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Haouzi P, MacCann M, Brenner M, Mahon S, Bebarta VS, Chan A, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Tubbs N, Boss GR. Treatment of life-threatening H2S intoxication: Lessons from the trapping agent tetranitrocobinamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:103998. [PMID: 36228991 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the efficacy of trapping free hydrogen sulfide (H2S) following severe H2S intoxication. Sodium hydrosulfide solution (NaHS, 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in 69 freely moving rats. In a first group (protocol 1), 40 rats were randomly assigned to receive saline (n = 20) or the cobalt compound tetranitrocobinamide (TNCbi) (n = 20, 75 mg/kg iv), one minute into coma, when free H2S was still present in the blood. A second group of 27 rats received TNCbi or saline, following epinephrine, 5 min into coma, when the concentration of free H2S has drastically decreased in the blood. In protocol 1, TNCbi significantly increased immediate survival (65 vs 20 %, p < 0.01) while in protocol 2, administration of TNCbi led to the same outcome as untreated animals. We hypothesize that the decreased efficacy of TNCbi with time likely reflects the rapid spontaneous disappearance of the pool of free H2S in the blood following H2S exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Marissa MacCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Cirino G, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs. Physiol Rev 2022; 103:31-276. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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3
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Olson KR. A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111650. [PMID: 34829521 PMCID: PMC8615108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS) as a physiologically relevant O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on observations that H2S and RSS metabolism is inversely correlated with O2 tension, exogenous H2S elicits physiological responses identical to those produced by hypoxia, factors that affect H2S production or catabolism also affect tissue responses to hypoxia, and that RSS efficiently regulate downstream effectors of the hypoxic response in a manner consistent with a decrease in O2. H2S-mediated O2 sensing is then compared to the more generally accepted reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated O2 sensing mechanism and a number of reasons are offered to resolve some of the confusion between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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4
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Haouzi P, Sonobe T, Judenherc-Haouzi A. Hydrogen sulfide intoxication induced brain injury and methylene blue. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 133:104474. [PMID: 31103557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) remains a chemical hazard in the gas and farming industry. It is easy to manufacture from common chemicals and thus represents a potential threat for the civilian population. It is also employed as a method of suicide, for which incidence has recently increased in the US. H2S is a mitochondrial poison and exerts its toxicity through mechanisms that are thought to result from its high affinity to various metallo-proteins (such as - but not exclusively- the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase) and interactions with cysteine residues of proteins. Ion channels with critical implications for the cardiac and the brain functions appear to be affected very early during and following H2S exposure, an effect which is rapidly reversible during a light intoxication. However, during severe H2S intoxication, a coma, associated with a reduction in cardiac contractility, develops within minutes or even seconds leading to death by complete electro-mechanical dissociation of the heart. If the level of intoxication is milder, a rapid and spontaneous recovery of the coma occurs as soon as the exposure stops. The risk, although probably very small, of developing long-term debilitating motor or cognitive deficits is present. One of the major challenges impeding our effort to offer an effective treatment against H2S intoxication after exposure is that the pool of free/soluble H2S almost immediately disappears from the body preventing agents trapping free H2S (cobalt or ferric compounds) to play their protective role. This paper (1) presents and discusses the neurological symptoms and lesions observed in various animals models and in humans following an acute exposure to sub-lethal or lethal levels of H2S, (2) reviews the potential interest of methylene blue (MB), a potent cyclic redox dye - currently used for the treatment of methemoglobinemia - which has potential rescuing effects on the mitochondrial activity, as an antidote against sulfide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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5
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Cheung JY, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Davidyock JM, Prado FJ, Shanmughapriya S, Worth AM, Madesh M, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Haouzi P. Methylene Blue Counteracts H 2S-Induced Cardiac Ion Channel Dysfunction and ATP Reduction. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 18:407-419. [PMID: 29603116 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) counteracts the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) cardiotoxicity by improving cardiomyocyte contractility and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis disrupted by H2S poisoning. In vivo, MB restores cardiac contractility severely depressed by sulfide and protects against arrhythmias, ranging from bundle branch block to ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. To dissect the cellular mechanisms by which MB reduces arrhythmogenesis and improves bioenergetics in myocytes intoxicated with H2S, we evaluated the effects of H2S on resting membrane potential (Em), action potential (AP), Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (INaCa), depolarization-activated K+ currents and ATP levels in adult mouse cardiac myocytes and determined whether MB could counteract the toxic effects of H2S on myocyte electrophysiology and ATP. Exposure to toxic concentrations of H2S (100 µM) significantly depolarized Em, reduced AP amplitude, prolonged AP duration at 90% repolarization (APD90), suppressed INaCa and depolarization-activated K+ currents, and reduced ATP levels in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Treating cardiomyocytes with MB (20 µg/ml) 3 min after H2S exposure restored Em, APD90, INaCa, depolarization-activated K+ currents, and ATP levels toward normal. MB improved mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) and oxygen consumption rate in myocytes in which Complex I was blocked by rotenone. We conclude that MB ameliorated H2S-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity at multiple levels: (1) reversing excitation-contraction coupling defects (Ca2+ homeostasis and L-type Ca2+ channels); (2) reducing risks of arrhythmias (Em, APD, INaCa and depolarization-activated K+ currents); and (3) improving cellular bioenergetics (ATP, ∆ψm).
