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Folke F, Shahriari P, Hansen CM, Gregers MCT. Public access defibrillation: challenges and new solutions. Curr Opin Crit Care 2023; 29:168-174. [PMID: 37093002 PMCID: PMC10155700 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review the current status of public access defibrillation and the various utility modalities of early defibrillation. RECENT FINDINGS Defibrillation with on-site automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has been the conventional approach for public access defibrillation. This strategy is highly effective in cardiac arrests occurring in close proximity to on-site AEDs; however, only a few cardiac arrests will be covered by this strategy. During the last decades, additional strategies for public access defibrillation have developed, including volunteer responder programmes and drone assisted AED-delivery. These programs have increased chances of early defibrillation within a greater radius, which remains an important factor for survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. SUMMARY Recent advances in the use of public access defibrillation show great potential for optimizing early defibrillation. With new technological solutions, AEDs can be transported to the cardiac arrest location reaching OHCAs in both public and private locations. Furthermore, new technological innovations could potentially identify and automatically alert the emergency medical services in nonwitnessed OHCA previously left untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Folke
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Emergency Medical Services Capital Region
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte
| | - Persia Shahriari
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Emergency Medical Services Capital Region
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen
| | - Carolina Malta Hansen
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Emergency Medical Services Capital Region
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Christian Tofte Gregers
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Emergency Medical Services Capital Region
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen
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2
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Hird K, Richardson C. Exploring the experiences of community first responders working in a UK ambulance service. Br Paramed J 2023; 7:8-13. [PMID: 36875824 PMCID: PMC9983064 DOI: 10.29045/14784726.2023.3.7.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community first responders (CFRs) work voluntarily to support UK ambulance services by responding to emergencies. They are dispatched via the local 999 call centre and details of incidents in their local area are sent to their mobile phone. They have emergency equipment with them, including a defibrillator and oxygen, and attend a range of incidents, including cardiac arrests. Previous research has looked at the impact the CFR role has had on patient survival, but there is no previous research looking at the experiences of the CFRs while working in a UK ambulance service. Method This study involved 10 semi-structured interviews, which took place in November and December 2018. One researcher interviewed all the CFRs using a pre-defined interview schedule. The findings of the study were analysed using thematic analysis. Results The main themes from the study are 'relationships' and 'systems'. The sub-themes of relationships are the relationship between CFRs; the relationship between CFRs and ambulance service staff; and the relationship between CFRs and patients. The sub-themes of systems are call allocation; technology; and reflection and support. Conclusions CFRs support one another and are encouraging with new starting members. Their relationships with ambulance service staff have improved since CFRs first became active, but there is still room for improvement. The calls that CFRs attend are not always within their scope of practice, but the rate of this occurring is unclear. CFRs are frustrated with the level of technology involved in their role and feel it impacts them attending incidents quickly. CFRs reported attending cardiac arrests on a regular basis and the support that they receive afterwards. Further research should use a survey approach to further explore the experiences of the CFRs based on the themes raised in this study. Using this methodology would identify if these themes are unique to the one ambulance service where this was conducted, or if they are relevant to all UK CFRs.
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3
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Brown TP, Perkins GD, Smith CM, Deakin CD, Fothergill R. Are there disparities in the location of automated external defibrillators in England? Resuscitation 2021; 170:28-35. [PMID: 34757059 PMCID: PMC8786665 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Early defibrillation is an essential element of the chain of survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Public access defibrillation (PAD) programmes aim to place automated external defibrillators (AED) in areas with high OHCA incidence, but there is sometimes a mismatch between AED density and OHCA incidence. Objectives This study aimed to assess whether there were any disparities in the characteristics of areas that have an AED and those that do not in England. Methods Details of the location of AEDs registered with English Ambulance Services were obtained from individual services or internet sources. Neighbourhood characteristics of lower layer super output areas (LSOA) were obtained from the Office for National Statistics. Comparisons were made between LSOAs with and without a registered AED. Results AEDs were statistically more likely to be in LSOAs with a lower residential but higher workplace population density, with people predominantly from a white ethnic background and working in higher socio-economically classified occupations (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between AED coverage and the LSOA Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) (r = 0.79, p = 0.007), with only 27.4% in the lowest IMD decile compared to about 45% in highest. AED density varied significantly across the country from 0.82/km2 in the north east to 2.97/km2 in London. Conclusions In England, AEDs were disproportionately placed in more affluent areas, with a lower residential population density. This contrasts with locations where OHCAs have previously occurred. Future PAD programmes should give preference to areas of higher deprivation and be tailored to the local community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Brown
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West Midlands, Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West Midlands, Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Charles D Deakin
- South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Otterbourne, Winchester SO21 2RU, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton S16 6YD, UK
| | - Rachael Fothergill
- Clinical Audit & Research Unit, Clinical & Quality Directorate, London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, HQ Annexe, 8-20 Pocock Street, London SE1 0BW, UK
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4
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Stiles MK, Wilde AAM, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Albert CM, Behr ER, Chugh SS, Cornel MC, Gardner K, Ingles J, James CA, Juang JMJ, Kääb S, Kaufman ES, Krahn AD, Lubitz SA, MacLeod H, Morillo CA, Nademanee K, Probst V, Saarel EV, Sacilotto L, Semsarian C, Sheppard MN, Shimizu W, Skinner JR, Tfelt-Hansen J, Wang DW. 2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families. J Arrhythm 2021; 37:481-534. [PMID: 34141003 PMCID: PMC8207384 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This international multidisciplinary document intends to provide clinicians with evidence-based practical patient-centered recommendations for evaluating patients and decedents with (aborted) sudden cardiac arrest and their families. The document includes a framework for the investigation of the family allowing steps to be taken, should an inherited condition be found, to minimize further events in affected relatives. Integral to the process is counseling of the patients and families, not only because of the emotionally charged subject, but because finding (or not finding) the cause of the arrest may influence management of family members. The formation of multidisciplinary teams is essential to provide a complete service to the patients and their families, and the varied expertise of the writing committee was formulated to reflect this need. The document sections were divided up and drafted by the writing committee members according to their expertise. The recommendations represent the consensus opinion of the entire writing committee, graded by Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence. The recommendations were opened for public comment and reviewed by the relevant scientific and clinical document committees of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); the document underwent external review and endorsement by the partner and collaborating societies. While the recommendations are for optimal care, it is recognized that not all resources will be available to all clinicians. Nevertheless, this document articulates the evaluation that the clinician should aspire to provide for patients with sudden cardiac arrest, decedents with sudden unexplained death, and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Stiles
- Waikato Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health Science The University of Auckland Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Heart Center Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Elijah R Behr
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute St George's University of London, and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | | | - Martina C Cornel
- Amsterdam University Medical Center Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Clinical Genetics Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Jodie Ingles
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | | | - Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heather MacLeod
- Data Coordinating Center for the Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry Okemos MI USA
| | | | - Koonlawee Nademanee
- Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Medicine, and Pacific Rim Electrophysiology Research Institute at Bumrungrad Hospital Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Elizabeth V Saarel
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Cardiology at Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
- St Luke's Medical Center Boise ID USA
| | - Luciana Sacilotto
- Heart Institute University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute The University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Mary N Sheppard
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute St George's University of London, and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Dao Wu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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5
