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Calero-Bernal R, Gennari SM, Cano S, Salas-Fajardo MY, Ríos A, Álvarez-García G, Ortega-Mora LM. Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in European Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published between 2000 and 2020. Pathogens 2023; 12:1430. [PMID: 38133313 PMCID: PMC10745778 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis has a major impact on animal and public health. Information regarding the seroprevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infections from a European perspective has not yet been compiled to date. Thus, the present review summarized available resident data from the period 2000-2020. The overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG was 32.1%, with great variability between countries (n = 30). The subgroup analysis identified different pooled prevalence data depending on the geographic area (p < 0.0001), target population (p = 0.0147), and serological diagnosis assays used (p = 0.0059). A high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%, p < 0.001; Q = 3.5e+05, d.f. = 135, p < 0.001) and degree of publication bias (Egger's test = 6.14, p < 0.001) were observed among the 134 studies considered. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii IgM, which was reported in 64.7% of studies, reached a pooled seroprevalence of 0.6%. In addition, among the eight main risk factors identified, "contact with soil", "consumption of undercooked beef", and "intake of unwashed vegetables" were the most significantly associated with infections. The fact that one-third of the European population has been exposed to T. gondii justifies extra efforts to harmonize surveillance systems and develop additional risk-factor analyses based on detailed source attribution assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Solange María Gennari
- PhD Program in One Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo 04829-300, SP, Brazil;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Santiago Cano
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Martha Ynés Salas-Fajardo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Arantxa Ríos
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Y.S.-F.); (A.R.); (G.Á.-G.); (L.M.O.-M.)
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Amagbégnon R, Dechavanne C, Dambrun M, Yehouénou U, Akondé N, Migot-Nabias F, Nounnagnon Tonouhéwa AB, Hamidović A, Fievet N, Tonato-Bagnan A, Ogouyemi-Hounto A, Alao MJ, Dardé ML, Mercier A, Kindé-Gazard D. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and detection of infection acquired during pregnancy in Cotonou, Benin. Parasite 2023; 30:43. [PMID: 37855713 PMCID: PMC10586240 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and the associated risk factors is the first step in defining policy for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in a given population. An epidemiological study was conducted during prenatal consultations at the CHU-MEL of Cotonou (Benin) between September 2018 and April 2021 and recruited 549 pregnant women to determine the seroprevalence and potential factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii IgG/IgM antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) technique, an IgG avidity test and an IgG/IgM comparative Western blot to diagnose the maternal toxoplasmosis serological status, the possibility of an infection acquired during pregnancy and congenital infection, respectively. Concomitantly, the participants answered a questionnaire investigating potential risk factors. Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was estimated at 44.4% (95% CI 40.3-48.6) and the factors significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity were: age over 30 years, multigravid women and contact with cats. The possibility of an infection acquired during the periconceptional period or the first trimester of pregnancy concerned six women [1.1% (95% CI 0.5-2.0)]. However, due to the low rate of serological controls in seronegative women, a significant proportion of women first tested during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and an insufficient sample size, the incidence of primary infection during pregnancy could not be determined. No cases of congenital transmission occurred in the newborns from the suspected cases of primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Amagbégnon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant-Lagune (CHU-MEL) 01 BP 107 Cotonou Bénin
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB) Abomey-Calavi Benin
| | | | | | - Urielle Yehouénou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant-Lagune (CHU-MEL) 01 BP 107 Cotonou Bénin
| | - Noé Akondé
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant-Lagune (CHU-MEL) 01 BP 107 Cotonou Bénin
| | | | | | - Azra Hamidović
- Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidémiologie des maladies chroniques en zone tropicale, Institut d’Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, OmegaHealth Limoges France
| | | | - Angéline Tonato-Bagnan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant-Lagune (CHU-MEL) 01 BP 107 Cotonou Bénin
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS) Bénin
| | - Aurore Ogouyemi-Hounto
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB) Abomey-Calavi Benin
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS) Bénin
- Service de Microbiologie du Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire – Hubert Koutoukou MAGA (CNHU-HKM) de Cotonou Bénin
| | - Maroufou Jules Alao
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant-Lagune (CHU-MEL) 01 BP 107 Cotonou Bénin
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS) Bénin
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidémiologie des maladies chroniques en zone tropicale, Institut d’Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, OmegaHealth Limoges France
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) sur la toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), CHU de Limoges 87042 Limoges France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidémiologie des maladies chroniques en zone tropicale, Institut d’Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, OmegaHealth Limoges France
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) sur la toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), CHU de Limoges 87042 Limoges France
| | - Dorothée Kindé-Gazard
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin (IRCB) Abomey-Calavi Benin
- Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS) Bénin
- Service de Microbiologie du Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire – Hubert Koutoukou MAGA (CNHU-HKM) de Cotonou Bénin
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Kamus L, Belec S, Lambrecht L, Abasse S, Olivier S, Combe P, Bonnave PE, Vauloup-Fellous C. Maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Mayotte: Prevalence, incidence and management. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011198. [PMID: 36940228 PMCID: PMC10063165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by an intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. It is usually asymptomatic, but toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy can cause congenital toxoplasmosis, potentially resulting in fetal damage. Epidemiological information is lacking for toxoplasmosis in Mayotte (a French overseas territory). We evaluated (1) the prevalence of maternal toxoplasmosis, (2) the incidence of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis, and (3) the management of congenital toxoplasmosis in Mayotte. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We collected all the available data for toxoplasmosis serological screening during pregnancy and maternal and congenital cases of toxoplasmosis obtained between January 2017 and August 2019 at the central public laboratory of Mayotte (Mamoudzou). Using toxoplasmosis serological data from samples collected from 16,952 pregnant women we estimated the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Mayotte at 67.19%. Minimum maternal toxoplasmosis incidence was estimated at 0.29% (49/16,952, 95% CI (0.0022-0.0038)), based on confirmed cases of maternal primary infection only. The estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was 0.09% (16/16,952, 95% CI (0.0005-0.0015). Missing data made it difficult to evaluate management, but follow-up was better for mothers with confirmed primary infection and their infants. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women and the incidence of toxoplasmosis are higher in Mayotte than in mainland France. There is a need to improve the antenatal toxoplasmosis screening and prevention programme, providing better information to physicians and the population, to improve management and epidemiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Kamus
- Department of Medical Biology, Félix-Guyon Hospital Center, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Belec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mayotte Hospital Center, Mayotte, France
| | | | - Soumeth Abasse
- Paediatric Centre, Mayotte Hospital Centre, Mayotte, France
| | - Sophie Olivier
- Department of Medical Biology, Mayotte Hospital Centre, Mayotte, France
| | - Patrice Combe
- Department of Medical Biology, Mayotte Hospital Centre, Mayotte, France
| | | | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Universite Paris Saclay, INSERM U1193, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Virology Department, Villejuif, France
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Nessim J, Luna-Ramirez JC, Moreno-Gómez GA, Galvis-Soto DM, Gomez-Marin JE. Estimations of the number people with mental diseases associated with toxoplasmosis and identification of risk factors by continent. Psychiatry Res 2023; 323:115130. [PMID: 36913872 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence exists based on metanalysis of the relationship between toxoplasmosis and many psychiatric diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and suicidal behavior. Herein, we estimate the number of cases based on the attributable fraction due to toxoplasmosis on these diseases. The population attributable fraction of mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis was 20,4% for schizophrenia; 27,3% for bipolar disorder; and 0,29% for suicidal behavior (self-harm). The lower and upper estimated number of people with mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis was 4'816.491 and 5'564.407 for schizophrenia; 6'348.946 and 7'510.118,82 for bipolar disorder; and 24.310 and 28.151 for self-harm; for a global total lower estimated number of 11'189.748 and global total upper estimated number of 13'102.678 people with mental disease associated with toxoplasmosis for the year 2019. According to the prediction through the Bayesian model of risk factors for toxoplasmosis associated with mental disease, these varied in importance geographically; thus, in Africa, the most important risk factor was water contamination and in the European region, the cooking conditions of meats. Toxoplasmosis and mental health should be a research priority given the enormous potential impact of reducing this parasite in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nessim
- Molecular Parasitology Group (GEPAMOL, for the term in Spanish), Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Jorge E Gomez-Marin
- Molecular Parasitology Group (GEPAMOL, for the term in Spanish), Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
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Rodier-Bonifas C, Rochet E, Seve P, Duquesne A, Nguyen AM, Denis P, Kodjikian L, Mathis T. Uveitis in children: Epidemiological, clinical and prognostic characteristics. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:163-172. [PMID: 36642594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics and prognostic factors of pediatric uveitis in a French university referral hospital. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of all cases of all pediatric uveitis seen at our institution over a 7-year period. RESULTS A total of 141 eyes of 86 children were included. The mean age was 10.7 years, and 61.6% were girls. The uveitis was bilateral in 64.0% of cases. Anterior uveitis (41.0%) and intermediate uveitis (32.0%) were the most frequent forms. The most frequent etiologies were idiopathic (27.9%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (25.6%) and pars planitis (18.6%). During the follow-up period, systemic corticosteroids were received by 43.0% of children, immunosuppressive drugs by 31.4% and biological agents by 18.6%. At the final examination, complications were present in 67.0% of patients: 18.0% had cataracts, and 11.3% had intraocular hypertension. Posterior synechiae were present in 27.6% of eyes, optic disc edema in 10.5% and macular edema in 16.2%. At the last visit, visual acuity was better than 20/200 in 97.0% of cases. The presence of band keratopathy, cataract or glaucoma was an independent predictor of impaired visual outcomes at follow-up. CONCLUSION Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is one of the most frequent and severe pediatric uveitides. Close monitoring and early treatment could prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodier-Bonifas
- Ophtalmologie rive gauche, department of ophthalmology, Clinique rive gauche, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - E Rochet
- Department of ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - P Seve
- Department of internal medicine, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - A Duquesne
- Department of rheumatology, Femme Mère Enfant University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - A-M Nguyen
- Department of ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - P Denis
- Department of ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - L Kodjikian
- Department of ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France; CNRS UMR 5510 Mateis, Villeurbanne 69621, France.