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Hydrogen Sulfide/toxicity
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Methylene Blue/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/metabolism
- Sodium-Calcium Exchanger/drug effects
- Sodium-Calcium Exchanger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John M Davidyock
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Fabian Jana Prado
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Alison M Worth
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, MERB 958, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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6
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Hydroxycobalamin Reveals the Involvement of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Hypoxic Responses of Rat Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030062. [PMID: 30871199 PMCID: PMC6466535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor cells sense arterial blood PO2, generating a neurosecretory response proportional to the intensity of hypoxia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a physiological gaseous messenger that is proposed to act as an oxygen sensor in CBs, although this concept remains controversial. In the present study we have used the H2S scavenger and vitamin B12 analog hydroxycobalamin (Cbl) as a new tool to investigate the involvement of endogenous H2S in CB oxygen sensing. We observed that the slow-release sulfide donor GYY4137 elicited catecholamine release from isolated whole carotid bodies, and that Cbl prevented this response. Cbl also abolished the rise in [Ca2+]i evoked by 50 µM NaHS in enzymatically dispersed CB glomus cells. Moreover, Cbl markedly inhibited the catecholamine release and [Ca2+]i rise caused by hypoxia in isolated CBs and dispersed glomus cells, respectively, whereas it did not alter these responses when they were evoked by high [K+]e. The L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine slightly inhibited the rise in CB chemoreceptor cells [Ca2+]i elicited by sulfide, whilst causing a somewhat larger attenuation of the hypoxia-induced Ca2+ signal. We conclude that Cbl is a useful and specific tool for studying the function of H2S in cells. Based on its effects on the CB chemoreceptor cells we propose that endogenous H2S is an amplifier of the hypoxic transduction cascade which acts mainly by stimulating non-L-type Ca2+ channels.
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7
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Wang J, Hogan JO, Wang R, White C, Kim D. Role of cystathionine-γ-lyase in hypoxia-induced changes in TASK activity, intracellular [Ca 2+] and ventilation in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 246:98-106. [PMID: 28851593 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) is a multifunctional enzyme, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of its products. CSE and H2S have recently been proposed to be critical signaling molecules in hypoxia-induced excitation of carotid body (CB) glomus cells and the chemosensory response. Because the role of H2S in arterial chemoreception is still debated, we further examined the role of CSE by studying the effects of hypoxia on TASK K+ channel activity, cell depolarization, [Ca2+]i and ventilation using CSE+/+ and CSE-/- mice. As predicted, hypoxia reduced TASK activity and depolarized glomus cells isolated from CSE+/+ mice. These effects of hypoxia were not significantly altered in glomus cells from CSE-/- mice. Basal [Ca2+]i and hypoxia-induced elevation of [Ca2+] were also not significantly different in glomus cells from CSE+/+ and CSE-/- mice. In whole-body plethysmography, hypoxia (10%O2) increased minute ventilation in both CSE+/+ and CSE-/- mice equally well, and no significant differences were found in either males or females when adjusted by body weight. Together, these results show that deletion of the CSE gene has no effects on hypoxia-induced changes in TASK, cell depolarization, [Ca2+]i and ventilation, and therefore do not support the idea that CSE/H2S signaling is important for CB chemoreceptor activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaju Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - James O Hogan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Carl White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Donghee Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
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8
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Ngo JP, Ow CP, Gardiner BS, Kar S, Pearson JT, Smith DW, Evans RG. Diffusive shunting of gases and other molecules in the renal vasculature: physiological and evolutionary significance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R797-R810. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00246.