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Lilja G, Nielsen N, Friberg H, Horn J, Kjaergaard J, Nilsson F, Pellis T, Wetterslev J, Wise MP, Bosch F, Bro-Jeppesen J, Brunetti I, Buratti AF, Hassager C, Hofgren C, Insorsi A, Kuiper M, Martini A, Palmer N, Rundgren M, Rylander C, van der Veen A, Wanscher M, Watkins H, Cronberg T. Cognitive function in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after target temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C. Circulation 2015; 131:1340-9. [PMID: 25681466 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Target temperature management is recommended as a neuroprotective strategy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Potential effects of different target temperatures on cognitive impairment commonly described in survivors have not been investigated sufficiently. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether a target temperature of 33°C compared with 36°C was favorable for cognitive function; the secondary aim was to describe cognitive impairment in cardiac arrest survivors in general. METHODS AND RESULTS Study sites included 652 cardiac arrest survivors originally randomized and stratified for site to temperature control at 33°C or 36°C within the Target Temperature Management trial. Survival until 180 days after the arrest was 52% (33°C, n=178/328; 36°C, n=164/324). Survivors were invited to a face-to-face follow-up, and 287 cardiac arrest survivors (33°C, n=148/36°C, n=139) were assessed with tests for memory (Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test), executive functions (Frontal Assessment Battery), and attention/mental speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test). A control group of 119 matched patients hospitalized for acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction without cardiac arrest performed the same assessments. Half of the cardiac arrest survivors had cognitive impairment, which was mostly mild. Cognitive outcome did not differ (P>0.30) between the 2 temperature groups (33°C/36°C). Compared with control subjects with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, attention/mental speed was more affected among cardiac arrest patients, but results for memory and executive functioning were similar. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function was comparable in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when a temperature of 33°C and 36°C was targeted. Cognitive impairment detected in cardiac arrest survivors was also common in matched control subjects with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction not having had a cardiac arrest. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01946932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lilja
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.).
| | - Niklas Nielsen
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Hans Friberg
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Janneke Horn
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Jesper Kjaergaard
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Fredrik Nilsson
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Tommaso Pellis
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Jørn Wetterslev
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Matt P Wise
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Frank Bosch
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - John Bro-Jeppesen
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Iole Brunetti
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Azul Forti Buratti
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Christian Hassager
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Caisa Hofgren
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Angelo Insorsi
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Michael Kuiper
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Alice Martini
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Nicki Palmer
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Malin Rundgren
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Christian Rylander
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Annelou van der Veen
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Michael Wanscher
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Helen Watkins
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
| | - Tobias Cronberg
- From Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (G.L., T.C.), Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care (H.F., M.R.), and Research and Development Centre, Unit for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology (F.N.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (G.L., N.N., H.F., M.R., T.C.); Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden (N.N.); Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H., M.K., A.v.d.V.); Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (J.K., J.B.-J., C. Hassager), Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research (J.W.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre (M.W.), Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medical Service, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy (T.P., A.M.); Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK (M.P.W., N.P., H.W.); Department of Intensive Care, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands (F.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Italy (I.B., A.I.); Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, UK (A.F.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C. Hofgren); Department of Intensive Care, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands (M.K.); and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (C.R.)
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