| | - T Mathis
- Department of ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France; CNRS UMR 5510 Mateis, Villeurbanne 69621, France
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Deganich M, Boudreaux C, Benmerzouga I. Toxoplasmosis Infection during Pregnancy. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010003. [PMID: 36668910 PMCID: PMC9862191 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge concerning how a toxoplasmosis infection affects the mother and her fetus. A thorough search of PubMed and a complimentary search of Google Scholar databases were used to identify relevant studies for this review. Although a Toxoplasma gondii infection is preventable, this infection is contracted by consuming contaminated food and water and by exposure to environmental sources of infection such as contaminated soil. Maternal-to-fetal transmission of this infection can result in devastating ophthalmic and neurological consequences for the fetus. Although a toxoplasmosis infection can result in long-term effects on the fetus, chronic disease is also associated with mental illness in mothers. Effective treatment can reduce the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis and the long-term consequences of infection in the fetus. Without appropriate screening and education programs, this infection will remain largely undiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myla Deganich
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA
| | - Crystal Boudreaux
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA
| | - Imaan Benmerzouga
- Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL 33759, USA
- Correspondence:
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A Systematic Review to Evaluate a Possible Association Between Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Preterm Labor. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e520-e524. [PMID: 36375103 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) is a widespread infection in several countries, and it is defined as an infection of a fetus, newborn, or infant under 1 year of age. Moreover, it represents a thread to pregnant women globally. The objective of our study is to evaluate a potential association between prematurity and CT and whether intrauterine transmission impacts gestational length during pregnancy. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1950 to 2019. Case-control studies, retrospective, and prospective cohort studies were eligible. Seven studies were included from a total of 314. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to establish the quality of the articles included. RESULTS Based on our review, an association between CT and preterm labor was not established, which may reflect heterogeneity in screening, treatments administered, and differing reported incidences of CT across continents over 69 years. A multicenter prospective cohort study powered to investigate a potential association is indicated. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed including multicenter prospective cohort studies powered to investigate key clinical associations such as vertical transmission and preterm birth.
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Screening for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM and IgA in Females of Reproductive Age from Western Romania. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111771. [PMID: 36362926 PMCID: PMC9694844 DOI: 10.3390/life12111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan parasite, has the capacity to infect the fetus if the pregnant woman primarily acquires the infection during pregnancy. We evaluated the prevalence of T. gondii IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in women of reproductive age residing in Western Romania. We also assessed the value of adding a T. gondii IgA test to the serologic panel for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including the detection of a recently acquired infection. Serologic testing to demonstrate the presence of T. gondii IgG antibodies was conducted in 1317 females aged 15−45 years. T. gondii IgM and IgA antibody tests were performed in those with detectable IgG antibodies and IgG avidity test was performed if IgM and/or IgA screening test results were positive. T. gondii IgG were detected in 607 (46.09%; 95%CI: 43.41−48.79) of 1317 study participants and IgG seroprevalence tended to increase with age from 35.44% (95%CI: 29.89−41.30) in age group 15−24 years to 62.85% (95%CI: 56.57−68.82) in age group 35−45 years, showing a significant age-associated increase (p < 0.001). Of the 607 persons with detectable T. gondii IgG antibodies, T. gondii IgM antibodies were demonstrated in 8.90% (95%CI: 6.88−11.43), T. gondii IgA in 1.65% (95%CI: 0.90−3.01) and both T. gondii IgM and IgA in 0.99% (95%CI: 0.45−2.14). The prevalence of IgA antibodies tended to decrease with increasing avidity, from 75% (95%CI: 19.41−99.37) in samples with low avidity to 11.76% (95%CI: 4.44−23.87) in those with high avidity (p = 0.01). Of the study participants who were positive for both T. gondii IgM and IgA antibodies, 66.67% had low or equivocal IgG avidity test results compared to 6.25% who tested positive for IgM, were negative for IgA and in whom low or equivocal IgG avidity test results were noted (p = 0.001). This study indicates that in Western Romania, T. gondii IgG seroprevalence is high in females of reproductive age and T. gondii IgA antibodies may be rarely detected during a serologic screening. However, in individuals with demonstrable T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, testing for T. gondii IgA may improve the rate for the detection of a recently acquired toxoplasmosis.
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Robinson E, de Valk H, Villena I, Le Strat Y, Tourdjman M. National perinatal survey demonstrates a decreasing seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in France, 1995 to 2016: impact for screening policy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33541484 PMCID: PMC7863230 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.5.1900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can result in congenital anomalies or fetal death. Universal antenatal screening is recommended in France, a strategy in place since the 1970s. Aim We determined the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women participating in the 2016 national perinatal survey (ENP), compared results with previous ENPs, and investigated factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Methods Using the 2016 ENP data, which contain sociodemographic and clinical information from all women giving birth during a one week period, we calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) by sociodemographic factors. Using available data from prior ENPs (1995, 2003 and 2010), we calculated age-standardised seroprevalences and aPRs for French women. Results In 2016, seroprevalence was 31.3% overall. Among French women, associations with increasing age (aPR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.39–1.70), residence in Paris (aPR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08–1.31) or south-western regions (aPR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08–1.31), and higher professional status (aPR: 1.12; 95%CI 1.04–1.21) were observed. An association with increasing age was also evident among women from North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Age-standardised seroprevalence decreased from 55.0% in 1995 to 33.7% in 2016. Among French women, significant associations with age, Paris and south-west regions persisted across all ENPs. Conclusion Higher prevalences in older women may reflect a higher past risk of exposure while persistent geographical differences may reflect dietary or environmental differences. Toxoplasma seroprevalence among pregnant women continues to fall and will impact screening effectiveness. This warrants a comprehensive review to determine the appropriate future of prevention in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Robinson
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,French National Public Health Agency (Santé publique France), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Henriette de Valk
- French National Public Health Agency (Santé publique France), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis, Maison Blanche Hospital, University Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- French National Public Health Agency (Santé publique France), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Mathieu Tourdjman
- French National Public Health Agency (Santé publique France), Saint-Maurice, France
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Laboudi M, Taghy Z, Duieb O, Peyron F, Sadak A. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among pregnant women in Rabat, Morocco. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:21. [PMID: 33685529 PMCID: PMC7941977 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite named Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii). Pregnant women are considered one of the risk groups. The objective of this retrospective study is to provide an updated estimate of the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies among a group of Moroccan pregnant women monitored at the Parasitology Laboratory of the National Institute of Hygiene in Rabat in Morocco. METHODS Serum samples were tested for the presence of specific anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-Toxoplasma IgM- and IgG-positive cases were also evaluated with the anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity test. All cases were evaluated according to the age, parity, and historical of abortion. RESULTS Among 677 pregnant women, 94.1% (637/677) were serologically screened for the first time and therefore had no knowledge of their serological status, and only 5.9% (40/677) were screened for the second or third time. The overall anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM seropositivity among the 637 pregnant women included in the study analysis was 43% (274/637) and 3.9% (25/637), respectively. The use of the IgG avidity test allowed excluding recent infection among 83% of cases with IgG and IgM positive sera. The mean age was 29.4 ± 6.3 years. The result of the bivariate analysis revealed that the age influenced significantly the seroprevalence rate, while the parity and the existence of previous spontaneous abortion did not have any significant statistical correlation with seropositivity to T. gondii. CONCLUSION This study shows that 43% of pregnant women were positive and 57% of them had no antibody against the T. gondii infection. However, the pregnancy follow-up and the counseling of pregnant women remain essential for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Laboudi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27 Avenue Ibn Batouta, BP: 769, Rabat, Agdal, Morocco.