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Countercurrent systems have evolved in a variety of biological systems that allow transfer of heat, gases, and solutes. For example, in the renal medulla, the countercurrent arrangement of vascular and tubular elements facilitates the trapping of urea and other solutes in the inner medulla, which in turn enables the formation of concentrated urine. Arteries and veins in the cortex are also arranged in a countercurrent fashion, as are descending and ascending vasa recta in the medulla. For countercurrent diffusion to occur, barriers to diffusion must be small. This appears to be characteristic of larger vessels in the renal cortex. There must also be gradients in the concentration of molecules between afferent and efferent vessels, with the transport of molecules possible in either direction. Such gradients exist for oxygen in both the cortex and medulla, but there is little evidence that large gradients exist for other molecules such as carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, superoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. There is some experimental evidence for arterial-to-venous (AV) oxygen shunting. Mathematical models also provide evidence for oxygen shunting in both the cortex and medulla. However, the quantitative significance of AV oxygen shunting remains a matter of controversy. Thus, whereas the countercurrent arrangement of vasa recta in the medulla appears to have evolved as a consequence of the evolution of Henle’s loop, the evolutionary significance of the intimate countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the renal cortex remains an enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P. Ngo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biosciences Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology and
| | - Connie P.C. Ow
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biosciences Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology and
| | - Bruce S. Gardiner
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and
| | - James T. Pearson
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biosciences Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology and
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - David W. Smith
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Roger G. Evans
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biosciences Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology and
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9
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Gallego-Martin T, Agapito T, Ramirez M, Olea E, Yubero S, Rocher A, Gomez-Niño A, Obeso A, Gonzalez C. Experimental Observations on the Biological Significance of Hydrogen Sulfide in Carotid Body Chemoreception. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 860:9-16. [PMID: 26303462 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cascade of transduction of hypoxia and hypercapnia, the natural stimuli to chemoreceptor cells, is incompletely understood. A particular gap in that knowledge is the role played by second messengers, or in a most ample term, of modulators. A recently described modulator of chemoreceptor cell responses is the gaseous transmitter hydrogen sulfide, which has been proposed as a specific activator of the hypoxic responses in the carotid body, both at the level of the chemoreceptor cell response or at the level of the global output of the organ. Since sulfide behaves in this regard as cAMP, we explored the possibility that sulfide effects were mediated by the more classical messenger. Data indicate that exogenous and endogenous sulfide inhibits adenyl cyclase finding additionally that inhibition of adenylyl cyclase does not modify chemoreceptor cell responses elicited by sulfide. We have also observed that transient receptor potential cation channels A1 (TRPA1) are not regulated by sulfide in chemoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gallego-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Medicine School, University of Valladolid and IBGM/CSIC, Valladolid, Spain,
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10
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Atanasova DY, Lazarov NE. Morphological changes in the rat carotid body following acute sodium nitrite treatment. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 221:11-8. [PMID: 26528896 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a small neural crest-derived chemosensory organ that detects the chemical composition of the arterial blood and responds to its changes by regulating breathing. The effects of acute nitrite treatment on the CB morphology in rats were examined by morphometry. We found that 1h after administrating a single dose of sodium nitrite, the CB underwent structural changes characterized by a prominent increase in its size with a marked, several-fold dilation of the blood vessels. The obvious CB enlargement mostly due to apparent vasodilation and glomus cell hypertrophy was at its highest one day later and persisted until the fifth day. 20 days after the treatment, the CB regained its size to the normoxic control state. Morphometric analysis revealed that the CB size increase in treated animals is statistically significant when compared to that of untreated controls. It can be inferred that the nitrite-exposed CB displays remarkable structural plasticity and enlarges its size mostly through vascular expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrinka Y Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai E Lazarov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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11
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Zhao Y, Yang C, Organ C, Li Z, Bhushan S, Otsuka H, Pacheco A, Kang J, Aguilar HC, Lefer DJ, Xian M. Design, Synthesis, and Cardioprotective Effects of N-Mercapto-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Donors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7501-11. [PMID: 26317692 PMCID: PMC4766970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule which plays regulatory roles in many physiological and/or pathological processes. Therefore, regulation of H2S levels could have great potential therapeutic value. In this work, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a class of N-mercapto (N-SH)-based H2S donors. Thirty-three donors were synthesized and tested. Our results indicated that controllable H2S release from these donors could be achieved upon structural modifications. Selected donors (NSHD-1, NSHD-2, and NSHD-6) were tested in cellular models of oxidative damage and showed significant cytoprotective effects. Moreover, NSHD-1 and NSHD-2 were also found to exhibit potent protective effects in a murine model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Chuntao Yang
