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Ibrahim UH, Gafar MA, Khan R, Tageldin A, Govender T, Mackraj I. Engineered extracellular vesicles coated with an antimicrobial peptide for advanced control of bacterial sepsis. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e70000. [PMID: 39185334 PMCID: PMC11342353 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.70000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Alarming sepsis-related mortality rates present significant challenges to healthcare services globally. Despite advances made in the field, there is still an urgent need to develop innovative approaches that could improve survival rates and reduce the overall cost of treatment for sepsis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel multifunctional therapeutic agent for advanced control of bacterial sepsis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells) (iEV) displayed an average particle size of 171.63 ± 2.77 nm, a poly dispersion index (PDI) of 0.32 ± 0.0, and a zeta potential (ZP) of -11.87 ± 0.18 mV. Compared to HepG2 EV, LPS induction significantly increases the EV protein concentration, PDI and ZP, reduces the average size and promotes cell proliferation and cytoprotective effects of the isolated EVs (iEVs) against LPS-induced cytotoxicity. Coating of iEV with a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to form PC-iEV slightly changed their physical properties and shifted their surface charge toward neutral values. This modification improved the antibacterial activity (2-fold lower minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] values) and biocompatibility of the conjugated peptide while maintaining iEV cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Our findings indicate the superior anti-inflammatory and antibacterial dual activity of PC-iEV against pathogens associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usri H. Ibrahim
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Mohammed A. Gafar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Rene Khan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Abdelrahman Tageldin
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
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Fan X, Zhang Y, Liu W, Shao M, Gong Y, Wang T, Xue S, Nian R. A comprehensive review of engineered exosomes from the preparation strategy to therapeutic applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3500-3521. [PMID: 38828621 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes exhibit high bioavailability, biological stability, targeted specificity, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity in shuttling various bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Natural exosomes, however, have limited production, targeting abilities, and therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. On the other hand, engineered exosomes have demonstrated long-term circulation, high stability, targeted delivery, and efficient intracellular drug release, garnering significant attention. The engineered exosomes bring new insights into developing next-generation drug delivery systems and show enormous potential in therapeutic applications, such as tumor therapies, diabetes management, cardiovascular disease, and tissue regeneration and repair. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements associated with engineered exosomes by focusing on the state-of-the-art strategies for cell engineering and exosome engineering. Exosome isolation methods, including traditional and emerging approaches, are systematically compared along with advancements in characterization methods. Current challenges and future opportunities are further discussed in terms of the preparation and application of engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mingzheng Shao
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Yibo Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Xue
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Nian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
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Wang C, Lan X, Zhu L, Wang Y, Gao X, Li J, Tian H, Liang Z, Xu W. Construction Strategy of Functionalized Liposomes and Multidimensional Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309031. [PMID: 38258399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the biological field due to their good biocompatibility and surface modification properties. With the development of biochemistry and material science, many liposome structures and their surface functional components have been modified and optimized one by one, pushing the liposome platform from traditional to functionalized and intelligent, which will better satisfy and expand the needs of scientific research. However, a main limiting factor effecting the efficiency of liposomes is the complicated environmental conditions in the living body. Currently, in order to overcome the above problem, functionalized liposomes have become a very promising strategy. In this paper, binding strategies of liposomes with four main functional elements, namely nucleic acids, antibodies, peptides, and stimuli-responsive motif have been summarized for the first time. In addition, based on the construction characteristics of functionalized liposomes, such as drug-carrying, targeting, long-circulating, and stimulus-responsive properties, a comprehensive overview of their features and respective research progress are presented. Finally, the paper critically presents the limitations of these functionalized liposomes in the current applications and also prospectively suggests the future development directions, aiming to accelerate realization of their industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinru Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Jing R, Zhang L, Li R, Yang Z, Song J, Wang Q, Cao N, Han G, Yin H. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles functionalized with anti-tumour necrosis factor-α nanobody and anti-microbial peptide alleviate ulcerative colitis in mice. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12462. [PMID: 38840457 PMCID: PMC11154809 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) manifests clinically with chronic intestinal inflammation and microflora dysbiosis. Although biologics can effectively control inflammation, efficient delivery to the colon and colon epithelial cells remains challenging. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) show promise as an oral delivery tool, however, the ability to load biologics into EV presents challenges to therapeutic applications. Here, we demonstrate that fusing cell-penetrating peptide (TAT) to green fluorescent protein (GFP) enabled biologics loading into EV and protected against degradation in the gastrointestinal environment in vitro and in vivo after oral delivery. Oral administration of EV loaded with anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) nanobody (VHHm3F) (EVVHH) via TAT significantly reduced tissue TNF-α levels and alleviated pathologies in mice with acute UC, compared to VHH alone. In mice with chronic UC, simultaneously introducing VHH and an antimicrobial peptide LL37 into EV (EVLV), then administering orally improved intestinal barrier, inflammation and microbiota balance, resulted in relief of UC-induced depression and anxiety. Collectively, we demonstrated that oral delivery of EVLV effectively alleviated UC in mice and TAT efficiently loaded biologics into EV to confer protection from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. This therapeutic strategy is promising for UC and is a simple and generalizable approach towards drug-loaded orally-administrable EV treatment for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Leijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhongqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Nan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Gang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - HaiFang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology & The Province and Ministry Co‐sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics & Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education) & School of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Medical TechnologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