| | - Zoubida Taghy
- Faculty of Science, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Oussama Duieb
- Faculty of Science, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - François Peyron
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
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Prevalence and risk factors for typical signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis in children born to at risk pregnant women attending prenatal care in Temeke district, Tanzania. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Awobode HO, Ohiolei JA, Adekeye TA, Adeyi AO, Anumudu CI. Shedding proportion of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts in feral cats and soil contamination in Oyo State, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00181. [PMID: 32995580 PMCID: PMC7516289 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is transmitted through several hosts with cats serving as its definitive host. Oocysts are released with cat faeces into the environment (e.g. soil); an important medium in its transmission. The level of soil contamination with oocysts is an indicator of the level of on- going transmission. However, a dearth of information exists on the relationship between the presence of oocysts shedding cats and soil, and its importance in the transmission of T. gondii in Nigeria. In this study, the shedding proportion of T. gondii-like oocysts in cats and soil contamination levels were investigated in three communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil (n = 204) and feral cat faecal samples (n = 14) were examined for the presence of oocysts using a modified sucrose flotation technique. Cat sera (n = 15) were also analysed for IgG antibodies to T. gondii by ELISA. T. gondii-like oocysts were identified in 21.4% (95% CI: 4.6–50.8) of the total cat faecal samples. The prevalence was 50% (95% CI: 6.7–93.3), 0% and 10% (95% CI: 0.3–44.5) in Akinyele, Laniba and Ajibode communities respectively. T. gondii IgG antibody was present in 86.7% of the screened cat sera (including the copropositive cats). The seroprevalence in cats was 75% in Akinyele, 0% Laniba and 90.9% for Ajibode community (P >0.05). Oocysts were recovered from 1.5% (95% CI: 0.50–4.23) of the soil samples screened and were identified from 3.8% (95% CI: 0.13–10.58) of the soil collected in Akinyele community. Akinyele also recorded the highest number of infected cats. Oocysts were identified in soil from dumpsites 2.6% (95% CI: 0.4–13.2) and residential areas 1.9% (95% CI: 0.5–6.8). Soil contaminated with T. gondii-like oocysts and cats shedding oocysts were found in areas with high human activities within the communities. The presence of T. gondii-like oocysts in the soil and the presence of cats that tested positive to antibodies specific to T. gondii MIC 3 Protein suggested the possibility of T. gondii transmission in these communities and places emphasis on its public health importance in a susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta O Awobode
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - John A Ohiolei
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo A Adekeye
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akindele O Adeyi
- Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chiaka I Anumudu
- Cellular Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Odeniran PO, Omolabi KF, Ademola IO. Risk factors associated with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in population-based studies among immunocompromised patients (pregnant women, HIV patients and children) in West African countries, Cameroon and Gabon: a meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105544. [PMID: 32461111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals can be life threatening. The information needed for proper control and management strategies in endemic West African countries is lacking, hence a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women, HIV/AIDs and children in West Africa, Cameroon and Gabon. The epidemiology of the disease published between 1984 and 2019 using PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, AJOL and Google Scholar databases were identified. Studies that met the inclusion criteria of Toxoplasma gondii infections under the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist were analysed. A total of 58 eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis. These studies considered 18,674 hosts and an overall pooled seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies were 45.4, 39.0 and 29.5% for pregnant women, HIV/AIDS patients and children, respectively. Pooled seroprevalence was highest in Gabon and lowest in Mali for pregnant women while highest levels of seropositivity for anti-T. gondii antibodies for HIV/AIDS individuals and children were both observed in Ghana. The major risk factors associated with anti-T. gondii seropositivity were gravida status, contact with cats, consumption of raw vegetables and /fruits, age and CD4 counts. More studies are needed to determine seroconversion rate. Improved sensitization among immunocompromised patients on T. gondii and its risk factors will be an efficient method to reducing the prevalence of the disease. One Health interventions involving transdisciplinary, integrative research and capacity building are necessary to address the problem of toxoplasmosis in West Africa.
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Motoi S, Navolan DB, Malita D, Ciohat I, Nemescu D, Manciuc C, Gorun F, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Boda D, Craina M, Dobrescu A. A decreasing trend in toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among pregnant women in Romania - results of a large scale study. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3536-3540. [PMID: 32905270 PMCID: PMC7465070 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). T. gondii infection is a cause of congenital infection worldwide. Primary infection or the reactivation of latent infection during pregnancy may lead to fetal infection and to congenital toxoplasmosis syndrome. Seropositive pregnant women are generally protected from maternal-fetal transmission of T. gondii, although exceptions exist. The aim of our study was to analyze the dynamics of T. gondii seroprevalence during a 10-year period and to correlate it with age and demographic features of pregnant women. We tested 6,889 pregnant women in Timisoara, Romania, for IgG-anti-T. gondii antibodies, in two successive periods: i) 2008-2010 (group 1: 1,457 participants); and ii) 2015-2018 (group 2: 5,432 participants). For each participant, data on age and area of residence were collected. Our results showed that in the Western Region of Romania T. gondii seroprevalence in pregnant women declined from 43.79 to 38.81% in the last ten years. This trend was observed in both urban (40.53 vs. 34.85%) and rural areas (52.22 vs. 46.22%). A higher seroprevalence rate was found in rural than in urban areas. In addition, we found an increasing tendency of seroprevalence related to the age of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Motoi
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dan Bogdan Navolan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Malita
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Ciohat
- Department of Antenatal Laboratory, Emergency Clinical City Hospital, 300202 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dragos Nemescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Manciuc
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Gorun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Prof. N. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 79811 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Craina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amadeus Dobrescu
- Department of Surgery, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) can cause significant neurologic manifestations and other untoward sequelae. Neither the current epidemiology nor the disease severity of CT in Israel is known. METHODS Records of CT were collected from the National Toxoplasmosis Reference Laboratory and from 15 medical centers across Israel between 2001 and 2017. Eligible case-patients were fetuses or infants <12 months of age at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS Of the 43 CT cases identified, 24 (55%) were in Jews and the remaining 19 cases were in patients of Arab (non-Bedouin) origin. The overall annual estimated rate of symptomatic CT was calculated as 0.55 per 100,000 live births. One or more severe clinical manifestations were reported in 12 (46%) of the 28 live-born infants and included cerebral calcifications (7 cases), chorioretinitis (4 cases), hydrocephalus (2 cases) and 1 case of death. Sensitivities of blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cerebrospinal fluid PCR and IgM antibody tests were 50% each. However, analyzing PCR samples from both sites, together with IgM testing, increased the sensitivity to 93%. CONCLUSIONS The relative rate of severe manifestations was higher than in previous European reports. It is possible that the greater disease severity observed in Israel is in part due to the lack of systematic antenatal treatment and screening. Arab (non-Bedouin) infants are at higher risk for contracting CT. Performing serologic and PCR tests simultaneously is essential to improve CT diagnosis. This study demonstrates a need for an educational program to target high-risk populations.