- Department of Physiology, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Chelsea Organ
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Hiro Otsuka
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Armando Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jianming Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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12
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Zhao Y, Biggs TD, Xian M. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing agents: chemistry and biological applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:11788-805. [PMID: 25019301 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00968a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly recognized signaling molecule with very potent cytoprotective actions. The fields of H2S physiology and pharmacology have been rapidly growing in recent years, but a number of fundamental issues must be addressed to advance our understanding of the biology and clinical potential of H2S in the future. Hydrogen sulfide releasing agents (also known as H2S donors) have been widely used in these fields. These compounds are not only useful research tools, but also potential therapeutic agents. It is therefore important to study the chemistry and pharmacology of exogenous H2S and to be aware of the limitations associated with the choice of donors used to generate H2S in vitro and in vivo. In this review we summarized the developments and limitations of currently available donors including H2S gas, sulfide salts, garlic-derived sulfur compounds, Lawesson's reagent/analogs, 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones, thiol-activated donors, photo-caged donors, and thioamino acids. Some biological applications of these donors were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Kim D, Kim I, Wang J, White C, Carroll JL. Hydrogen sulfide and hypoxia-induced changes in TASK (K2P3/9) activity and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in rat carotid body glomus cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 215:30-8. [PMID: 25956223 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia depolarizes carotid body chemoreceptor (glomus) cells and elevates intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Recent studies suggest that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may serve as an oxygen sensor/signal in the carotid body during acute hypoxia. To further test such a role for H2S, we studied the effects of H2S on the activity of TASK channel and [Ca(2+)]i, which are considered important for mediating the glomus cell response to hypoxia. Like hypoxia, NaHS (a H2S donor) inhibited TASK activity and elevated [Ca(2+)]i. To inhibit the production of H2S, glomus cells were incubated (3h) with inhibitors of cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase (DL-propargylglycine, aminooxyacetic acid, β-cyano-L-alanine; 0.3 mM). SF7 fluorescence was used to assess the level of H2S production. The inhibitors blocked L-cysteine- and hypoxia-induced elevation of SF7 fluorescence intensity. In cells treated with the inhibitors, hypoxia produced an inhibition of TASK activity and a rise in [Ca(2+)]i, similar in magnitude to those observed in control cells. L-cysteine produced no effect on TASK activity or [Ca(2+)]i and did not affect hypoxia-induced inhibition of TASK and elevation of [Ca(2+)]i. These findings suggest that under normal conditions, H2S is not a major signal in hypoxia-induced modulation of TASK channels and [Ca(2+)]i in isolated glomus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | - Insook Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States
| | - Jiaju Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Carl White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Although oxygen (O2)-sensing cells and tissues have been known for decades, the identity of the O2-sensing mechanism has remained elusive. Evidence is accumulating that O2-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is this enigmatic O2 sensor. RECENT ADVANCES The elucidation of biochemical pathways involved in H2S synthesis and metabolism have shown that reciprocal H2S/O2 interactions have been inexorably linked throughout eukaryotic evolution; there are multiple foci by which O2 controls H2S inactivation, and the effects of H2S on downstream signaling events are consistent with those activated by hypoxia. H2S-mediated O2 sensing has been demonstrated in a variety of O2-sensing tissues in vertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including smooth muscle in systemic and respiratory blood vessels and airways, carotid body, adrenal medulla, and other peripheral as well as central chemoreceptors. CRITICAL ISSUES Information is now needed on the intracellular location and stoichometry of these signaling processes and how and which downstream effectors are activated by H2S and its metabolites. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Development of specific inhibitors of H2S metabolism and effector activation as well as cellular organelle-targeted compounds that release H2S in a time- or environmentally controlled way will not only enhance our understanding of this signaling process but also provide direction for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend , South Bend, India na