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Perkins GD, Ji C, Achana F, Black JJ, Charlton K, Crawford J, de Paeztron A, Deakin C, Docherty M, Finn J, Fothergill RT, Gates S, Gunson I, Han K, Hennings S, Horton J, Khan K, Lamb S, Long J, Miller J, Moore F, Nolan J, O'Shea L, Petrou S, Pocock H, Quinn T, Rees N, Regan S, Rosser A, Scomparin C, Slowther A, Lall R. Adrenaline to improve survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the PARAMEDIC2 RCT. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-166. [PMID: 33861194 DOI: 10.3310/hta25250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenaline has been used as a treatment for cardiac arrest for many years, despite uncertainty about its effects on long-term outcomes and concerns that it may cause worse neurological outcomes. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to evaluate the effects of adrenaline on survival and neurological outcomes, and to assess the cost-effectiveness of adrenaline use. DESIGN This was a pragmatic, randomised, allocation-concealed, placebo-controlled, parallel-group superiority trial and economic evaluation. Costs are expressed in Great British pounds and reported in 2016/17 prices. SETTING This trial was set in five NHS ambulance services in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS Adults treated for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were included. Patients were ineligible if they were pregnant, if they were aged < 16 years, if the cardiac arrest had been caused by anaphylaxis or life-threatening asthma, or if adrenaline had already been given. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomised to either adrenaline (1 mg) or placebo in a 1 : 1 allocation ratio by the opening of allocation-concealed treatment packs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was survival to 30 days. The secondary outcomes were survival to hospital admission, survival to hospital discharge, survival at 3, 6 and 12 months, neurological outcomes and health-related quality of life through to 6 months. The economic evaluation assessed the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained from the perspective of the NHS and Personal Social Services. Participants, clinical teams and those assessing patient outcomes were masked to the treatment allocation. RESULTS From December 2014 to October 2017, 8014 participants were assigned to the adrenaline (n = 4015) or to the placebo (n = 3999) arm. At 30 days, 130 out of 4012 participants (3.2%) in the adrenaline arm and 94 out of 3995 (2.4%) in the placebo arm were alive (adjusted odds ratio for survival 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.97). For secondary outcomes, survival to hospital admission was higher for those receiving adrenaline than for those receiving placebo (23.6% vs. 8.0%; adjusted odds ratio 3.83, 95% confidence interval 3.30 to 4.43). The rate of favourable neurological outcome at hospital discharge was not significantly different between the arms (2.2% vs. 1.9%; adjusted odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.68). The pattern of improved survival but no significant improvement in neurological outcomes continued through to 6 months. By 12 months, survival in the adrenaline arm was 2.7%, compared with 2.0% in the placebo arm (adjusted odds ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.92). An adjusted subgroup analysis did not identify significant interactions. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for adrenaline was estimated at £1,693,003 per quality-adjusted life-year gained over the first 6 months after the cardiac arrest event and £81,070 per quality-adjusted life-year gained over the lifetime of survivors. Additional economic analyses estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for adrenaline at £982,880 per percentage point increase in overall survival and £377,232 per percentage point increase in neurological outcomes over the first 6 months after the cardiac arrest. LIMITATIONS The estimate for survival with a favourable neurological outcome is imprecise because of the small numbers of patients surviving with a good outcome. CONCLUSIONS Adrenaline improved long-term survival, but there was no evidence that it significantly improved neurological outcomes. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life-year exceeds the threshold of £20,000-30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year usually supported by the NHS. FUTURE WORK Further research is required to better understand patients' preferences in relation to survival and neurological outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and to aid interpretation of the trial findings from a patient and public perspective. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN73485024 and EudraCT 2014-000792-11. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 25. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chen Ji
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Felix Achana
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John Jm Black
- South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Bicester, UK
| | - Karl Charlton
- North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Crawford
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Adam de Paeztron
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Mark Docherty
- West Midlands Ambulance Service University NHS Foundation Trust, Brierley Hill, UK
| | - Judith Finn
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Simon Gates
- Cancer Research Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Imogen Gunson
- West Midlands Ambulance Service University NHS Foundation Trust, Brierley Hill, UK
| | - Kyee Han
- North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susie Hennings
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jessica Horton
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kamran Khan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sarah Lamb
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John Long
- Patient and Public Involvement Representative, Warwick, UK
| | - Joshua Miller
- West Midlands Ambulance Service University NHS Foundation Trust, Brierley Hill, UK
| | - Fionna Moore
- South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Crawley, UK
| | - Jerry Nolan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | | | - Stavros Petrou
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helen Pocock
- South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Bicester, UK
| | - Tom Quinn
- Emergency, Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research Group, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London and St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Rees
- Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust, St Asaph, UK
| | - Scott Regan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andy Rosser
- West Midlands Ambulance Service University NHS Foundation Trust, Brierley Hill, UK
| | - Charlotte Scomparin
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anne Slowther
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ranjit Lall
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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6
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Stiles MK, Wilde AAM, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Albert CM, Behr ER, Chugh SS, Cornel MC, Gardner K, Ingles J, James CA, Jimmy Juang JM, Kääb S, Kaufman ES, Krahn AD, Lubitz SA, MacLeod H, Morillo CA, Nademanee K, Probst V, Saarel EV, Sacilotto L, Semsarian C, Sheppard MN, Shimizu W, Skinner JR, Tfelt-Hansen J, Wang DW. 2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families. Heart Rhythm 2021; 18:e1-e50. [PMID: 33091602 PMCID: PMC8194370 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This international multidisciplinary document intends to provide clinicians with evidence-based practical patient-centered recommendations for evaluating patients and decedents with (aborted) sudden cardiac arrest and their families. The document includes a framework for the investigation of the family allowing steps to be taken, should an inherited condition be found, to minimize further events in affected relatives. Integral to the process is counseling of the patients and families, not only because of the emotionally charged subject, but because finding (or not finding) the cause of the arrest may influence management of family members. The formation of multidisciplinary teams is essential to provide a complete service to the patients and their families, and the varied expertise of the writing committee was formulated to reflect this need. The document sections were divided up and drafted by the writing committee members according to their expertise. The recommendations represent the consensus opinion of the entire writing committee, graded by Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence. The recommendations were opened for public comment and reviewed by the relevant scientific and clinical document committees of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); the document underwent external review and endorsement by the partner and collaborating societies. While the recommendations are for optimal care, it is recognized that not all resources will be available to all clinicians. Nevertheless, this document articulates the evaluation that the clinician should aspire to provide for patients with sudden cardiac arrest, decedents with sudden unexplained death, and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Stiles
- Waikato Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Elijah R Behr
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumeet S Chugh
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martina C Cornel
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jodie Ingles
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andrew D Krahn
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Heather MacLeod
- Data Coordinating Center for the Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry, Okemos, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Koonlawee Nademanee
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, and Pacific Rim Electrophysiology Research Institute at Bumrungrad Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Elizabeth V Saarel
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Cardiology at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and St Luke's Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Luciana Sacilotto
- Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary N Sheppard
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan R Skinner
- Cardiac Inherited Disease Group, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dao Wu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Pei-Chuan Huang E, Chiang WC, Lu TC, Wang CH, Sun JT, Hsieh MJ, Wang HC, Yang CW, Lin CH, Lin JJ, Yang MC, Huei-Ming Ma M. Barriers to bystanders defibrillation: A national survey on public awareness and willingness of bystanders defibrillation ☆. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:974-982. [PMID: 33218851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After years of setting up public automated external defibrillators (AEDs), the rate of bystander AED use remains low all over the world. This study aimed to assess the public awareness and willingness of bystanders to use AEDs and to investigate the awareness on the Good Samaritan Law (GSL) and the factors associated with the low rate of bystander AED use. METHODS Using stratified random sampling, national telephone interviews were conducted using an author-designed structured questionnaire. The results were weighted to match the census data in Taiwan. The factors associated with public awareness and willingness of bystanders to use AEDs were analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 1073 respondents, only 15.2% had the confidence to recognise public AEDs, and 5.3% of them had the confidence to use the AED. Concerns on immature technique and legal issues remain the most common barriers to AED use by bystanders. Moreover, only 30.8% thought that the public should use AEDs at the scene. Few respondents (9.6%) ever heard of the GSL in Taiwan, and less than 3% understood the meaning of GSL. Positive awareness on AEDs was associated with high willingness of bystanders to use AEDs. Respondents who were less likely to use AEDs as bystanders were healthcare personnel and women. CONCLUSION The importance of active awareness and the barriers to the use of AEDs among bystanders seemed to have been underestimated in the past years. The relatively low willingness to use AEDs among bystander healthcare providers and women needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Pei-Chuan Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chu Chiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chien Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tang Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Jiun Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Matthew Huei-Ming Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan.