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Fanigliulo D, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Trombetta CM. Toxoplasma gondii in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy: seroprevalence study in Central and Southern Italy from 2013 to 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:2. [PMID: 31934847 PMCID: PMC6959136 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide health problem. Infection in pregnant women can result in severe fetal morbidity or in subclinical neonatal infection; most subclinical cases develop ocular and neurological sequelae. The purpose of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in two populations of women of childbearing age in Siena (Tuscany, Central Italy) and Bari (Apulia, Southern Italy) between 2013 and 2017 and in a group of pregnant women in Bari in 2016–2017. Serum samples were tested for the presence of specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies by a commercially available ELISA test. The percentage of seropositive subjects in Bari was significantly higher than in Siena (22.4% vs. 12.4%) and an age-related trend was observed. A low prevalence of T. gondii infection (13.8%) was observed among the pregnant women tested. In addition to showing a significant difference between Central and Southern Italy, this study provides updated data on T. gondii seroprevalence in women during childbearing age and pregnancy. The results confirm a trend toward a decrease, especially in younger people and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fanigliulo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy - VisMederi S.r.l., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Blaga R, Aubert D, Thébault A, Perret C, Geers R, Thomas M, Alliot A, Djokic V, Ortis N, Halos L, Durand B, Mercier A, Villena I, Boireau P. Toxoplasma gondii in beef consumed in France: regional variation in seroprevalence and parasite isolation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:77. [PMID: 31868577 PMCID: PMC6927255 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In France, the consumption of cattle and sheep meat appears to be a risk factor for infection of pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii. Several nation-wide surveys in France have investigated the prevalence of T. gondii in sheep and pig meat, but little is known at present about the prevalence of the parasite in beef. The main objective of the present cross-sectional survey was to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in beef consumed in France. A secondary objective was to attempt to isolate T. gondii from cattle tissues and to study the geographical and age variations of this seroprevalence. The overall estimate of seroprevalence of T. gondii in bovine carcasses (n = 2912), for a threshold of 1:6 was 17.38%. A strong age effect was observed (p < 0.0001) with a seroprevalence of 5.34% for calves (<8 months) and 23.12% for adults (>8 months). Seroprevalence estimates given by area of birth and area of slaughtering for adults showed that the areas with the highest seroprevalence were not the same between these two variables. Only two strains, corresponding to genotype II, were isolated from heart samples, indicating that there is a limited risk of human infection with T. gondii, which needs to be correlated with the food habit of consuming raw or undercook (bleu or saignant) beef. However, new questions have emerged, especially concerning the isolation of parasites from beef and the precise role of bovines, generally described as poor hosts for T. gondii, in human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Blaga
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, INRA, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France - UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Center, CHU Reims and EA7510, SFR CAP-Santé, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, USC EpiToxo ANSES, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Anne Thébault
- ANSES, Direction de l'évaluation des risques, Unité Méthodes et Etudes, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Catherine Perret
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Régine Geers
- National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Center, CHU Reims and EA7510, SFR CAP-Santé, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, USC EpiToxo ANSES, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Myriam Thomas
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Annie Alliot
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vitomir Djokic
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Naïma Ortis
- National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Center, CHU Reims and EA7510, SFR CAP-Santé, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, USC EpiToxo ANSES, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, INRA, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France - UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoît Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France - National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- National Reference Center on Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma Biological Resources Center, CHU Reims and EA7510, SFR CAP-Santé, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, USC EpiToxo ANSES, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Pascal Boireau
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, Université Paris-Est, National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Parasites, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Onduru OG, Rumisha SF, Munyeme M, Phiri AM. Evaluation of the level of awareness of congenital toxoplasmosis and associated practices among pregnant women and health workers in Tanzania's Temeke district in Dar es Salaam. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:3027-3037. [PMID: 32127878 PMCID: PMC7040330 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis caused by the obligate intracellular coccidian protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infects all warm-blooded animals including humans. This parasite may develop in both immune-compromised and immunocompetent hosts but usually the disease manifestations strongly differ according to immune status. Immunocompromised hosts develop more severe disease than immunocompetent hosts. Infections in pregnancy carry the risk of foetal involvement and can lead to serious clinical outcomes including psychomotor and ocular disorders in congenitally infected foetuses and children. OBJECTIVE To assess the level of awareness and practices towards congenital toxoplasmosis among health workers and pregnant women in Tanzania's Temeke municipality. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 371 pregnant women and 22 health workers from six healthcare facilities in Temeke municipality of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A structured questionnaire and review of prenatal screening forms were used to collect information. The questionnaire focused on knowledge of disease aetiology, signs and symptoms, modes of transmission, treatment and management. RESULTS Of the pregnant women, 96% (95% CI: 0. 94-0.98) were unaware of the disease, had never heard, read or seen any information regarding toxoplasmosis. The majority of respondents including those who had heard, read or seen information concerning toxoplasmosis were unaware of the disease aetiology, signs and symptoms. However, 90% (95% CI: 0.86-0.93) of respondents unknowingly observed preventive practices towards the disease including avoiding eating raw, cured or rare meat. There was a significant statistical relationship between practices towards toxoplasmosis and age of pregnant women, such that for every increase in age by ten years the risk practices towards toxoplasmosis increased by 41% (OR=1.41, 95%, C.I. 1.05-1.90). Preventive practices towards toxoplasmosis decreased significantly by 74% and 78% for the age of 19-25 and 26-35 years old pregnant women respectively, as compared to those < 19 years. No significant difference was observed for those aged > 35 years. Multigravidae was associated with at-risk practices towards toxoplasmosis (OR=2.65, CI: 1.38-5.08). Of the 22 health workers who participated in the study, 36% (95% CI: 0.15-0.58) were aware of the congenital toxoplasmosis and its clinical outcomes. None of them had diagnosed the disease before. CONCLUSION Due to general lack of awareness towards toxoplasmosis observed among both health workers and pregnant women in Temeke Municipality, we recommend health policy on maternal and child healthcare to address prenatal screening that is aimed at providing early diagnosis for any possible congenital toxoplasmosis as well as diseases that are currently screened in Tanzania such as HIV, syphilis and malaria. Integrating a One Health approach in educating medical professionals and the vulnerable population of pregnant women on the importance of congenital zoonoses will promote awareness and preventive practices towards the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Fred Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Directorate of Information Technologies and Communication
| | - Musso Munyeme
- University of Zambia School of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Control
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Perrone Sibilia MD, Aldirico MDLÄ, Soto AS, Picchio MS, Sánchez VR, Arcón N, Moretta R, Martín V, Vanzulli S, Fenoy IM, Goldman A. Chronic infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii prevents the development of experimental atopic dermatitis in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:143-150. [PMID: 31735466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supporting the hypothesis thatT. gondii infection protects against allergy in humans we previously demonstrated that this infection can modulate not only the susceptibility to develop respiratory allergies in mice but also suppresses allergic responses at systemic level. This latter finding suggests that T. gondii infection could prevent the onset of other allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. At present, few studies have investigated the modulation of atopic dermatitis by parasite infections. OBJECTIVE Here, we sought to investigate whether chronic infection with T. gondii is capable of modulating the development of atopic dermatitis. METHODS Chronically infected mice were sensitized by repeated epicutaneous ovalbumin administration. Skin histopathology, humoral response, cytokine production and innate type-II lymphoid cells (ILC2) were assessed. RESULTS A marked reduction in epidermal thickness and dermal inflammatory infiltrate along with a reduction in mast cell count was observed in infected mice compared to non-infected mice. These results correlated with a diminished TH2 and TH1 allergen specific response. Reduced type-II IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines were already detected during the first 24 h of allergen sensitization in splenocytes and draining lymph nodes from infected mice. Moreover, this reduced type-II profile in chronically infected animals correlated with diminished ILC2 number in draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Chronic infection withT. gondii prevents the development of atopic dermatitis. The diminished susceptibility seems to result from changes in type-II innate immune response that may lead to the induction of a deficient TH2 response and consequently to a lower susceptibility to develop atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Damián Perrone Sibilia
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - María de Los Ängeles Aldirico
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Ariadna Soledad Soto
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sergio Picchio
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Roxana Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Nadia Arcón
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Rosalía Moretta
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Valentina Martín
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vanzulli
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Martín Fenoy
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Goldman
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina.