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Chenuel B, Sonobe T, Haouzi P. Effects of infusion of human methemoglobin solution following hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:93-101. [PMID: 25634666 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.996570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have recently reported that infusion of a solution containing methemoglobin (MetHb) during exposure to hydrogen sulfide results in a rapid and large decrease in the concentration of the pool of soluble/diffusible H2S in the blood. However, since the pool of dissolved H2S disappears very quickly after H2S exposure, it is unclear if the ability of MetHb to "trap" sulfide in the blood has any clinical interest and relevance in the treatment of sulfide poisoning. METHODS In anesthetized rats, repetition of short bouts of high level of H2S infusions was applied to allow the rapid development of an oxygen deficit. A solution containing MetHb (600 mg/kg) or its vehicle was administered 1 min and a half after the end of H2S intoxication. RESULTS The injection of MetHb solution increased methemoglobinemia to about 6%, almost instantly, but was unable to affect the blood concentration of soluble H2S, which had already vanished at the time of infusion, or to increase combined H2S. In addition, H2S-induced O2 deficit and lactate production as well as the recovery of carotid blood flow and blood pressure were similar in treated and control animals. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the view that administration of MetHb or drugs-induced methemoglobinemia during the recovery phase following severe H2S intoxication in sedated rats can restore cellular oxidative metabolism, as the pool of diffusible sulfide, accessible to MetHb, disappears rapidly from the blood after H2S exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chenuel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
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Zhao Y, Kang J, Park CM, Bagdon P, Peng B, Xian M. Thiol-activated gem-dithiols: a new class of controllable hydrogen sulfide donors. Org Lett 2014; 16:4536-9. [PMID: 25141097 PMCID: PMC4156246 DOI: 10.1021/ol502088m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A class of novel thiol-activated H2S donors has been developed on the basis of the gem-dithiol template. These donors release H2S in the presence of cysteine or GSH in aqueous solutions as well as in cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jianming Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Chung-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Powell
E. Bagdon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Haouzi P, Sonobe T, Torsell-Tubbs N, Prokopczyk B, Chenuel B, Klingerman CM. In vivo interactions between cobalt or ferric compounds and the pools of sulphide in the blood during and after H2S poisoning. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:493-504. [PMID: 25015662 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a chemical hazard in oil and gas production, has recently become a dreadful method of suicide, posing specific risks and challenges for the first responders. Currently, there is no proven effective treatment against H2S poisoning and its severe neurological, respiratory or cardiac after-effects. We have recently described that H2S is present in various compartments, or pools, in the body during sulphide exposure, which have different levels of toxicity. The general goals of our study were to (1) determine the concentrations and kinetics of the various pools of hydrogen sulphide in the blood, i.e., gaseous (CgH2S) versus total sulphide, i.e., reacting with monobromobimane (CMBBH2S), during and following H2S exposure in a small and large mammal and (2) establish the interaction between the pools of H2S and a methemoglobin (MetHb) solution or a high dose of hydroxocobalamin (HyCo). We found that CgH2S during and following H2S infusion was similar in sedated sheep and rats at any given rate of infusion/kg and provoked symptoms, i.e., hyperpnea and apnea, at the same CgH2S. After H2S administration was stopped, CgH2S disappeared within 1 min. CMBBH2S also dropped to 2-3μM, but remained above baseline levels for at least 30 min. Infusion of a MetHb solution during H2S infusion produced an immediate reduction in the free/soluble pool of H2S only, whereas CMBBH2S increased by severalfold. HyCo (70 mg/kg) also decreased the concentrations of free/soluble H2S to almost zero; CgH2S returned to pre-HyCo levels within a maximum of 20 min, if H2S infusion is maintained. These results are discussed in the context of a relevant scenario, wherein antidotes can only be administered after H2S exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nicole Torsell-Tubbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Bogdan Prokopczyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Candice M Klingerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA 17815
