI) observed during sepsis is due to an uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators. Septic patients develop electrolytic disturbances and one of the most important is ionized hypocalcemia. AKI adversely affects the function of other organs and hypocalcemia is associated with cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunctions. Since carotid body chemoreceptors modulate the systemic inflammatory response during sepsis syndromes, we used pentobarbitone-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats in control condition (SHAM surgery) and after bilateral carotid neurotomy (carotid chemo/baro-denervated, BCN). We evaluate serum creatinine (CRE), serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline (NGAL), ionized calcium (iCa) and cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) 90 min after the IP administration of 15 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. In the SHAM group, LPS failed to induce significant changes CRE, NGAL, or iCa, and increased cTnI. Conversely, in the BCN group LPS increased CRE and NGAL, decreased iCa, and enhanced the increase of cTnI. Our results suggest that carotid chemo/baro-receptors might contribute to the regulation of both renal function and calcemia during sepsis. In addition, results imply that the carotid chemo-baroreceptors serve as an immunosensory organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile,
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Fernandez R, Nardocci G, Navarro C, Reyes EP, Acuña-Castillo C, Cortes PP. Neural reflex regulation of systemic inflammation: potential new targets for sepsis therapy. Front Physiol 2014; 5:489. [PMID: 25566088 PMCID: PMC4266021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis progresses to multiple organ dysfunction due to the uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators, and a growing body of evidence shows that neural signals play a significant role in modulating the immune response. Thus, similar toall other physiological systems, the immune system is both connected to and regulated by the central nervous system. The efferent arc consists of the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, sympathetic activation, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex, and the local release of physiological neuromodulators. Immunosensory activity is centered on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, signals that are conveyed to the brain through different pathways. The activation of peripheral sensory nerves, i.e., vagal paraganglia by the vagus nerve, and carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors by the carotid/sinus nerve are broadly discussed here. Despite cytokine receptor expression in vagal afferent fibers, pro-inflammatory cytokines have no significant effect on vagus nerve activity. Thus, the CB may be the source of immunosensory inputs and incoming neural signals and, in fact, sense inflammatory mediators, playing a protective role during sepsis. Considering that CB stimulation increases sympathetic activity and adrenal glucocorticoids release, the electrical stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors may be suitable therapeutic approach for regulating systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Navarro
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Edison P Reyes
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana - Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile ; Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula P Cortes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile ; BioAdvising Santiago, Chile
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26
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Sepsis progression to multiple organ dysfunction in carotid chemo/baro-denervated rats treated with lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:44-52. [PMID: 25595251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis progresses to multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) due to the uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators. Carotid chemo/baro-receptors could play a protective role during sepsis. In anesthetized male rats, we measured cardiorespiratory variables and plasma TNF-α, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and MOD marker levels 90min after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in control (SHAM surgery) and bilateral carotid chemo/baro-denervated (BCN) rats. BCN prior to LPS blunted the tachypneic response and enhanced tachycardia and hypotension. BCN-LPS rats also showed blunted plasma glucocorticoid responses, boosted epinephrine and TNF-α responses, and earlier MOD onset with a lower survival time compared with SHAM-LPS rats. Consequently, the complete absence of carotid chemo/baro-sensory function modified the neural, endocrine and inflammatory responses to sepsis. Thus, carotid chemo/baro-receptors play a protective role in sepsis.
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27
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Nunes AR, Holmes AP, Conde SV, Gauda EB, Monteiro EC. Revisiting cAMP signaling in the carotid body. Front Physiol 2014; 5:406. [PMID: 25389406 PMCID: PMC4211388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic carotid body (CB) activation is now recognized as being essential in the development of hypertension and promoting insulin resistance; thus, it is imperative to characterize the chemotransduction mechanisms of this organ in order to modulate its activity and improve patient outcomes. For several years, and although controversial, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was considered an important player in initiating the activation of the CB. However, its relevance was partially displaced in the 90s by the emerging role of the mitochondria and molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase and O2-sensitive K+ channels. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators binding to metabotropic receptors are essential to chemotransmission in the CB, and cAMP is central to this process. cAMP also contributes to raise intracellular Ca2+ levels, and is intimately related to the cellular energetic status (AMP/ATP ratio). Furthermore, cAMP signaling is a target of multiple current pharmacological agents used in clinical practice. This review (1) provides an outline on the classical view of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the CB that originally supported its role in the O2/CO2 sensing mechanism, (2) presents recent evidence on CB cAMP neuromodulation and (3) discusses how CB activity is affected by current clinical therapies that modify cAMP-signaling, namely dopaminergic drugs, caffeine (modulation of A2A/A2B receptors) and roflumilast (PDE4 inhibitors). cAMP is key to any process that involves metabotropic receptors and the intracellular pathways involved in CB disease states are likely to involve this classical second messenger. Research examining the potential modification of cAMP levels and/or interactions with molecules associated with CB hyperactivity is currently in its beginning and this review will open doors for future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Sílvia V Conde
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Estelle B Gauda
- Neonatology Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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28
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Pathogenic roles of the carotid body inflammation in sleep apnea. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:354279. [PMID: 25276055 PMCID: PMC4170702 DOI: 10.1155/2014/354279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing difficulties in sleep are a hallmark of sleep-disordered breathing commonly observed in patients with sleep disorders. The pathophysiology of sleep apnea is in part due to an augmented activity of the carotid body chemoreflex. Arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid body are sensitive to inflammatory cytokines and immunogenic molecules in the circulation, because cytokine receptors are expressed in the carotid body in experimental animals and human. Intriguingly, proinflammatory cytokines are also locally produced and released in the carotid body. Also, there are significant increases in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptors, and inflammatory mediators in the carotid body under hypoxic conditions, suggesting an inflammatory response of the carotid body. These upregulated cytokine signaling pathways could enhance the carotid chemoreceptor activity, leading to an overactivity of the chemoreflex adversely effecting breathing instability and autonomic imbalance. This review aims to summarize findings of the literature relevant to inflammation in the carotid body, with highlights on the pathophysiological impact in sleep apnea. It is concluded that local inflammation in the carotid body plays a pathogenic role in sleep apnea, which could potentially be a therapeutic target for the treatment of the pathophysiological consequence of sleep apnea.