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Sert UY, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Gokay S, Engin-Ustun Y. Toxoplasma Screening Results of 84587 Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Referral Center in Turkey. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019; 38:307-316. [PMID: 30912697 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1587122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma in a tertiary referral center in Turkey and to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of routine antenatal screening. Materials and methods: A serologic test for Toxoplasma is free of charge for all pregnant women as part of routine antenatal care at their first prenatal visit. The study was conducted between 2008 and 2017. Results: The frequency of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM seropositivity was 22.3% and 0.64%, respectively. Low avidity was detected in 142 patients and 60 PCR tests were performed with no positive result. A total of 33 mothers with low IgG avidity and negative PCR received prophylactic treatment, and no congenital toxoplasmosis was documented in this study. Conclusion: Universal screening for Toxoplasma in pregnancy is a subject of debate. As the prevalence in Turkey is higher compared to other countries, more studies are needed to identify the necessity of routine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yasemin Sert
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - A Seval Ozgu-Erdinc
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sibel Gokay
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yaprak Engin-Ustun
- a Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Care, Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
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21
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Robert-Gangneux F, Djurković-Djaković O. Serological and molecular screening of umbilical cord blood for Toxoplasma gondii infection; a reply to Botein et al. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13127. [PMID: 31179601 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Fakhar M, Soosaraei M, Khasseh AA, Emameh RZ, Hezarjaribi HZ. A bibliometric analysis of global research on toxoplasmosis in the Web of Science. Vet World 2018; 11:1409-1415. [PMID: 30532494 PMCID: PMC6247882 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1409-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the network productions and research collaborations on toxoplasmosis worldwide. Materials and Methods: A bibliometric research was carried out using the Web of Science (WOS) database. The analysis unit was the original research articles about toxoplasmosis published between 2000 and 2016 (17 years). Results: Totally, 6,550 articles about toxoplasmosis were indexed in the WOS with the following information: (A) 18,410 researchers played a role in drafting the articles; (B) 33 different countries have contributed in the toxoplasmosis studies; (C) the USA was ranked at the first place with 2,162 publications about toxoplasmosis; and (D) “Dubey JP” was compiled and participated in 401 articles from the USA, as the highest number and main core of publications in the toxoplasmosis network. Conclusion: The main focus of the toxoplasmosis research activities in the world was article production in the indexed journals in WOS. Hence, it is necessary to strengthen the collaboration networks to improve the quality of articles. Furthermore, the priority would be the identification of institutions with a higher number of research article productions in WOS, to perform toxoplasmosis collaborative original researches according to the strategic roadmap and scientific plan of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Fakhar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Soosaraei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Khasseh
- Department of Knowledge and Information Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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23
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Decline of Seroprevalence and Incidence of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Despite Changing Prevention Policy-Three Decades of Cord-blood Screening in North-western Switzerland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:1087-1092. [PMID: 29561516 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of prospective data, there is an ongoing debate about the need for screening and prevention programs for congenital toxoplasmosis in Europe. Accordingly, individual countries have chosen different public health strategies. METHODS A cord-blood screening program for congenital toxoplasmosis was established in 1982 in obstetric units of hospitals in North-Western Switzerland. Samples were tested for specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM, and after 1992 also for IgA antibodies. Suspicious test results triggered additional investigations to identify children with congenital toxoplasmosis. RESULTS From 1982 to 2015, 119,166 cord-blood samples have been collected and analyzed for the presence of Toxoplasma-specific antibodies. Although maternal age rose from 28.2 to 32.2 years during this period, a decrease of seroprevalence from 53% to 20% was observed. The incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis decreased by 85% (from 0.08% to 0.012%) and remained low despite abandoning prevalent nonsystematic screening during pregnancy in Switzerland. CONCLUSIONS Our data document a steady decline of both Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and congenital toxoplasmosis incidence in Switzerland even after abolition of the nonsystematic prenatal screening a decade ago. The data support abandoning toxoplasmosis screening programs in low-incidence, high-income countries such as Switzerland.
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Guigue N, Léon L, Hamane S, Gits-Muselli M, Le Strat Y, Alanio A, Bretagne S. Continuous Decline of Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in Hospital: A 1997-2014 Longitudinal Study in Paris, France. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2369. [PMID: 30344515 PMCID: PMC6182058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii presents a risk for reactivation of latent cysts in immunocompromised patients. Anti-T. gondii antibodies are therefore usually screened before chemotherapy or transplantation to propose prophylactic measures against this parasite. We analyzed the results obtained in our hospital to study the epidemiological trend of T. gondii infection. Methods: We collected all the anti-Toxoplasma antibody titers from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2013 using the Platelia IgG ELISA assay (Bio-Rad). The results were classified as positive when titers reached a concentration of ≥10 UI/ml. Only the first result obtained at entry for each patient was considered. T. gondii seroprevalence was estimated using a multivariate logistic regression model accounting for age, sex, and year in which the sample was collected. Results: A total of 21,480 patient samples were analyzed. The seroprevalence continuously decreased over time, from 64.5% in 1997 to 54.7% in 2013 (i.e., an average of 1.3% per year, p < 0.001). The decrease was 5.0% per year for patients <20 years. After 2013, the model predicts that the seroprevalence would continuously decrease. We also observed a higher proportion of seropositive men than women in the 15- to 45-year-old group (58.5% versus 52.0%, p < 10-3). Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis at our hospital showed an accelerating downward trend over 17 years. The reason for this continuous decline is likely associated with the lower parasite presence within meat. Thus, although young immunocompromised patients are increasingly less at risk of reactivation in the near future, older immunocompromised patients will remain at high risk of reactivation. The reasons of the higher prevalence in men remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guigue
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Léon
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samia Hamane
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Paris, France
| | - Maud Gits-Muselli
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
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25
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El Bissati K, Levigne P, Lykins J, Adlaoui EB, Barkat A, Berraho A, Laboudi M, El Mansouri B, Ibrahimi A, Rhajaoui M, Quinn F, Murugesan M, Seghrouchni F, Gómez-Marín JE, Peyron F, McLeod R. Global initiative for congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational and international comparative clinical analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:165. [PMID: 30262847 PMCID: PMC6160433 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, congenital toxoplasmosis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and outbreaks of infection with T. gondii represent a significant, emerging public health burden, especially in the developing world. This parasite is a threat to public health. Disease often is not recognized and is inadequately managed. Herein, we analyze the status of congenital toxoplasmosis in Morocco, Colombia, the United States, and France. We identify the unique challenges faced by each nation in the implementation of optimal approaches to congenital toxoplasmosis as a public health problem. We suggest that developed and developing countries use a multipronged approach, modeling their public health management protocols after those in France. We conclude that education, screening, appropriate treatment, and the development of novel modalities will be required to intervene successfully in caring for individuals with this infection. Gestational screening has been demonstrated to be cost-effective, morbidity-sparing, and life-saving. Recognition of the value and promise of public health interventions to prevent human suffering from this emerging infection will facilitate better patient and societal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Pauline Levigne
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, 103 grande rue de la Croix Rousse, 69317, Lyon, France
| | - Joseph Lykins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | | | - Amina Barkat
- Research Team on Mother-Child Health and Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amina Berraho
- Department d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital des Spécialités, CHU, P6220, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Fred Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
- Grupo de Estudio en Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindio, Av. Bolivar 12N, Armenia, Quindio, Colombia
| | - François Peyron
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, 103 grande rue de la Croix Rousse, 69317, Lyon, France
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Institute of Genomics, Genetics, and Systems Biology, Global Health Center, Toxoplasmosis Center, CHeSS, The College, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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26
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Sirin MC, Agus N, Yilmaz N, Bayram A, Derici YK, Samlioglu P, Hanci SY, Dogan G. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus and Cytomegalovirus among pregnant women and the importance of avidity assays. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:727-732. [PMID: 28674718 PMCID: PMC5556280 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.7.18182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), Rubella virus, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) among pregnant women in Izmir, Turkey. Methods: Medical records of pregnant women attending Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey between January 2014 and January 2016 were analyzed in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The 7513 T. gondii IgM/IgG results, 7189 Rubella IgM/IgG results, 906 CMV IgM/IgG results and 146 avidity test results were evaluated. Specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by an automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay method. Immunoglobulin G avidity tests were performed using a multiparametric immunoassay system. Results: The rates of IgG positivity for T. gondii was 32.3%, Rubella virus 93.5%, and CMV 98.9%. Immunoglobulin M antibodies were found to be positive in 138 (1.9%) cases for T. gondii, 88 (1.2%) cases for Rubella, and 14 (1.5%) cases for CMV. Avidity tests were ordered from 146 of 218 patients who were found both IgM and IgG positive. Among 146 patients, 6 patients had a low avidity index (all for T. gondii), 11 patients showed borderline avidity, and 129 patients revealed high avidity. Conclusion: In our region, whereas the rates of IgG positivity for Rubella and CMV are high, most pregnant women were susceptible to T. gondii infections. In order to enhance the reliability of the serological diagnosis, avidity tests should be performed in all IgM positivities detected together with IgG positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz C Sirin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. E-mail.