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8
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Berg KM, Cheng A, Panchal AR, Topjian AA, Aziz K, Bhanji F, Bigham BL, Hirsch KG, Hoover AV, Kurz MC, Levy A, Lin Y, Magid DJ, Mahgoub M, Peberdy MA, Rodriguez AJ, Sasson C, Lavonas EJ. Part 7: Systems of Care: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2020; 142:S580-S604. [PMID: 33081524 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival after cardiac arrest requires an integrated system of people, training, equipment, and organizations working together to achieve a common goal. Part 7 of the 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care focuses on systems of care, with an emphasis on elements that are relevant to a broad range of resuscitation situations. Previous systems of care guidelines have identified a Chain of Survival, beginning with prevention and early identification of cardiac arrest and proceeding through resuscitation to post-cardiac arrest care. This concept is reinforced by the addition of recovery as an important stage in cardiac arrest survival. Debriefing and other quality improvement strategies were previously mentioned and are now emphasized. Specific to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, this Part contains recommendations about community initiatives to promote cardiac arrest recognition, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, public access defibrillation, mobile phone technologies to summon first responders, and an enhanced role for emergency telecommunicators. Germane to in-hospital cardiac arrest are recommendations about the recognition and stabilization of hospital patients at risk for developing cardiac arrest. This Part also includes recommendations about clinical debriefing, transport to specialized cardiac arrest centers, organ donation, and performance measurement across the continuum of resuscitation situations.
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9
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Public access of automated external defibrillators in a metropolitan city of China. Resuscitation 2019; 140:120-126. [PMID: 31129230 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public access of automated external defibrillator (AED) is an important public health strategy for improving survival of cardiac arrest. Major metropolitan cities in China are increasingly investing and implementing public access defibrillator programs, but the effectiveness of these programs remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the public accessibility of AED in Shanghai, a major metropolitan city in China. METHODS From July 1 to September 30, 2018, all AED locations indicated by AED Access Map Apps were visited and investigated in three most densely distributing areas of AED (Huangpu District, Xuhui District, and Central Area of the Pudong New District) in Shanghai. Two AED Access Map APPs were used to identify the location of AEDs. Characteristics of and the barriers to access, the AED sites were recorded. Awareness and skills of first aid and AED among on-site staff of the AED installation sites were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 283 sites were marked on two AED Apps. One hundred and seventy (60%) locations were accessible, and 142 (50%) were actually with AEDs installed. Among those AED installed sites, 112 (79%) were completely identifiable to the information on the maps, 20 (14%) were inconsistent and 10 (7%) were inaccurate on the maps. Ninety-four (66%) AEDs had visible signs and information around the location, 7 (5%) AEDs had signs outside of the location, and 107 (75%) sites had educational instructions. In addition, 230 individuals who were around the AED site were interviewed. Among them, 79 (34%) had good knowledge of AED. After shown the picture of AED, 112 (49%) knew whether there was AED in the site, and 108 (47%) knew the AED's location. Eighty-seven (38%) staff have received first aid training, and among them 26 (30%) reported that they had skills in operating the AED. CONCLUSIONS Public placement and accessibility of AEDs, related public signs and information on AED, and staff's awareness about AED were not optimal in Shanghai. Continuing efforts should be made to improve public accessibility and public awareness, knowledge, and user skills of AED.
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10
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Brown TP, Booth S, Hawkes CA, Soar J, Mark J, Mapstone J, Fothergill RT, Black S, Pocock H, Bichmann A, Gunson I, Perkins GD. Characteristics of neighbourhoods with high incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and low bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates in England. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2019; 5:51-62. [PMID: 29961881 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim of the project was to identify the neighbourhood characteristics of areas in England where out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence was high and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) was low using registry data. Methods and results Analysis was based on 67 219 cardiac arrest events between 1 April 2013 and 31 December 2015. Arrest locations were geocoded to give latitude/longitude. Postcode district was chosen as the proxy for neighbourhood. High-risk neighbourhoods, where OHCA incidence based on residential population was >127.6/100 000, or based on workday population was >130/100 000, and BCPR in bystander witnessed arrest was <60% were observed to have: a greater mean residential population density, a lower workday population density, a lower rural-urban index, a higher proportion of people in routine occupations and lower proportion in managerial occupations, a greater proportion of population from ethnic minorities, a greater proportion of people not born in UK, and greater level of deprivation. High-risk areas were observed in the North-East, Yorkshire, South-East, and Birmingham. Conclusion The study identified neighbourhood characteristics of high-risk areas that experience a high incidence of OHCA and low bystander resuscitation rate that could be targeted for programmes of training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Brown
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Scott Booth
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Claire A Hawkes
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian Mark
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Springhill 2, Brindley Way, Wakefield 41 Business Park, Wakefield, UK
| | - James Mapstone
- Public Health England, South Regional Office, 2 Rivergate, Temple Quay, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachael T Fothergill
- London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Manna Ash House, 8-20 Pocock Street, London, UK
| | - Sarah Black
- South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Abbey Court, Eagle Way, Exeter, UK
| | - Helen Pocock
- South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Bracknell Ambulance Station, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Anna Bichmann
- East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Cross O'Cliff Court, Bracebridge Heath, Lincoln, UK
| | - Imogen Gunson
- West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Millenium Point, Waterfront Business Park, Waterfront Way, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Ringh M, Hollenberg J, Palsgaard-Moeller T, Svensson L, Rosenqvist M, Lippert FK, Wissenberg M, Malta Hansen C, Claesson A, Viereck S, Zijlstra JA, Koster RW, Herlitz J, Blom MT, Kramer-Johansen J, Tan HL, Beesems SG, Hulleman M, Olasveengen TM, Folke F. The challenges and possibilities of public access defibrillation. J Intern Med 2018; 283:238-256. [PMID: 29331055 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem that affects approximately four hundred and thousand patients annually in the United States alone. It is a major challenge for the emergency medical system as decreased survival rates are directly proportional to the time delay from collapse to defibrillation. Historically, defibrillation has only been performed by physicians and in-hospital. With the development of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), rapid defibrillation by nonmedical professionals and subsequently by trained or untrained lay bystanders has become possible. Much hope has been put to the concept of Public Access Defibrillation with a massive dissemination of public available AEDs throughout most Western countries. Accordingly, current guidelines recommend that AEDs should be deployed in places with a high likelihood of OHCA. Despite these efforts, AED use is in most settings anecdotal with little effect on overall OHCA survival. The major reasons for low use of public AEDs are that most OHCAs take place outside high incidence sites of cardiac arrest and that most OHCAs take place in residential settings, currently defined as not suitable for Public Access Defibrillation. However, the use of new technology for identification and recruitment of lay bystanders and nearby AEDs to the scene of the cardiac arrest as well as new methods for strategic AED placement redefines and challenges the current concept and definitions of Public Access Defibrillation. Existing evidence of Public Access Defibrillation and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes for OHCA are discussed. In addition, a new definition of the different levels of Public Access Defibrillation is offered as well as new strategies for increasing AED use in the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ringh
- Department for Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Hollenberg
- Department for Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Palsgaard-Moeller
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Svensson
- Department for Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Rosenqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F K Lippert
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Wissenberg
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Malta Hansen
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - A Claesson
- Department for Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Viereck
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J A Zijlstra
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W Koster
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Herlitz
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M T Blom
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Kramer-Johansen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine (NAKOS), Air Ambulance Department, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Anaesthesiology Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H L Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S G Beesems
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Hulleman
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Olasveengen
- Department of Anaesthesiology Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - F Folke
- Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
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12
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Lee SY, Do YK, Shin SD, Park YJ, Ro YS, Lee EJ, Lee KW, Lee YJ. Community socioeconomic status and public access defibrillators: A multilevel analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 120:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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The use of trained volunteers in the response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - the GoodSAM experience. Resuscitation 2017; 121:123-126. [PMID: 29079507 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In England, fewer than 1 in 10 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims survive to hospital discharge. This could be substantially improved by increasing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator use. GoodSAM is a mobile-phone, app-based system alerting trained individuals to nearby cardiac arrests. 'Responders' can be notified by bystanders using the GoodSAM 'Alerter' function. In London, when a 999 call-handler identifies cardiac arrest, in addition to dispatching the usual professional resources, London Ambulance Service automatically activates nearby GoodSAM responders. This article discusses the development of GoodSAM, its integration with London Ambulance Service, and the plans for future expansion.