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Haouzi P, Sonobe T, Chenuel B. Oxygen-related chemoreceptor drive to breathe during H₂S infusion. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 201:24-30. [PMID: 24973475 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the following question: Could the acute depression in breathing produced by hyperoxia, a reflection of the tonic drive to breathe from the arterial chemoreceptors, be accounted for by a background level of endogenous H2S? To address this question, we produced a stable but moderate increase in breathing (24±11%) via continuous infusion of low levels of H2S, in 10 spontaneously breathing urethane-sedated rats. We found that acute exposure to 100% O2 (20 tests) decreased minute ventilation (V˙(I)) from 301±51 to 210±43 ml/min within 15s in control conditions, but no additional significant drop in V˙(I) was observed during H2S induced hyperpnea. In addition, no decrease in the estimated concentrations of gaseous H2S in the arterial blood was observed during the hyperoxic tests. It is concluded that the ventilatory depression induced by high O2 appears to be limited to the tonic background peripheral chemosensory drive to breathe, but has little or no impact on the CB stimulation produced by low levels of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Van de Louw A, Haouzi P. Ferric Iron and Cobalt (III) compounds to safely decrease hydrogen sulfide in the body? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:510-6. [PMID: 22233239 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To sort out the putative roles of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in clinical conditions wherein systemic inflammation or hypoxia is present, it becomes crucial to develop approaches capable of affecting H2S concentration that can be safely applied in humans. We have investigated a paradigm, which could achieve such a goal, using vitamin B12 (vit.B12), at the dose recommended in cyanide poisoning, and very low levels of methemoglobin (MetHb). Hydroxocobalamin in the plasma, supernatant of kidney, and heart tissue homogenates of rats that had received vit.B12 (140 mg.kg(-1) intravenous) was found in the μM range. Exogenous H2S (100 μM) added to the plasma or supernatants of these rats decreased at a significantly higher rate than in control rats. In the latter however a spontaneous oxidation of exogenous H2S occurred. In vitro, hydroxocobalamin solution (100 μM) decreased, within <2 min, an equimolar concentration of H2S by 80%. Three to five percent MetHb prevented H2S induced hyperventilation in vivo and decreased exogenous H2S in vitro by 25-40 μM within 30 s. Our observations lead to the hypothesis that innocuous levels of MetHb and vit.B12 could be a used as an effective and safe way to test the role of endogenous H2S in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andry Van de Louw
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania
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20
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Fate of intracellular H2S/HS- and metallo-proteins. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 188:229-30. [PMID: 23748103 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Olson KR. A theoretical examination of hydrogen sulfide metabolism and its potential in autocrine/paracrine oxygen sensing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 186:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Van de Louw A, Haouzi P. Oxygen deficit and H2S in hemorrhagic shock in rats. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R178. [PMID: 23031430 PMCID: PMC3682279 DOI: 10.1186/cc11661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hemorrhagic shock induced O2 deficit triggers inflammation and multiple organ failure (MOF). Endogenous H2S has been proposed to be involved in MOF since plasma H2S concentration appears to increase in various types of shocks and to predict mortality. We tested the hypothesis that H2S increases during hemorrhagic shock associated with O2 deficit, and that enhancing H2S oxidation by hydroxocobalamin could reduce inflammation, O2 deficit or mortality. Methods We used a urethane anesthetized rat model, where 25 ml/kg of blood was withdrawn over 30 minutes. O2 deficit, lactic acid, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and H2S plasma concentrations (Siegel method) were measured before and after the bleeding protocol in control animals and animals that received 140 mg/kg of hydroxocobalamin. The ability to oxidize exogenous H2S of the plasma and supernatants of the kidney and heart homogenates was determined in vitro. Results We found that withdrawing 25 ml/kg of blood led to an average oxygen deficit of 122 ± 23 ml/kg. This O2 deficit was correlated with an increase in the blood lactic acid concentration and mortality. However, the low level of absorbance of the plasma at 670 nm (A670), after adding N, N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, that is, the method used for H2S determination in previous studies, did not reflect the presence of H2S, but was a marker of plasma turbidity. There was no difference in plasmatic A670 before and after the bleeding protocol, despite the large oxygen deficit. The plasma sampled at the end of bleeding maintained a very large ability to oxidize exogenous H2S (high μM), as did the homogenates of hearts and kidneys harvested just after death. Hydroxocobalamin concentrations increased in the blood in the μM range in the vitamin B12 group, and enhanced the ability of plasma and kidneys to oxidize H2S. Yet, the survival rate, O2 deficit, H2S plasma concentration, blood lactic acid and TNF-alpha levels were not different from the control group. Conclusions In the presence of a large O2 deficit, H2S did not increase in the blood in a rat model of untreated hemorrhagic shock. Hydroxocobalamin, while effective against H2S in vitro, did not affect the hemodynamic profile or outcome in our model.