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Antolová D, Janičko M, Halánová M, Jarčuška P, Gecková AM, Babinská I, Kalinová Z, Pella D, Mareková M, Veseliny E. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in the Roma and Non-Roma Inhabitants of Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030408. [PMID: 29495474 PMCID: PMC5876953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lifestyle, health and social status of the Roma are generally below the standards characteristic for the non-Roma population. This study aimed to find out the seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in the population of Roma living in segregated settlements and to compare it with the prevalence of antibodies in the non-Roma population from the catchment area of eastern Slovakia. The seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii was significantly higher in the Roma group (45.0%) than in non-Roma inhabitants (24.1%). A statistically significant difference was also recorded between the two non-Roma groups in the study, 30.4% of those from the catchment area and 19.7% from the non-catchment area were seropositive. Univariate logistic regression confirmed poverty and higher age to be significant risk factors influencing the seropositivity to T. gondii. Of the clinical symptoms analyzed in the study, only muscle and back pain were associated with seropositivity to T. gondii. The close contact of Roma with an environment contaminated by different infectious agents and the insufficient hygiene, lower level of education, poverty, lack of water and household equipment and high number of domestic animals increase the risk of infectious diseases in the Roma settlements and subsequently the spread of communicable diseases at the national or even international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Antolová
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Janičko
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Halánová
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Jarčuška
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | | | - Ingrid Babinská
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kalinová
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Pella
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Mária Mareková
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eduard Veseliny
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia.
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Frimpong C, Makasa M, Sitali L, Michelo C. Seroprevalence and determinants of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the university teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:10. [PMID: 28056829 PMCID: PMC5216584 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is a neglected zoonotic disease which is prevalent among pregnant women especially in Africa. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and determinants of the disease among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH). Method A cross-sectional study was employed where 411 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at UTH were interviewed using closed ended questionnaires. Their blood was also tested for Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using the OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Combo Rapid test cassettes by CTK Biotech, Inc, USA. Result The overall seroprevalence of the infection (IgG) was 5.87%. There was no seropositive IgM result. Contact with cats showed 7.81 times the risk of contracting the infection in the pregnant women and being a farmer/being involved in construction work showed 15.5 times likelihood of contracting the infection. Socio-economic status of the pregnant women also presented an inverse relationship (showed association) with the infection graphically. However, though there were indications of association between contact with cats, employment type as well as socioeconomic status of the pregnant women with the infection, there was not enough evidence to suggest these factors as significant determining factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in our study population. Conclusion There is a low prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia. Screening for the infection among pregnant women can be done once or twice during pregnancy to help protect both mother and child from the disease. Health promotion among women of child bearing age on the subject is of immense importance in order to help curb the situation. Further studies especially that of case–control and cohort studies should be carried out in the country in order to better ascertain the extent of the condition nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Frimpong
- Department of Public Health, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Mpundu Makasa
- Department of Public Health, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lungowe Sitali
- Department of Public Health, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Michelo
- Department of Public Health, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
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Ayi I, Sowah AOK, Blay EA, Suzuki T, Ohta N, Ayeh-Kumi PF. Toxoplasma gondii infections among pregnant women, children and HIV-seropositive persons in Accra, Ghana. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:17. [PMID: 27433136 PMCID: PMC4940749 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii infection can lead to severe disease outcomes in immune-compromised people. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies among pregnant women, hospitalized children (<5 years old) and HIV-seropositive persons in Accra. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in two hospitals in Accra, and a total of 450 voluntary participants were recruited for the study consisting of 125 pregnant women, 200 children and 125 HIV-seropositive persons. Serum was obtained from venous blood safely drawn from each participant and tested for specific anti-Toxoplasma antibodies IgG and IgM by ELISA. A serological criterion for seropositivity was a positive test result for any of the two anti-Toxoplasma antibodies or a combination of both. Questionnaire interviews were conducted to obtain personal information and Toxoplasma infection risk-related data. RESULTS Those who tested seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies were 51.2 % (64/125) pregnant women, 58.0 % (116/200) children and 57.6 % (72/125) HIV patients. The major risk factors associated with anti-T. gondii seropositivity were identified as age (in children), handling raw meat and gravida status (in pregnant women). The results of this study confirmed that the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection is high among pregnant women, hospitalized children <5 years old and HIV patients. CONCLUSIONS A further study to investigate pre-pregnancy infections with T. gondii among women of childbearing age, seroconversion rate in pregnant women, rate of mother-to-child transmission and reactivated infections among HIV-seropositive persons is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ayi
- />Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustine Odoi-Kpoti Sowah
- />Korle-Bu Central Laboratory, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, P. O. Box 77, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
- />School of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Awusah Blay
- />Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- />Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- />Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- />Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Patrick F. Ayeh-Kumi
- />School of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Science, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Herrero L, Gracia MJ, Pérez-Arquillué C, Lázaro R, Herrera M, Herrera A, Bayarri S. Toxoplasma gondii: Pig seroprevalence, associated risk factors and viability in fresh pork meat. Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:52-59. [PMID: 27270390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on 161 fattening pig farms located in Aragón (Northeast Spain). Serum samples from 1200 pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Antibodies to T. gondii (≥1:20) were detected in 301 pigs (24.52%). The seroprevalence observed in the present study indicates a widespread exposure to T. gondii, as seropositive pigs were found in 96.67% of the farms studied although low pig titers were determined. Risk factors associated with T. gondii seroprevalence were presence of cats in or around the farms, presence of dogs around the facilities, low number of animals in the farms, poor hygiene and bad maintenance of the farms. Finally, it was observed that where rodent baits were used, Toxoplasma prevalence was lower. Risk management measures including control of cats and rodents on the farms, among others, could help to reduce the observed prevalence levels. By mouse bioassay, T. gondii was detected in 73.7% and isolated from 42.1% of seropositive pigs and a significant relation between the titers of pigs and the presence and viability of T. gondii in the tissues was found. The detection of T. gondii is not possible by currently practiced meat inspection. Nevertheless, the increased probability of detecting viable forms of T. gondii in tissues of pigs with titers ≥1: 80 could be used as the cutoff for discriminating higher risk animals, and could be used as an effective control tool for the industry of cured meat products. In practical terms, we propose that this value could be used as a critical limit in the HACCP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrero
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Gracia
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Consuelo Pérez-Arquillué
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Regina Lázaro
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Herrera
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Bayarri
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Tegegne D, Abdurahaman M, Mosissa T, Yohannes M. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies prevalence and associated risk factors among HIV patients. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:460-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chandrasena N, Herath R, Rupasinghe N, Samarasinghe B, Samaranayake H, Kastuririratne A, de Silva NR. Toxoplasmosis awareness, seroprevalence and risk behavior among pregnant women in the Gampaha district, Sri Lanka. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:62-7. [PMID: 27092763 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1173325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary gestational toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus with deleterious effects on the pregnancy. There is very little information regarding gestational toxoplasmosis in Sri Lanka. This survey was done to determine the prevalence and awareness of toxoplasmosis and to identify risk factors of infection among pregnant women in the Gampaha district, Sri Lanka. METHODS Women attending obstetric clinics at the Colombo North Teaching Hospital in 2014 were tested for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) specific Immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) subtypes using the OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid Test-Dip Strip(®). Disease awareness and risk behaviors of the participants were investigated. RESULTS Of the 293 participants (mean age 27 years, SD ± 5.92), 38% were primigravidae with a mean gestational age of 16.2 weeks (SD 7). The prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies was 12.3% (n = 36) and zero, respectively. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to determine risk factors of infection (cat-ownership, handling cats, consumption of meat, commercial meals and unwashed raw vegetables and fruits, handling soil and not washing hands after handling soil). On bivariate analysis, eating commercially prepared meals weekly or more was associated with toxoplasma seroprevalence with marginal statistical significance. On multivariate analysis, none of the considered risk factors were significant. Toxoplasma awareness was 4.4% (n = 13); health personnel (46.2%, n = 6) and media (53.8%, n = 7) being sources of information. CONCLUSIONS Health education programs to increase awareness of toxoplasmosis is recommended at antenatal clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmini Chandrasena
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika Herath
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Nawamalika Rupasinghe
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Buddhini Samarasinghe
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Hasaranga Samaranayake
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
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Mohamed K, Bahathiq A, Degnah N, Basuni S, Mahdi AB, Malki AA, Babalghith A. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ajzenberg D, Collinet F, Aubert D, Villena I, Dardé ML, Devillard S. The rural-urban effect on spatial genetic structure of type II Toxoplasma gondii strains involved in human congenital toxoplasmosis, France, 2002-2009. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:511-516. [PMID: 26305624 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis involves Toxoplasma gondii type II strains in 95% of cases in France. We used spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) and 15 microsatellite markers to investigate the spatial genetic structure of type II strains involved in 240 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in France from 2002 through 2009. Mailing addresses of patients were geo-referenced a posteriori in decimal degrees and categorized into urban or rural areas of residence. No spatial genetic structure was found for type II strains that infected mothers who were living in urban areas, but a global spatial genetic structure was found for those that infected mothers who were living in a rural environment. Our results suggest that sources of infection by T. gondii are different in rural and urban areas in France, and advocate for targeted messages in the prevention of toxoplasmosis according to the type of residence of susceptible people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France.