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14
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Buckley AM, Cox AT, Rees P. Shocking the system: AEDs in military resuscitation. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2017; 164:297-301. [PMID: 28986388 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Automated external defibrillator (AED) devices have been in routine clinical use since the early 1990s to deliver life-saving shocks to appropriate patients in non-clinical environments. As expectations of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest increase, and evidence incontrovertibly points to reduced timelines as the most crucial factor in achieving return of spontaneous circulation, questions regarding the availability and location of AEDs in the UK military need to be readdressed. This article explores the background of AEDs and reviews their history, life-saving potential and defines current and best practice. It goes on to review the evidence surrounding training and looks to identify knowledge gaps that might be addressed effectively by future research. Finally, it makes recommendations regarding training, availability of AEDs on military bases and locations most likely to deliver good outcomes for military personnel in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Buckley
- Department of Acute Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - A T Cox
- Royal Centre Defence Medicine, Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK
| | - P Rees
- Department of Cardiology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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15
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Smith CM, Lim Choi Keung SN, Khan MO, Arvanitis TN, Fothergill R, Hartley-Sharpe C, Wilson MH, Perkins GD. Barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2017; 3:264-273. [PMID: 29044399 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Public access defibrillation initiatives make automated external defibrillators available to the public. This facilitates earlier defibrillation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims and could save many lives. It is currently only used for a minority of cases. The aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken defining formal search terms for a systematic review of the literature in March 2017. Studies were included if they considered reasons affecting the likelihood of public access defibrillation and presented original data. An electronic search strategy was devised searching MEDLINE and EMBASE, supplemented by bibliography and related-article searches. Given the low-quality and observational nature of the majority of articles, a narrative review was performed. Sixty-four articles were identified in the initial literature search. An additional four unique articles were identified from the electronic search strategies. The following themes were identified related to public access defibrillation: knowledge and awareness; willingness to use; acquisition and maintenance; availability and accessibility; training issues; registration and regulation; medicolegal issues; emergency medical services dispatch-assisted use of automated external defibrillators; automated external defibrillator-locator systems; demographic factors; other behavioural factors. In conclusion, several barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation deployment were identified. However, the evidence is of very low quality and there is not enough information to inform changes in practice. This is an area in urgent need of further high-quality research if public access defibrillation is to be increased and more lives saved. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016035543.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Smith
- Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | | | - Mohammed O Khan
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Rachael Fothergill
- London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, 18-20 Pocock Street, London SE1 0BW, UK
| | | | - Mark H Wilson
- Imperial College, Neurotrauma Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
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16
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Holmberg MJ, Vognsen M, Andersen MS, Donnino MW, Andersen LW. Bystander automated external defibrillator use and clinical outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2017; 120:77-87. [PMID: 28888810 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review studies comparing bystander automated external defibrillator (AED) use to no AED use in regard to clinical outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and to provide a descriptive summary of studies on the cost-effectiveness of bystander AED use. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for randomized trials and observational studies published before June 1, 2017. Meta-analyses were performed for patients with all rhythms, shockable rhythms, and non-shockable rhythms. RESULTS Forty-four observational studies, 3 randomized trials, and 13 cost-effectiveness studies were included. Meta-analysis of 6 observational studies without critical risk of bias showed that bystander AED use was associated with survival to hospital discharge (all rhythms OR: 1.73 [95%CI: 1.36, 2.18], shockable rhythms OR: 1.66 [95%CI: 1.54, 1.79]) and favorable neurological outcome (all rhythms OR: 2.12 [95%CI: 1.36, 3.29], shockable rhythms OR: 2.37 [95%CI: 1.58, 3.57]). There was no association between bystander AED use and neurological outcome for non-shockable rhythms (OR: 0.76 [95%CI: 0.10, 5.87]). The Public-Access Defibrillation trial found higher survival rates when volunteers were equipped with AEDs. The other trials found no survival difference, although their study settings differed. The quality of evidence was low for randomized trials and very low for observational studies. AEDs were cost-effective in settings with high cardiac arrest incidence, with most studies reporting ratios < $100,000 per quality-adjusted life years. CONCLUSIONS The evidence supports the association between bystander AED use and improved clinical outcomes, although the quality of evidence was low to very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J Holmberg
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Mikael Vognsen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel S Andersen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Michael W Donnino
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215 MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Lars W Andersen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215 MA, USA.