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29
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Retamal MA, Alcayaga J, Verdugo CA, Bultynck G, Leybaert L, Sáez PJ, Fernández R, León LE, Sáez JC. Opening of pannexin- and connexin-based channels increases the excitability of nodose ganglion sensory neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:158. [PMID: 24999316 PMCID: PMC4064533 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are the main glia in sensory ganglia. They surround neuronal bodies and form a cap that prevents the formation of chemical or electrical synapses between neighboring neurons. SGCs have been suggested to establish bidirectional paracrine communication with sensory neurons. However, the molecular mechanism involved in this cellular communication is unknown. In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes present connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels and pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, and the opening of these channels allows the release of signal molecules, such as ATP and glutamate. We propose that these channels could play a role in glia-neuron communication in sensory ganglia. Therefore, we studied the expression and function of Cx43 and Panx1 in rat and mouse nodose-petrosal-jugular complexes (NPJcs) using confocal immunofluorescence, molecular and electrophysiological techniques. Cx43 and Panx1 were detected in SGCs and in sensory neurons, respectively. In the rat and mouse, the electrical activity of vagal nerve increased significantly after nodose neurons were exposed to a Ca2+/Mg2+-free solution, a condition that increases the open probability of Cx hemichannels. This response was partially mimicked by a cell-permeable peptide corresponding to the last 10 amino acids of Cx43 (TAT-Cx43CT). Enhanced neuronal activity was reduced by Cx hemichannel, Panx1 channel and P2X7 receptor blockers. Moreover, the role of Panx1 was confirmed in NPJc, because in those from Panx1 knockout mice showed a reduced increase of neuronal activity induced by Ca2+/Mg2+-free extracellular conditions. The data suggest that Cx hemichannels and Panx channels serve as paracrine communication pathways between SGCs and neurons by modulating the excitability of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Retamal
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian A Verdugo
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis E León
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Genética Humana, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto Milenio Valparaíso, Chile
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30
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Reyes EP, Abarzúa S, Martin A, Rodríguez J, Cortés PP, Fernández R. LPS-induced c-Fos activation in NTS neurons and plasmatic cortisol increases in septic rats are suppressed by bilateral carotid chemodenervation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 758:185-90. [PMID: 23080161 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered I.P. increases significantly the activation of c-Fos in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which in turn activates hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The vagus nerve appears to play a role in conveying cytokines signals to the central nervous system (CNS), since -in rodent models of sepsis- bilateral vagotomy abolishes increases in plasmatic glucocorticoid levels, but does not suppress c-Fos NTS activation. Considering that NTS also receives sensory inputs from carotid body chemoreceptors, we evaluated c-Fos activation and plasmatic cortisol levels 90 min after I.P. administration of 15 mg/kg LPS. Experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats, in control conditions and after bilateral carotid neurotomy (BCN). LPS administration significantly increases the number of c-Fos positive NTS neurons and plasmatic cortisol levels in animals with intact carotid/sinus nerves. When LPS was injected after BCN, the number of c-Fos positive NTS neurons, and plasmatic cortisol levels were not significantly modified. Our data suggest that carotid body chemoreceptors might mediate CNS activation during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison-Pablo Reyes
- Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Lo Barrenechea, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Mayer CA, Ao J, Di Fiore JM, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM. Impaired hypoxic ventilatory response following neonatal sustained and subsequent chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 187:167-75. [PMID: 23562917 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) enhances the ventilatory sensitivity to acute hypoxia (acute hypoxic ventilatory response, HVR), whereas sustained hypoxia (SH) can have the opposite effect. Therefore, we investigated whether neonatal rats pre-treated with SH prior to CIH exhibit a modified HVR. Rat pups were exposed to CIH (5% O2/5min, 8h/day) between 6 and 15 days of postnatal age (P6-15) after pre-treatment with either normoxia or SH (11% O2; P1-5). Using whole-body plethysmography, the acute (5min, 10% O2) HVR at P16 (1 day post-CIH) was unchanged following CIH (67.9±6.7% above baseline) and also SH (58.8±10.5%) compared to age-matched normoxic rats (54.7±6.3%). In contrast, the HVR was attenuated (16.5±6.0%) in CIH exposed rats pre-treated with SH. These data suggest that while neonatal SH and CIH alone have little effect on the magnitude of the acute HVR, their combined effects impose a synergistic disturbance to postnatal development of the HVR. These data could provide important insight into the consequences of not maintaining adequate levels of oxygen saturation during the early neonatal period, especially in vulnerable preterm infants susceptible to frequent bouts of hypoxemic events (CIH) that are commonly associated with apnea of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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32