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23
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Kim D. K(+) channels in O(2) sensing and postnatal development of carotid body glomus cell response to hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 185:44-56. [PMID: 22801091 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of carotid body chemoreceptors to hypoxia is low just after birth and increases over the first few weeks of the postnatal period. At present, it is believed that the hypoxia-induced excitation of carotid body glomus cells begins with the inhibition of the outward K(+) current via one or more O(2) sensors. Although the nature of the O(2) sensors and their signals that inhibit the K(+) current are not well defined, studies suggest that the postnatal maturation of the glomus cell response to hypoxia is largely due to the increased sensitivity of K(+) channels to hypoxia. As K(V), BK and TASK channels that are O(2)-sensitive contribute to the K(+) current, it is important to identify the O(2) sensor and the signaling molecule for each of these K(+) channels. Various O(2) sensors (mitochondrial hemeprotein, hemeoxygenase-2, NADPH oxidase) and associated signals have been proposed to mediate the inhibition of K(+) channels by hypoxia. Studies suggest that a mitochondrial hemeprotein is likely to serve as an O(2) sensor for K(+) channels, particularly for TASK, and that multiple signals may be involved. Thus, changes in the sensitivity of the mitochondrial O(2) sensor to hypoxia, the sensitivity of K(+) channels to signals generated by mitochondria, and/or the expression levels of K(+) channels are likely to account for the postnatal maturation of O(2) sensing by glomus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
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Olson KR. A practical look at the chemistry and biology of hydrogen sulfide. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:32-44. [PMID: 22074253 PMCID: PMC3342559 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is garnering increasing interest as a biologically relevant signaling molecule. The effects of H(2)S have now been observed in virtually every organ system and numerous physiological processes. RECENT ADVANCES These studies have not only opened a new field of "gasotransmitter" biology, they have also led to the development of synthetic H(2)S "donating" compounds with the potential to be parlayed into a variety of therapeutic applications. CRITICAL ISSUES Often lost in the exuberance of this new field is a critical examination or understanding of practical aspects of H(2)S chemistry and biology. This is especially notable in the areas of handling and measuring H(2)S, evaluating biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, and separating physiological from pharmacological responses. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This brief review describes some of the pitfalls in H(2)S chemistry and biology that can lead or have already led to misleading or erroneous conclusions. The intent is to allow individuals entering or already in this burgeoning field to critically analyze the literature and to assist them in the design of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine - South Bend, Raclin Charmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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Ventilatory and metabolic effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:170-7. [PMID: 22579639 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute H(2)S intoxication produces an increase in ventilation followed by a fatal central apnea. The sites of mediation of H(2)S induced hyperpnea and apnea have been investigated since the early 20th century in various animal models. Hyperpnea is mediated by the arterial chemoreceptors, an effect that can be reproduced by injecting a solution of H(2)S at very high concentrations (high millimolar range), while the fatal apnea, which typically occurs above 1000 ppm in humans, appears to result from the cessation of the activity of the medullary respiratory neurons. More recently, moderate levels of exogenous H(2)S (20-80 ppm) have been shown to reduce, within minutes, the metabolic rate, akin to hypoxia-induced hypometabolism. This response appears to be specific to small sized mammals. The pathway through which low levels of inhaled H(2)S could exert such a powerful effect may be very relevant to the physiological mechanisms controlling non-ATP "metabolic" production. Finally, endogenous H(2)S, produced from cysteine, has been proposed to transduce the effects of hypoxia in the carotid bodies. H(2)S remains a mysterious gas: it is labile, difficult/impossible to properly measure in vivo, its oxidation can take place in most tissues including the blood, and it can affect multiple cellular pathways. The demarcation between effects reflecting a putative physiological function and those related to H(2)S poisoning remains however to be established.