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17
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Bækgaard JS, Viereck S, Møller TP, Ersbøll AK, Lippert F, Folke F. The Effects of Public Access Defibrillation on Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Circulation 2017; 136:954-965. [PMID: 28687709 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances, the average survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains <10%. Early defibrillation by an automated external defibrillator is the most important intervention for patients with OHCA, showing survival proportions >50%. Accordingly, placement of automated external defibrillators in the community as part of a public access defibrillation program (PAD) is recommended by international guidelines. However, different strategies have been proposed on how exactly to increase and make use of publicly available automated external defibrillators. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of PAD and the different PAD strategies on survival after OHCA. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched on August 31, 2015 for observational studies reporting survival to hospital discharge in OHCA patients where an automated external defibrillator had been used by nonemergency medical services. PAD was divided into 3 groups according to who applied the defibrillator: nondispatched lay first responders, professional first responders (firefighters/police) dispatched by the Emergency Medical Dispatch Center (EMDC), or lay first responders dispatched by the EMDC. RESULTS A total of 41 studies were included; 18 reported PAD by nondispatched lay first responders, 20 reported PAD by EMDC-dispatched professional first responders (firefighters/police), and 3 reported both. We identified no qualified studies reporting survival after PAD by EMDC-dispatched lay first responders. The overall survival to hospital discharge after OHCA treated with PAD showed a median survival of 40.0% (range, 9.1-83.3). Defibrillation by nondispatched lay first responders was associated with the highest survival with a median survival of 53.0% (range, 26.0-72.0), whereas defibrillation by EMDC-dispatched professional first responders (firefighters/police) was associated with a median survival of 28.6% (range, 9.0-76.0). A meta-analysis of the different survival outcomes could not be performed because of the large heterogeneity of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review showed a median overall survival of 40% for patients with OHCA treated by PAD. Defibrillation by nondispatched lay first responders was found to correlate with the highest impact on survival in comparison with EMDC-dispatched professional first responders. PAD by EMDC-dispatched lay first responders could be a promising strategy, but evidence is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine S Bækgaard
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.).
| | - Søren Viereck
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.)
| | - Thea Palsgaard Møller
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.)
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.)
| | - Freddy Lippert
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.)
| | - Fredrik Folke
- From Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.B., S.V., T.P.M., F.L., F.F.); and National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (A.K.E.)
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18
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Ono Y, Hayakawa M, Maekawa K, Kodate A, Sadamoto Y, Tominaga N, Murakami H, Yoshida T, Katabami K, Wada T, Sageshima H, Sawamura A, Gando S. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) at hospital admission predict neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 2016; 111:62-67. [PMID: 27940211 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that coagulation, fibrinolytic markers and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis) at hospital admission of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients can predict neurological outcomes 1 month after cardiac arrest. METHODS In this retrospective, observational analysis, data were collected from the Sapporo Utstein Registry and medical records at Hokkaido University Hospital. We included patients who experienced OHCA with successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) between 2006 and 2012 and were transferred to Hokkaido University Hospital. From medical records, we collected information about the following coagulation and fibrinolytic factors at hospital admission: platelet count; prothrombin time; activated partial thromboplastin time; plasma levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), and antithrombin; and calculated DIC score. Favorable neurological outcomes were defined as a cerebral performance category 1-2. RESULTS We analyzed data for 315 patients. Except for fibrinogen level, all coagulation variables, fibrinolytic variables, and DIC score were associated with favorable neurological outcomes. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, FDP level had the largest area under the curve (AUC; 0.795). In addition, the AUC of FDP level was larger than that of lactate level. CONCLUSIONS All of the coagulation and fibrinolytic markers, except for fibrinogen level, and DIC score at hospital admission, were associated with favorable neurological outcomes. Of all of the variables, FDP level was most closely associated with favorable neurological outcomes in OHCA patients who successfully achieved ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ono
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Mineji Hayakawa
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Maekawa
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Kodate
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sadamoto
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Tominaga
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiromoto Murakami
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomonao Yoshida
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Katabami
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisako Sageshima
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sawamura
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gando
- Hokkaido University, Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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19
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Ono Y, Hayakawa M, Iijima H, Maekawa K, Kodate A, Sadamoto Y, Mizugaki A, Murakami H, Katabami K, Sawamura A, Gando S. The response time threshold for predicting favourable neurological outcomes in patients with bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2016; 107:65-70. [PMID: 27531022 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that the period of time between a call being made to emergency medical services (EMS) and the time at which the EMS arrive at the scene (i.e. the response time) affects survival outcomes in patients who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the relationship between the response time and favourable neurological outcomes remains unclear. We therefore aimed to determine a response time threshold in patients with bystander-witnessed OHCA that is associated with positive neurological outcomes and to assess the relationship between the response time and neurological outcomes in patients with OHCA. METHODS This study was a retrospective, observational analysis of data from 204,277 episodes of bystander-witnessed OHCA between 2006 and 2012 in Japan. We used classification and regression trees (CARTs) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to determine the threshold of response time associated with favourable neurological outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) 1 month after cardiac arrest. RESULTS Both CARTs and ROC analyses indicated that a threshold of 6.5min was associated with improved neurological outcomes in all bystander-witnessed OHCA events of cardiac origin. Furthermore, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prolonged the threshold of response time by 1min (up to 7.5min). The adjusted odds ratio for favourable neurological outcomes in patients with OHCA who received care within ≤6.5min was 1.935 (95% confidential interval: 1.834-2.041, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A response time of ≤6.5min was closely associated with favourable neurological outcomes in all bystander-witnessed patients with OHCA. Bystander CPR prolonged the response time threshold by 1min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ono
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Mineji Hayakawa
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iijima
- Division of Clinical Research and Medical Innovation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Maekawa
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Kodate
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sadamoto
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Asumi Mizugaki
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiromoto Murakami
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Katabami
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sawamura
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gando
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Smith CM, Mitchell S, Colquhoun M. A new information sign to improve awareness and use of publicly available AEDs. Resuscitation 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perkins GD, Brace-McDonnell SJ. The UK Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome (OHCAO) project. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008736. [PMID: 26428332 PMCID: PMC4606389 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reducing premature death is a key priority for the UK National Health Service (NHS). NHS Ambulance services treat approximately 30 000 cases of suspected cardiac arrest each year but survival rates vary. The British Heart Foundation and Resuscitation Council (UK) have funded a structured research programme--the Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes (OHCAO) programme. The aim of the project is to establish the epidemiology and outcome of OHCA, explore sources of variation in outcome and establish the feasibility of setting up a national OHCA registry. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a prospective observational study set in UK NHS Ambulance Services. The target population will be adults and children sustaining an OHCA who are attended by an NHS ambulance emergency response and where resuscitation is attempted. The data collected will be characterised broadly as system characteristics, emergency medical services (EMS) dispatch characteristics, patient characteristics and EMS process variables. The main outcome variables of interest will be return of spontaneous circulation and medium-long-term survival (30 days to 10-year survival). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics committee permissions were gained and the study also has received approval from the Confidentiality Advisory Group Ethics and Confidentiality committee which provides authorisation to lawfully hold identifiable data on patients without their consent. To identify the key characteristics contributing to better outcomes in some ambulance services, reliable and reproducible systems need to be established for collecting data on OHCA in the UK. Reports generated from the registry will focus on data completeness, timeliness and quality. Subsequent reports will summarise demographic, patient, process and outcome variables with aim of improving patient care through focus quality improvement initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Samantha J Brace-McDonnell
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Perkins GD, Lockey AS, de Belder MA, Moore F, Weissberg P, Gray H. National initiatives to improve outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in England. Emerg Med J 2015; 33:448-51. [PMID: 26400865 PMCID: PMC4941191 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2015-204847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Perkins
- Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew S Lockey
- Resuscitation Council (UK), Tavistock House North, Tavistock Square, London, UK
| | - Mark A de Belder
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR), UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Fionna Moore
- National Ambulance Services Medical Directors' Group, London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Huon Gray
- National Clinical Director (Cardiac), NHS England, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Chen TT, Ma MHM, Chen FJ, Hu FC, Lu YC, Chiang WC, Ko PCI. The relationship between survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and process measures for emergency medical service ambulance team performance. Resuscitation 2015; 97:55-60. [PMID: 26083826 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE International institutes have developed their own clinical performance indicators for ambulance services. It is unknown whether these process measures are related to survival of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aimed to determine whether Emergency Medical Service (EMS)-related ambulance team process measures correlate with patient survival. METHODS Four years of observational data were collected from an urban EMS OHCA registry. The two process measures were achieving an EMS response time ≤4 min and prehospital ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation). The outcome measure was survival to discharge. We used the GLMM (generalised linear mixed model) with stepwise selection to examine this process-outcome link at the patient and EMS team levels, respectively. RESULTS We analyzed 3856 OHCA patients distributed across forty-three EMS ambulance teams. Survival to discharge was observed in 193 (5%) patients. The two EMS team process measures were positively associated with an improvement in survival at the patient level after case-mix adjustment. However, they were not associated with improvement in the risk-adjusted survival rate. CONCLUSIONS The EMS team-level process measures proposed by international institutes may not predict the risk-adjusted survival rate. Using these measures to motivate EMS teams to improve their quality performance would be questionable. Increased efforts should be devoted to constructing more pivotal EMS team-level process measures that are tightly linked to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Tai Chen
- Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Matthew Huei-Ming Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Ju Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chang Hu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lu
- Department of Healthcare Administration, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chu Chiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Chow-In Ko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Use of automated external defibrillators in US federal buildings: implementation of the Federal Occupational Health public access defibrillation program. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56:86-91. [PMID: 24351893 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Federal Occupational Health (FOH) administers a nationwide public access defibrillation program in US federal buildings. We describe the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in federal buildings and evaluate survival after cardiac arrest. METHODS Using the FOH database, we examined reported events in which an AED was brought to a medical emergency in federal buildings over a 14-year period, from 1999 to 2012. RESULTS There were 132 events involving an AED, 96 (73%) of which were due to cardiac arrest of cardiac etiology. Of 54 people who were witnessed to experience a cardiac arrest and presented with ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, 21 (39%) survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS Public access defibrillation, along with protocols to install, maintain, and deploy AEDs and train first responders, benefits survival after cardiac arrest in the workplace.