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Porzionato A, Macchi V, De Caro R, Di Giulio C. Inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms in the carotid body. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 187:31-40. [PMID: 23485800 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is available about the role of inflammatory/immunological factors in the physiology and plasticity of the carotid body, with potential clinical implications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome. In humans, lymphomonocytic aggregations (chronic carotid glomitis) have been reported in aging and opiate addiction. Glomus cells produce prostaglandin E2 and the cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and TNF-α, with corresponding receptors. These factors modulate glomus cell excitability, catecholamine release and/or chemoreceptor discharge. The above cytokines are up-regulated in chronic sustained or intermittent hypoxia, and prevention of these changes, with ibuprofen or dexamethasone, may modulate hypoxia-induced changes in carotid body chemosensitivity. The main transcription factors considered to be involved are NF-kB and HIFs. Circulating immunogens (lipopolysaccharide) and cytokines may also affect peripheral arterial chemoreception, with the carotid body exerting an immunosensing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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33
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Gauda EB, Shirahata M, Mason A, Pichard LE, Kostuk EW, Chavez-Valdez R. Inflammation in the carotid body during development and its contribution to apnea of prematurity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 185:120-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Olofsson PS, Rosas-Ballina M, Levine YA, Tracey KJ. Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:188-204. [PMID: 22725962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine-release from a subset of CD4(+) T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the inflammatory reflex and discuss potential therapeutic implications of current findings in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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35
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Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the channel activity of the P2X7 receptor. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:152625. [PMID: 21941410 PMCID: PMC3173735 DOI: 10.1155/2011/152625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role during the immune response, participating in several events such as cytokine release, apoptosis, and necrosis. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the strongest stimuli of the immune response, and it has been shown that P2X7R activation can modulate LPS-induced responses. Moreover, a C-terminal binding site for LPS has been proposed. In order to evaluate if LPS can directly modulate the activity of the P2X7R, we tested several signaling pathways associated with P2X7R activation in HEK293 cells that do not express the TLR-4 receptor. We found that LPS alone was unable to induce any P2X7R-related activity, suggesting that the P2X7R is not directly activated by the endotoxin. On the other hand, preapplication of LPS inhibited ATP-induced currents, intracellular calcium increase, and ethidium bromide uptake and had no effect on ERK activation in HEK293 cells. In splenocytes-derived T-regulatory cells, in which ATP-induced apoptosis is driven by the P2X7R, LPS inhibited ATP-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that LPS modulates the activity of the P2X7R and suggest that this effect could be of physiological relevance.
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36
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Zapata P, Larraín C, Reyes P, Fernández R. Immunosensory signalling by carotid body chemoreceptors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:370-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Ferrari MFR, Coelho EF, Farizatto KLG, Chadi G, Fior-Chadi DR. Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide y, glutamate, and substance p in Ganglia and brain areas involved in cardiovascular control after chronic exposure to nicotine. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011:216464. [PMID: 21822476 PMCID: PMC3147125 DOI: 10.4061/2011/216464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that nicotine instantly interacts with central and peripheral nervous systems promoting cardiovascular effects after tobacco smoking, we evaluated the modulation of glutamate, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and substance P (SP) in nodose/petrosal and superior cervical ganglia, as well as TH and NPY in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after 8 weeks of nicotine exposure. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization data demonstrated increased expression of TH in brain and ganglia related to blood pressure control, preferentially in SHR, after nicotine exposure. The alkaloid also increased NPY immunoreactivity in ganglia, NTS, and PVN of SHR, in spite of decreasing its receptor (NPY1R) binding in NTS of both strains. Nicotine increased SP and glutamate in ganglia. In summary, nicotine positively modulated the studied variables in ganglia while its central effects were mainly constrained to SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merari F R Ferrari
- Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matao 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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