| | | | - Dominique Aubert
- EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA3800, SFR Cap-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
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Mouri O, Kendjo E, Touafek F, Fekkar A, Konte O, Imbert S, Courtin R, Mazier D, Paris L. The impact of lowering the cut-off value on the sensitivity of the Platelia Elisa IgG (Bio-Rad) test for toxoplasmosis diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:22. [PMID: 26187780 PMCID: PMC4506486 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining specific immune status against Toxoplasma gondii is essential for assessing the risk of reactivation in immunocompromised patients or defining serological monitoring and appropriate prophylactic measures during pregnancy. In France, toxoplasmosis serological screening requires systematic testing for IgM and IgG antibodies. The Platelia Toxo IgG and IgM test (Bio-Rad) is one of the most widely used tests for anti-toxoplasmic antibody detection. We performed a study on 384 sera, including 123 IgG negative (<6 IU/mL) and 261 IgG equivocal (6–9 IU/mL) sera tested with Platelia Toxo IgG and collected during routine screening at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France to determine the best-performing IgG titer cut-off value. Out of these 383 sera, 298 were IgM negative by Platelia Toxo IgM and 86 were IgM positive. All sera were also tested against Toxo IgG II LD BIO western blot test as confirmation. Our results indicated that an IgG titer cut-off value of ≥4.4 IU/mL for the Platelia Toxo IgG met the definition of positivity, a value significantly lower than that indicated by the manufacturers. In the presence of IgM antibodies, the IgG titer cut-off decreased significantly to a value ≥0.2 IU/mL. This latter cut-off also allowed adequate diagnosis of proven toxoplasmosis seroconversion in 76.7% of cases (33/43). Our findings may improve toxoplasmosis care by reducing therapeutic intervention time and eliminating the need for further serological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Mouri
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Kendjo
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Feriel Touafek
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fekkar
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France - Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, CIMI-Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ousmane Konte
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Imbert
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Régis Courtin
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France - Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, CIMI-Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Paris
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:64-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to September 2013 to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for human Toxplasma gondii infection in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Serum samples were analysed using direct agglutination test, and immunosorbent agglutination assay for detecting IgG (n = 354) and IgM (n = 167) T. gondii antibodies. The T. gondii IgG and IgM seroprevalences were 65·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60·62–70·75] and 8·98% (95% CI 5·11–14·38), respectively. Gender difference in IgG seroprevalence was not significant (P > 0·05), but 69·5% of adults exhibited an IgG seroresponse to T. gondii. Pregnant women showed 76·4% and 9·3% seropositivity to IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the risk factors significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity were district [odds ratio (OR) 2·24, 95% CI 1·25–4·01, P = 0·007], pipe water source (OR 6·70, 95% CI 2·70–16·64, P < 0·001), age, with adults (OR 4·32, 95% CI 1·91–9·75, P < 0·001), and keeping cats in the home (OR 2·01, 95% CI 1·11–3·65, P = 0·021). The high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the human population in the study area and the corresponding level of IgM seropositivity may be indicative of reactivation or recent infection and further studies on the status of congenital toxoplasmosis in the study area merit consideration.
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Al-Sheyab NA, Obaidat MM, Bani Salman AE, Lafi SQ. Toxoplasmosis-Related Knowledge and Preventive Practices among Undergraduate Female Students in Jordan. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1161-6. [PMID: 26038907 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne toxoplasmosis is a leading cause of foodborne deaths and hospitalization worldwide. The level of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii is influenced by culture and eating habits. There is a scarcity of data about women's knowledge and perception of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine toxoplasmosis knowledge and preventive practices of young childbearing age women in Jordan. A descriptive cross-sectional study recruited a random sample of 1,390 undergraduate university female students and was stratified based on place of residency. About half of students (51.1%) reported having "ever" heard or read about toxoplasmosis, and almost all students (98.6%) had never been tested for toxoplasmosis. Overall, there was a lack of awareness about toxoplasmosis, its risk factors, symptoms, and timing of infection, and preventive practices. High percentages of females reported a high level of hygienic practices related to hand washing after gardening, changing cat litter, and handling raw meat. However, 16.7% of students reported eating raw meat, 26.5% usually eat traditional herbs, and 17.2% drink untreated spring water. This study establishes a baseline for the awareness levels about toxoplasmosis among young women in Jordan. These findings highlight the urgent need for toxoplasmosis awareness and preventive education for childbearing females. An effective education and outreach program should cover important topics concerning risk factors, high-risk foods, and preventive measures against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya A Al-Sheyab
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Alaa E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Shawkat Q Lafi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Findal G, Barlinn R, Sandven I, Stray-Pedersen B, Nordbø SA, Samdal HH, Vainio K, Dudman SG, Jenum PA. Toxoplasma prevalence among pregnant women in Norway: a cross-sectional study. APMIS 2015; 123:321-5. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gry Findal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Division of Women and Children; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Regine Barlinn
- Department of Virology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Irene Sandven
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Research Support Services; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Division of Women and Children; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Svein A. Nordbø
- Department of Medical Microbiology St.Olavs Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Helvi H. Samdal
- Department of Microbiology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Kirsti Vainio
- Department of Virology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Susanne G. Dudman
- Department of Virology; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Pål A. Jenum
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Vestre Viken Health Trust; Drammen Norway
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Hung CS, Su HW, Lee YL, Weng HW, Wang YC, Naito T, Tsubouchi A, Wang GC, Fan CK. Seroprevalence, Seroconversion, and Risk Factors for Toxoplasmosis among Pregnant Women in Taipei, Taiwan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:312-7. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung-Wen Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital
| | - Yu-Luen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
| | - Hui-Wen Weng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital
| | - Yin-Chin Wang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
- Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
| | - Toshio Naito
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University
| | - Akiko Tsubouchi
- Research Support Center, School of Medicine, Juntendo University
| | | | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
- Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
- Master Program of Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
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Infection risk factors associated with seropositivity forToxoplasma gondiiin a population-based study in the Central Region, Ghana. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1904-12. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAbout 20–90% of the world's population has had contact withToxoplasma gondiiparasites. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated withT. gondiiinfection in the Central Region, Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected communities. Serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondiiIgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA. A serological criterion for seropositivity was a positive test result for any of the two anti-ToxoplasmaIgG or IgM antibodies or a combination of both. In all, 390 participants of mean age 47·0 years consisting of 118 (30·3%) males and 272 (69·7%) females were tested. The overall seroprevalence ofT. gondiiwas 85% (333/390) where fishermen, farmers and fishmongers, respectively, had the highest seropositivity. IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 329 (84%) and 25 (6%), respectively, while both IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 21 (5%) of the participants. Respectively, 1% (4/390) and 79% (308/390) of participants tested positive for IgM-only and IgG-only antibodies. There was a significant relationship betweenToxoplasmaseropositivity and contact with soil, presence of a cat in the surrounding area, age, sources of drinking water, level of formal education, and socioeconomic status. The results suggest that the seashore may serve as a good ground for sporulation and survival ofToxoplasmaoocysts.
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Wang M, Meng P, Ye Q, Pu YH, Yang XY, Luo JX, Zhang NZ, Zhang DL. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soils in northwestern China using a new semi-nested PCR assay. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:238. [PMID: 25260859 PMCID: PMC4181410 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic pathogen that can infect a range of animals and humans. Ingestion of T. gondii oocysts in soil is a significant transmission route for humans and animals acquiring toxoplasmosis. In the present study, we developed a new semi-nested PCR method to determine T. gondii oocysts distribution in soils in northwestern China. RESULTS The one tube semi-nested PCR assay was developed to detect the oocysts of T. gondii in soil, targeting the repetitive 529 bp fragment of T. gondii genomic DNA. Then a total of 268 soil samples, including 148 samples from Gansu Province and 120 samples from Qinghai Province, northwestern China, were examined by the semi-nested PCR method. One third of the positive samples were sequenced. The sensitivity of the semi-nested PCR assay was 10(2) T. gondii oocysts in 5 g soil sample. Investigation of soil samples from northwestern China showed that 34 out of 268 soil samples (12.69%) were T. gondii positive. Sequences of the partial 529 bp fragments varied from 0-1.2% among the sequenced samples. The prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in soil from cities (24/163) was slightly higher than that in soils from pasturing areas (10/105) (P = 0.21). Among the different regions in cities, the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in soils from parks was 14.15%, whereas that in soils from schools was 19.05%. CONCLUSIONS The present study firstly reported the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in soils in northwest China using a novel semi-nested PCR assay, which provided baseline data for the effective prevention and control of toxoplasmosis in this region.