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25
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Timmons S, Crosbie B. Why do organisations implement automated external defibrillators? HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2014.926314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chamberlain D, Vincent R, Mariba T, Saunders M. Historical vignette: The first cardiac first responders. Resuscitation 2014; 85:e33-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Deakin CD, Shewry E, Gray HH. Public access defibrillation remains out of reach for most victims of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. Heart 2014; 100:619-23. [PMID: 24553390 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public access defibrillation (PAD) prior to ambulance arrival is a key determinant of survival from out-of-hospital (OOH) cardiac arrest. Implementation of PAD has been underway in the UK for the past 12 years, and its importance in strengthening the chain of survival has been recognised in the government's recent 'Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Strategy'. The extent of use of PAD in OOH cardiac arrests in the UK is unknown. We surveyed all OOH cardiac arrests in Hampshire over a 12-month period to ascertain the availability and effective use of PAD. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients with OOH cardiac arrest attended by South Central Ambulance Service (SCAS) in Hampshire during a 1-year period (1 September 2011 to 31 August 2012) was undertaken. Emergency calls were reviewed to establish the known presence of a PAD. Additionally, a review of all known PAD locations in Hampshire was undertaken, together with a survey of public areas where a PAD may be expected to be located. RESULTS The current population of Hampshire is estimated to be 1.76 million. During the study period, 673 known PADs were located in 278 Hampshire locations. Of all calls confirmed as cardiac arrest (n=1035), the caller reported access to an automated external defibrillator (AED) on 44 occasions (4.25%), successfully retrieving and using the AED before arrival of the ambulance on only 18 occasions (1.74%). CONCLUSIONS Despite several campaigns to raise public awareness and make PADs more available, many public areas have no recorded AED available, and in those where an AED was available it was only used in a minority of cases by members of the public before arrival of the ambulance. Overall, a PAD was only deployed successfully in 1.74% OOH cardiac arrests. This weak link in the chain of survival contributes to the poor survival rate from OOH cardiac arrest and needs strengthening.
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Hansen CM, Wissenberg M, Weeke P, Ruwald MH, Lamberts M, Lippert FK, Gislason GH, Nielsen SL, Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Folke F. Automated External Defibrillators Inaccessible to More Than Half of Nearby Cardiac Arrests in Public Locations During Evening, Nighttime, and Weekends. Circulation 2013; 128:2224-31. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.003066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Despite wide dissemination, use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in community settings is limited. We assessed how AED accessibility affected coverage of cardiac arrests in public locations.
Methods and Results—
We identified cardiac arrests in public locations (1994–2011) in terms of location and time and viewed them in relation to the location and accessibility of all AEDs linked to the emergency dispatch center as of December 31, 2011, in Copenhagen, Denmark. AED coverage of cardiac arrests was defined as cardiac arrests within 100 m (109.4 yd) of an AED and further categorized according to AED accessibility at the time of cardiac arrest. Daytime, evening, and nighttime were defined as 8
am
to 3:59
pm
, 4 to 11:59
pm
, and midnight to 7:59
am
, respectively. Of 1864 cardiac arrests in public locations, 61.8% (n=1152) occurred during the evening, nighttime, or weekends. Of 552 registered AEDs, 9.1% (n=50) were accessible at all hours, and 96.4% (n=532) were accessible during the daytime on all weekdays. Regardless of AED accessibility, 28.8% (537 of 1864) of all cardiac arrests were covered by an AED. Limited AED accessibility decreased coverage of cardiac arrests by 4.1% (9 of 217) during the daytime on weekdays and by 53.4% (171 of 320) during the evening, nighttime, and weekends.
Conclusions—
Limited AED accessibility at the time of cardiac arrest decreased AED coverage by 53.4% during the evening, nighttime, and weekends, which is when 61.8% of all cardiac arrests in public locations occurred. Thus, not only strategic placement but also uninterrupted AED accessibility warrant attention if public-access defibrillation is to improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Malta Hansen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Mads Wissenberg
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Peter Weeke
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Martin Huth Ruwald
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Morten Lamberts
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Freddy Knudsen Lippert
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Gunnar Hilmar Gislason
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Søren Loumann Nielsen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Lars Køber
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
| | - Fredrik Folke
- From the Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup (C.M.H., M.W., P.W., M.H.R., M.L., G.H.G., F.F.); Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark and Copenhagen University (F.K.L., S.L.N.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen (G.H.G.); The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen (L.K.); and Institute of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg (C.T.-P
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Presenting the results of PAD schemes. Resuscitation 2013; 84:403-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Daly S, Milne HJ, Holmes DP, Corfield AR. Defibrillation and external pacing in flight: incidence and implications. Emerg Med J 2012; 31:69-71. [PMID: 23264607 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2012-202028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency electrical intervention for patients in the form of defibrillation, cardioversion and external cardiac pacing can be life saving. Advances in medical technology have enabled electrical intervention to be delivered from small, portable devices. With the rising use of air transport for patients, electrical intervention during aeromedical transfer has an increasing incidence. Our aim was to describe the incidence of electrical intervention in a cohort of critically ill patients undergoing aeromedical transfer and review the risks associated with electrical intervention. METHODS All secondary retrievals undertaken by a national aeromedical critical care retrieval service were reviewed over a 48-month period. RESULTS In a mixed medical and trauma critical care population, 11 of 967 (1.1%) secondary retrievals required electrical intervention during aeromedical critical care retrieval. The median age of these patients was 77 years (range 32-86) and the median transport time was 70 min (range 40-100 min). All of these patients had an underlying primary cardiac condition and had been identified as high risk for developing an arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS Electrical intervention in a transport environment brings unique challenges, particularly during aeromedical transport. Our study in a European model shows that there is a small but significant incidence of electrical intervention required during aeromedical flight for critically ill patients. There are potential safety issues with electrical intervention in aeromedical flight; therefore, any service involved in the transport of critically ill patients needs to have a robust procedure in place to deliver this safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Daly
- Emergency Medical Retrieval Service, Glasgow, UK
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The effect of the AED and AED programs on survival of individuals, groups and populations. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27:419-24. [PMID: 22985768 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x12001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The automated external defibrillator (AED) is a tool that contributes to survival with mixed outcomes. This review assesses the effectiveness of the AED, consistencies and variations among studies, and how varying outcomes can be resolved. METHODS A worksheet for the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) 2010 science review focused on hospital survival in AED programs was the foundation of the articles reviewed. Articles identified in the search covering a broader range of topics were added. All articles were read by at least two authors; consensus discussions resolved differences. RESULTS AED use developed sequentially. Use of AEDs by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) compared to manual defibrillators showed equal or superior survival. AED use was extended to trained responders likely to be near victims, such as fire/rescue, police, airline attendants, and casino security guards, with improvement in all venues but not all programs. Broad public access initiatives demonstrated increased survival despite low rates of AED use. Home AED programs have not improved survival; in-hospital trials have had mixed results. Successful programs have placed devices in high-risk sites, maintained the AEDs, recruited a team with a duty to respond, and conducted ongoing assessment of the program. CONCLUSION The AED can affect survival among patients with sudden ventricular fibrillation (VF). Components of AED programs that affect outcome include the operator, location, the emergency response system, ongoing maintenance and evaluation. Comparing outcomes is complicated by variations in definitions of populations and variables. The effect of AEDs on individuals can be dramatic, but the effect on populations is limited.