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Sato Y, Zhang W, Baba T, Chung UI, Teramura Y. Extracellular vesicle-liposome hybrids via membrane fusion using cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated lipids. Regen Ther 2024; 26:533-540. [PMID: 39165408 PMCID: PMC11333910 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers for intercellular communication within the human body. Mimicking and utilizing EVs by combining them with artificial nanocarriers such as liposomes for drug delivery has garnered considerable attention. However, current technologies for manipulating EVs to facilitate their fusion with liposomes are limited; the existing technique of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced fusion is highly inefficient for fusion. In our previous study, we demonstrated that membrane fusion could be induced by Tat peptide (YGRKKRRQRRR)-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-phospholipids (Tat-PEG-lipids), in which the Tat peptide and lipid domain facilitate membrane attachment and subsequent fusion between cells and liposomes. This approach is promising for forming EV and liposomal hybrids. In this study, we aim to fuse EVs and liposomes using Tat-PEG-lipids. We isolated and characterized EVs derived from HEK293T cell culture medium and treated a mixture of EVs and liposomes composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and cholesterol (1:1, molar ratio), with Tat-PEG-lipids with different lipid chain lengths. Here, we used nonanoyl (C9), dodecanoyl (C12), and myristoyl (C14) groups as lipid anchors with 5 kDa PEG chains. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a large increase in the apparent size of mixture of EVs and liposomes by adding Tat-PEG-lipids (especially C14, C12, followed by C9). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, used to analyze the reaction process, revealed that the membrane fusion occurred between EVs and liposomes but not their aggregates. The short lipid domain of Tat-PEG-lipids effectively induced membrane fusion and the formation of hybrid EVs and liposomes. Thus, Tat-PEG-lipids (C9 and C12) could be promising candidates for inducing membrane fusion to fabricate EV-liposome hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sato
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Weixu Zhang
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Baba
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Koerselman M, Morshuis LCM, Karperien M. The use of peptides, aptamers, and variable domains of heavy chain only antibodies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:1-14. [PMID: 37517622 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, much research has been focused on the use of small molecules such as peptides or aptamers or more recently on the use of variable antigen-binding domain of heavy chain only antibodies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The use of these molecules originated as an alternative for the larger conventional antibodies, of which most drawbacks are derived from their size and complex structure. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, biological functionalities are often conjugated to biomaterials in order to (re-)create an in vivo like situation, especially when bioinert biomaterials are used. Those biomaterials are functionalized with these functionalities for instance for the purpose of cell attachment or cell targeting for targeted drug delivery but also for local enrichment or blocking of ligands such as growth factors or cytokines on the biomaterial surface. In this review, we further refer to peptides, aptamers, and variable antigen-binding domain of heavy chain only antibodies as biological functionalities. Here, we compare these biological functionalities within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and give an overview of recent work in which these biological functionalities have been explored. We focus on the previously mentioned purposes of the biological functionalities. We will compare structural differences, possible modifications and (chemical) conjugation strategies. In addition, we will provide an overview of biologicals that are, or have been, involved in clinical trials. Finally, we will highlight the challenges of each of these biologicals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the field of tissue engineering there is broad application of functionalized biomaterials for cell attachment, targeted drug delivery and local enrichment or blocking of growth factors. This was previously mostly done via conventional antibodies, but their large size and complex structure impose various challenges with respect of retaining biological functionality. Peptides, aptamers and VHHs may provide an alternative solution for the use of conventional antibodies. This review discusses the use of these molecules for biological functionalization of biomaterials. For each of the molecules, their characteristics, conjugation possibilities and current use in research and clinical trials is described. Furthermore, this review sets out the benefits and challenges of using these types of molecules for different fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Koerselman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands. Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne C M Morshuis
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands. Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands. Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Adelipour M, Lubman DM, Kim J. Potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:491-507. [PMID: 37147781 PMCID: PMC10330313 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2211203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative medicine involves the replacement of damaged cells, tissues, or organs to restore normal function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and exosomes secreted by MSCs have unique advantages that make them a suitable candidate in the field of regenerative medicine. AREAS COVERED This article provides a comprehensive overview of regenerative medicine, focusing on the use of MSCs and their exosomes as potential therapies for replacing damaged cells, tissues, or organs. This article discusses the distinct advantages of both MSCs and their secreted exosomes, including their immunomodulatory effects, lack of immunogenicity, and recruitment to damaged areas. While both MSCs and exosomes have these advantages, MSCs also have the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate. This article also assesses the current challenges associated with the application of MSCs and their secreted exosomes in therapy. We have reviewed proposed solutions for improving MSC or exosome therapy, including ex-vivo preconditioning strategies, genetic modification, and encapsulation. Literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. EXPERT OPINION Providing insight into the future development of MSC and exosome-based therapies and to encourage the scientific community to focus on the identified gaps, develop appropriate guidelines, and enhance the clinical application of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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