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Girard D, Leclercq A, Laurent E, Lecuit M, de Valk H, Goulet V. Pregnancy-related listeriosis in France, 1984 to 2011, with a focus on 606 cases from 1999 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.38.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- D Girard
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - A Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - E Laurent
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - M Lecuit
- Paris Descartes University, Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Inserm U1117, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
| | - H de Valk
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - V Goulet
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
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Abedi M, Heidari H, Sadeghi Dehkordi Z, Youssefi MR. Serological study of toxoplasmosis in women with previous history of abortion at Hamedan’s medical centers during 2012–2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Epidemiology of Toxoplasma and CMV serology and of GBS colonization in pregnancy and neonatal outcome in a Sicilian population. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:23. [PMID: 24559197 PMCID: PMC3936856 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-40-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of our study is to analyze the immunological status in pregnancy for two main TORCH agents, Toxoplasma and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and the results of group B streptococcus (GBS) screening, assessing the risk for congenital infection in a population from Palermo, Italy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all inborn live newborns who were born in our division during 2012, gathering information about the mother, the pregnancy and neonatal hospitalization at birth. Whenever data were available, we categorized the serologic status of the mothers for Toxoplasma and CMV. We also considered the results of rectal and vaginal swabs for GBS. We compared the results in Italian and immigrant mothers. The neonatal outcome was evaluated in all cases at risk. RESULTS Prevalence of anti-Toxo IgG antibodies was 17.97%, and was significantly higher in immigrant women (30% vs 16.4% in Italian women; p = 0.0008). Prevalence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies was 65.87%. Again, it was significantly higher in immigrant women (91.4% vs 62.5%, p = 3.31e-08). We compared those data with a previous study performed in our hospital in 2005-2006, and found that the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma and anti-CMV antibodies in our population has remained stable, both in the immigrant and in the local population. Seroconversion rates and neonatal infections were rare: no seroconversions were observed for Toxoplasma, 4 seroconversions for CMV. One neonatal Toxoplasma infection and two neonatal CMV infections were documented. In some cases with dubious patterns or probable persistence of IgM, we performed additional tests and follow-up. Vaginal and rectal swabs were positive for GBS in 7.98% of cases, with no significant difference between the Italian and the immigrant population. No GBS neonatal sepsis was documented. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in pregnant women was low in our population, if compared with European countries and with other parts of Italy, and is significantly higher in immigrant women. The prevalence of CMV IgG antibodies was intermediate if compared to other countries, and it was higher in immigrant women. GBS positivity was low, and comparable in Italian and immigrant mothers. Neonatal infection was rare for all these agents.
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Costa JM, Alanio A, Moukoury S, Clairet V, Debruyne M, Poveda JD, Bretagne S. Direct genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from amniotic fluids based on B1 gene polymorphism using minisequencing analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:552. [PMID: 24252188 PMCID: PMC4225555 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because some Toxoplasma gondii genotypes may be more virulent in pregnant women, discriminating between them appears valuable. Currently, the main genotyping method is based on single copy microsatellite markers, which limit direct genotyping from amniotic fluids (AFs) to samples with a high parasitic load. We investigated whether the multicopy gene B1 could type the parasite with a higher sensitivity. To estimate the amplifiable DNA present in AFs, we first compared three different PCR assays used for Toxoplasma infection diagnosis: the P30-PCR, targeting the single copy gene P30; the B1-PCR, targeting the repeated B1 gene; and RE-PCR, targeting the repeated element. Results Of the 1792 AFs analyzed between 2008 and 2011, 73 were RE-PCR positive. Of those, 49 (67.1%) were P30-PCR and B1-PCR positive, and 14 (19.2%) additional AFs were B1-PCR positive only. All 63 BI-positive AFs (France n = 49; overseas n = 14) could be genotyped based on an analysis of eight nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the B1 gene. Following high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, minisequencing was carried out for each of the eight SNPs. DNA from six reference strains was included in the study, and AFs were assigned to one of the three major lineages (Types I, II, and III). In total, 26 genotypes were observed, and the hierarchical clustering distinguished two clades in lineages II (IIa, n = 30 and IIb, n = 4) and III (IIIa n = 23 and IIIb n = 6). There was an overrepresentation of overseas isolates in Clade IIb (4/4, 100%) and Clade IIIa (8/22; 36.4%) (p <0.0001), whereas medical interruption and fetal death were overrepresented in Clade IIb (2/4, 50%) and Clade IIIa (4/23, 17.4%) (p = 0.049). Conclusions Although the current genotyping system cannot pretend to replace multilocus typing, we clearly show that targeting the multicopy B1 gene yields a genotyping capacity of AFs around 20% better than when single copy targets are used. The present genotyping method also allows clear identification of genotypes of potential higher virulence.
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Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in women in France, 1980–2020: model-based estimation. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:1661-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813002756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYToxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis due to Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous protozoan parasite of warm-blooded animals including humans. In pregnant women, primary infection can cause congenital toxoplasmosis resulting in severe malformations in the newborn. Since 1978, public health authorities in France have implemented a congenital toxoplasmosis prevention programme, including monthly serological screening of all seronegative pregnant women, and treatment in case of seroconversion. However, this programme does not produce systematic surveillance data on incidence and prevalence. Our objective was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of T. gondii infection, and the incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in women in France. We used a catalytic model to estimate incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between 1980 and 2020 in women of childbearing age. We used age- and time-specific seroprevalence data obtained from the National Perinatal Surveys (NPS) conducted in 1995, 2003 and 2010. We assumed that incidence depends both on age and calendar time, and can be expressed as the product of two unknown functions. We also estimated incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 from the NPS and the National Surveillance of Congenital Toxoplasmosis (ToxoSurv). We combined data of 42208 women aged 15–45 years with serology available from the three NPS. For women aged 30 years the modelled incidence decreased from 7·5/1000 susceptible women in 1980 to 3·5/1000 in 2000. In 2010 the incidence was 2·4/1000. The predicted incidence and prevalence for 2020 was 1·6/1000 and 27%, respectively. The incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 was estimated at 2·1/1000 susceptible pregnant women (95% CI 1·3–3·1) from the NPS and 1·9 (95% CI 1·8–2·1) from ToxoSurv. Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection has decreased markedly during the last 30 years. This decrease may be explained by a lower exposure to the parasite by changes in food habits and by improved hygiene practices in meat production. Modelled estimations were consistent with estimates observed in other studies conducted previously in France. The catalytic modelling provides reliable estimates of incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection over time. This approach might be useful for evaluating preventive programme for toxoplasmosis.
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Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in France in 1998: Is there a difference between men and women? At what age do children become infected? Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2013; 61:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Djurković-Djaković O, Bobić B, Nikolić A, Klun I, Dupouy-Camet J. Pork as a source of human parasitic infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:586-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus have in common that they can cause congenital (TORCH) infection, leading to fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. During the last decades, TORCH screening, which is generally considered to be single serum testing, has been increasingly used inappropriately and questions have been raised concerning the indications and cost-effectiveness of TORCH testing. The problems of TORCH screening lie in requesting the screening for the wrong indications, wrong interpretation of the single serum results and in case there is a good indication for diagnosis of congenital infection, sending in the wrong materials. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical consequences of congenital TORCH infections and discusses the indications for, and interpretation of, TORCH screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline P de Jong
- Department of Paediatrics, Juliana Children’s Hospital, HAGA Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence varies considerably between countries. We studied the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in a national sample of the Israeli population; 2794 sera were tested. The highest age-adjusted seroprevalence rate was in Arabs (non-Bedouins) (60.4%), significantly higher compared to the rate in Jews (19.9%) and Bedouins (27.5%) (P < 0.01). There were no significant gender differences. Seropositivity increased with age in all population groups. For Jews, seropositivity was associated with place of birth and socioeconomic status. A finding of low seroprevalence rate in Bedouins despite their poor living conditions and close contact with livestock is surprising, and might be attributed to the dry and hot climate conditions in their area of residence. In women of reproductive age the seroprevalence was 15.1% in Jews, 25.4% in Bedouins and 72.3% in Arabs (non-Bedouins). Thus, the majority of pregnant women are susceptible to primary infection with T. gondii, and the risk for congenital toxoplasmosis remains high.
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