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Bahal N, Saikia S, Clifton B. A brief encounter. Resuscitation 2011; 82:1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yeung J, Okamoto D, Soar J, Perkins GD. AED training and its impact on skill acquisition, retention and performance--a systematic review of alternative training methods. Resuscitation 2011; 82:657-64. [PMID: 21458137 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most popular method of training in basic life support and AED use remains instructor-led training courses. This systematic review examines the evidence for different training methods of basic life support providers (laypersons and healthcare providers) using standard instructor-led courses as comparators, to assess whether alternative method of training can lead to effective skill acquisition, skill retention and actual performance whilst using the AED. METHOD OVID Medline (including Medline 1950-November 2010; EMBASE 1988-November 2010) was searched using "training" OR "teaching" OR "education" as text words. Search was then combined by using AND "AED" OR "automatic external defibrillator" as MESH words. Additionally, the American Heart Association Endnote library was searched with the terms "AED" and "automatic external defibrillator". Resuscitation journal was hand searched for relevant articles. RESULTS 285 articles were identified. After duplicates were removed, 172 references were reviewed for relevance. From this 22 papers were scrutinized and 18 were included. All were manikin studies. Four LOE 1 studies, seven LOE 2 studies and three LOE 4 studies were supportive of alternative AED training methods. One LOE 2 study was neutral. Three LOE 1 studies provided opposing evidence. CONCLUSION There is good evidence to support alternative methods of AED training including lay instructors, self directed learning and brief training. There is also evidence to support that no training is needed but even brief training can improve speed of shock delivery and electrode pad placement. Features of AED can have an impact on its use and further research should be directed to making devices user-friendly and robust to untrained layperson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Yeung
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, UK
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Chen TT, Chung KP, Hu FC, Fan CM, Yang MC. The use of statistical process control (risk-adjusted CUSUM, risk-adjusted RSPRT and CRAM with prediction limits) for monitoring the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients rescued by the EMS system. J Eval Clin Pract 2011; 17:71-7. [PMID: 20807294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on previous experience from surgical surveillance, risk-adjusted cumulative sum (CUSUM)-type charts were applied to monitor out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patient mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 2356 OHCA patients were collected by the Taipei County Fire Bureau from June 2006 to November 2007. Logistic regression analysis was applied to create a risk-adjusted model. Next, a risk-adjusted CUSUM chart, a risk-adjusted resetting sequential probability ratio test chart and a cumulative risk-adjusted mortality with prediction limits chart were used to detect excess deaths of the OHCA patients rescued by the emergency medical service (EMS) system. RESULTS The overall mortality rate, defined as having no return of spontaneous circulation, was 79.3%. These three charts signalled an increase in the death rate at similar sites, and also suggested a small process shift. CONCLUSION A visual approach to EMS systems monitoring that combines the risk-adjusted cumulative sum, Risk-adjusted resetting sequential probability ratio test and cumulative risk-adjusted mortality with prediction limits charts was established. It was found that this approach can be effectively used by the EMS community to monitor OHCA outcomes in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Tai Chen
- Center for Health Insurance Research, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ammirati C, Gignon M, Amsallem C, Mercieca JM, Jarry G, Douay B, Nemitz B. Use of an automated external defibrillator: a prospective observational study of first-year medical students. Resuscitation 2010; 82:195-8. [PMID: 21122974 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study evaluated the ability of young adults to respond to a simulated cardiac arrest using an automated external defibrillator (AED). METHOD The study population was first-year medical students. None had received their mandatory training in emergency medicine. They role-played in pairs and entered a room in which a third person was lying on the floor and simulating unconsciousness and respiratory arrest. An AED and the corresponding poster-format instructions were clearly visible in the room, next to a telephone. The actions of pairs of responders were recorded. RESULTS Interpretable results were obtained for 90 pairs of subjects. Most (96%) assessed vital signs and 20% performed this assessment correctly. Chest compressions were performed by 57%, 71% called emergency services, 4.5% removed the AED from the wall (but only one pair used it) and 8.9% did nothing. For 41% of the pairs, at least one member already had a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certificate. The only statistically significant difference between students with and without a CPR certificate concerned use of the telephone to call emergency services. DISCUSSION Despite the presence of an AED next to the telephone, the defibrillator was almost never used by the participants. Four out of ten pairs did not start chest compressions. The absence of any significant differences in performance between students with and without a CPR certificate casts doubt on the efficacy of the CPR training they had received. CONCLUSION Results indicate the need for greater awareness of how to deal with cardiac arrest and the use of an AED when one is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ammirati
- Emergency Medicine Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France.
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Mancini ME, Soar J, Bhanji F, Billi JE, Dennett J, Finn J, Ma MHM, Perkins GD, Rodgers DL, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Morley PT. Part 12: Education, implementation, and teams: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2010; 122:S539-81. [PMID: 20956260 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.971143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soar J, Mancini ME, Bhanji F, Billi JE, Dennett J, Finn J, Ma MHM, Perkins GD, Rodgers DL, Hazinski MF, Jacobs I, Morley PT. Part 12: Education, implementation, and teams: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2010; 81 Suppl 1:e288-330. [PMID: 20956038 PMCID: PMC7184565 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol,United Kingdom.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Public access defibrillation programs have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. This review will focus on their effectiveness and operational characteristics and discuss the characteristics of successful programs, which can improve outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Automated external defibrillators increase survival from cardiac arrest when used by a bystander. Recent studies show that the best outcomes are achieved when devices are placed in areas with a high frequency of cardiac arrest and there is ongoing supervision with emergency plans and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Programs are cost-effective under these circumstances, but become very inefficient when placed in areas of low risk. There are few adverse events related to the public access defibrillation programs and volunteers are not harmed. Unguided placement results in devices not being used and a decline in organizational structure of the program. As most cardiac arrests occur in the home, the impact on overall survival remains low. SUMMARY Automated external defibrillators are highly effective at reducing death from ventricular fibrillation and easy access in public areas is most effective. Placement must be prioritized based on public health impact and characteristics of the community.