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Van de Louw A, Haouzi P. Inhibitory effects of hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia on H(2)S induced ventilatory stimulation in the rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:326-34. [PMID: 22490362 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify, using in vitro and in vivo approaches in the rat, the site of mediation of the inhibition of H(2)S induced arterial chemoreceptor stimulation, by hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia. We first determined the ventilatory dose-response curves during intravenous injections of H(2)S. A very high dose of NaHS, i.e. 0.4 μmol (concentration: 800 μM), was needed to stimulate breathing within 1s following i.v. injection. Above this level (and up to 2.4 μmol, with a concentration of 4800 μM), a dose-dependent effect of H(2)S injection was observed. NaHS injection into the thoracic aorta produced the same effect, suggesting that within one circulatory time, H(2)S pulmonary exchange does not dramatically reduce H(2)S concentrations in the arterial blood. The ventilatory response to H(2)S was abolished in the presence of MetHb (12.8%) and was significantly depressed in hyperoxia and, surprisingly, in 10% hypoxia. MetHb per se did not affect the ventilatory response to hypoxia or hyperoxia, but dramatically enhanced the oxidation of H(2)S in vitro, with very fast kinetics. These findings suggest that, the decrease/oxidation of exogenous H(2)S in the blood is the primary effect of MetHb in vivo. In contrast, the in vitro oxidative properties of blood for H(2)S were not affected by the level of [Formula: see text] between 23 and >760 mmHg. This suggests that the inhibition of the ventilatory response to H(2)S by hyperoxia during aortic or venous injection originates within the CB and not in the blood. The implications of these results on the role of endogenous H(2)S in the arterial chemoreflex are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andry Van de Louw
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PO Box 850, MC H047, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Haouzi P, Bell H, Van de Louw A. Hypoxia-induced arterial chemoreceptor stimulation and hydrogen sulfide: too much or too little? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:97-102. [PMID: 22001444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This brief review presents and discusses some of the important issues surrounding the theory which asserts that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is the mediator of, or at least an important contributor to, hypoxia-induced arterial chemorereceptor stimulation. The view presented here is that before H(2)S can seriously be considered as a candidate for transducing the O(2)-signal in the carotid bodies (CB), fundamental contradictions need to be resolved. One of these major contradictions is certainly the discrepancy between the levels of H(2)S endogenously present in the CB during hypoxia compared to the levels required to stimulate the arterial chemoreceptors in vitro. Very small amounts of H(2)S are thought to be produced endogenously during a given level of hypoxia, yet the partial pressure of tissue H(2)S which is needed to produce an effect commensurate with that of hypoxia is thousands to millions of times higher. This review discusses this and other contradictions in light of what is known about H(2)S concentration and production in various tissues, the lessons we have learnt from the response to exogenous sulfide and the ability of the blood and the mitochondria to oxidize very large amounts of sulfide. These considerations suggest that the increased production of H(2)S in hypoxia and exogenous sulfide cannot produce the same effect on the carotid bodies and breathing. While the effects of the endogenous H(2)S on breathing remains to be established, the effects exogenous sulfide can be accounted for by its long established toxicity on cytochrome C oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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Hydrogen sulfide is an oxygen sensor in the carotid body. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:103-10. [PMID: 21968289 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable controversy surrounding the initial step that transduces a fall in [Formula: see text] into a physiological signal, i.e., the "oxygen sensor" in chemoreceptors. Initial studies on systemic and respiratory vessels suggested that the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) could serve as the oxygen sensor. This model was subsequently extended to chemoreceptors in fish and tissues of other animals. In this model, constitutive production of biologically active H(2)S is offset by H(2)S oxidation; when oxygen availability falls, production of H(2)S exceeds metabolism, and the resultant increase in intracellular H(2)S initiates the appropriate physiological responses. This model is supported by observations that the effects of hypoxia and H(2)S are similar, if not identical in many tissues: hypoxic responses are inhibited by inhibitors of H(2)S biosynthesis and augmented by sulfur donating molecules, and the tipping point between H(2)S production and oxidation occurs at physiologically relevant [Formula: see text] . Recent studies from other laboratories support this mechanism of O(2) sensing in the carotid body. This review summarizes information that supports the H(2)S metabolic hypothesis in these tissues with emphasis on the carotid chemoreceptors. Evidence suggesting that H(2)S is not involved in oxygen sensing in the carotid body is also critically evaluated.
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Olson KR. "Hydrogen sulfide oxidation and the arterial chemoreflex: effect of methemoglobin" by Haouzi et al. [Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. (2011)]. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:121; author reply 119-20. [PMID: 21767667 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine - South Bend, Raclin Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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