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Hanefeld C. A first city-wide early defibrillation project in a German city: 5-year results of the Bochum against sudden cardiac arrest study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2010; 18:31. [PMID: 20550655 PMCID: PMC2902410 DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-18-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immediate defibrillation is the decisive determinant of prognosis in patients suffering from cardiac/circulatory arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF). Therefore, various national and international associations recommend that first responders use defibrillators as soon as possible and also recommend public access to early defibrillation programmes. Here we report the results of the first city-wide early defibrillation project in a large German urban area. Methods There were 155 automated external defibrillators (AEDs) put into operation in the Bochum municipal area, and 6,294 people took part in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and AED training. Free, accessible AEDs were installed in places with large volumes of people. Additionally, emergency forces were progressively equipped with AEDs. Results Twelve AED administrations prior to the arrival of an emergency physician were recorded and analysed over a period of 5 years (08/2004-08/2009). Rhythm analysis via AED demonstrated VF in seven cases, non-malignant dysrhythmias in four cases and asystole in one case. Two of the seven patients with VF were successfully defibrillated and survived cardiac/circulatory arrest without any neurological sequelae. Eight of the 12 AED applications were performed by laymen. The mean time between switching the unit on and applying the electrodes to the patient was 39 seconds (SD +/-20 sec). On average, another 20 seconds elapsed before the AED recommendation of "shock delivery" was displayed, and a total of 96 seconds elapsed before shock administration (± 56 sec). Conclusion Consistent with other reports, our findings show that the organisation of a city-wide initiative by a project office combining public access and first-responder defibrillation programmes can be safe, feasible and successful. Our experiences confirm that strategic planning of AED placement is a prerequisite for successful, cost-effective resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hanefeld
- Emergency Medical System of the city of Bochum, Brandwacht 1, 44894 Bochum, Germany.
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Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP, Rea T, Aufderheide TP, Davis D, Dreyer J, Hess EP, Jui J, Maloney J, Sopko G, Powell J, Nichol G, Morrison LJ. Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1713-20. [PMID: 20394876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of contemporary automatic external defibrillator (AED) use. BACKGROUND In the PAD (Public Access Defibrillation) trial, survival was doubled by focused training of lay volunteers to use an AED in high-risk public settings. METHODS We performed a population-based cohort study of persons with nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest before emergency medical system (EMS) arrival at Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) sites between December 2005 and May 2007. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between AED application and survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS Of 13,769 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, 4,403 (32.0%) received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation but had no AED applied before EMS arrival, and 289 (2.1%) had an AED applied before EMS arrival. The AED was applied by health care workers (32%), lay volunteers (35%), police (26%), or unknown (7%). Overall survival to hospital discharge was 7%. Survival was 9% (382 of 4,403) with bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation but no AED, 24% (69 of 289) with AED application, and 38% (64 of 170) with AED shock delivered. In multivariable analyses adjusting for: 1) age and sex; 2) bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed; 3) location of arrest (public or private); 4) EMS response interval; 5) arrest witnessed; 6) initial shockable or not shockable rhythm; and 7) study site, AED application was associated with greater likelihood of survival (odds ratio: 1.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.23 to 2.50; p < 0.002). Extrapolating this greater survival from the ROC EMS population base (21 million) to the population of the U.S. and Canada (330 million), AED application by bystanders seems to save 474 lives/year. CONCLUSIONS Application of an AED in communities is associated with nearly a doubling of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. These results reinforce the importance of strategically expanding community-based AED programs.
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Bahr J, Bossaert L, Handley A, Koster R, Vissers B, Monsieurs K. AED in Europe. Report on a survey. Resuscitation 2010; 81:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bury G, Headon M, Dixon M, Egan M. Cardiac arrest in Irish general practice: an observational study from 426 general practices. Resuscitation 2009; 80:1244-7. [PMID: 19720440 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
SETTING Sudden Cardiac Death accounts for approximately 5000 deaths in Ireland each year. Nationally, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has a very low resuscitation rate, reported at less than 5%. Ireland has a well developed general practice network which routinely manages emergencies arising in the community setting. However, little is known about its potential impact on Sudden Cardiac Death. This study reports on the incidence and management of cardiac arrest in Irish general practice. METHOD A national training/equipment project in defibrillation in general practice (MERIT) has established a network to prospectively report all cardiac arrests with a resuscitation attempt in general practice. Three monthly surveys of the network record events; structured debriefing uses a modified Utstein template to detail events and their outcomes. RESULTS 426 practices reported data during a 36-month period (85-97% response rate to surveys), reporting 144 events, of which data are available on 136 events. 88.4% of events were witnessed, 31.6% by general practice staff. 58.2% of events occurred in the general practice or in the patient's home. The general practitioner (GP) was on scene before the ambulance in 72.6% of cases and 52.3% of the patients involved were patients of the GP attending. 52.3% of patients were defibrillated, 32.6% had return of spontaneous circulation at some point and 26 patients (19.5%) were discharged from hospital. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac arrest in general practice is compatible with structured, effective interventions and significant rates of successful resuscitation. All general practices should be capable of providing this care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bury
- Centre for Immediate Care Services, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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Mosesso VN, Shapiro AH, Stein K, Burkett K, Wang H. Effects of AED device features on performance by untrained laypersons. Resuscitation 2009; 80:1285-9. [PMID: 19720444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study evaluates the impact of features of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) on the performance and speed of untrained laypersons to deliver a shock and initiate CPR after a shock. METHODS This was a randomized trial of volunteer laypersons without AED or advanced medical training. Subjects were assigned to use one of six different models of AEDs on a manikin in simulated cardiac arrest. No instructions on AED operation were provided. Primary endpoints were shock delivery and elapsed time from start to shock. Secondary endpoints included time to power-on, initiation of CPR, adequacy of pad placement and subjects' ratings of ease of use (1=very easy, 5=very difficult). RESULTS Most subjects (109/120; 91%) were able to deliver a shock. Median time from start of scenario to shock delivery was 79 s (IQR: 67-99). Of the 11 participants who did not deliver shock, eight never powered on the device. Time to power-on was shorter in devices with open lid (median 12s, IQR 8-27 s) and pull handle (17s, IQR 9-20s) mechanisms than with a push button (37s, IQR 18-69 s; p=0.000). Pad position on the manikin was judged adequate for 86 (77%) of the 111 subjects who placed pads. Devices which gave more detailed voice instruction for pad placement had higher rates of adequate pad position [38/39 (97%) versus 50/73 (68%), p=0.001]. With AEDs that provided step-by-step CPR instruction, 49/58 (84%) subjects began CPR compared to 26/51 (51%) with AEDs that only prompted to start CPR (p=0.01). Participants rated all the models easy to use (overall mean 1.48; individual device means 1.28-1.71). CONCLUSIONS Most untrained laypersons were successful in delivering a shock. Device features had the most impact on these functions: ability and time to power-on device, adequacy of pad position and initiation of CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Mosesso
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2009; 24:95-101. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32831fb366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for patients with less severe left ventricular dysfunction. Curr Opin Cardiol 2009; 24:61-7. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32831c4cc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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