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Buelow MT, Barnhart WR, Crook T, Suhr JA. Are correlations among behavioral decision making tasks moderated by simulated cognitive impairment? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:901-916. [PMID: 35737425 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2088289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral decision making tasks are common in research settings, with only the Iowa Gambling Task available for clinical assessments. However, correlations among these tasks are low, indicating each may assess a distinct component of decision making. In addition, it is unclear whether these tasks are sensitive to invalid performance or even simulated impairment. The present study examined relationships among decision making tasks and whether simulated impairment moderates the relationships among them. Across two studies (Study 1: n = 166, Study 2: n = 130), undergraduate student participants were asked to try their best or to simulate a specific diagnosis (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Study 1), decision making impairment (Study 2), or general cognitive impairment (Study 2). They then completed a battery of tests including embedded and standalone performance validity tests (PVTs) and three behavioral decision making tasks. Across studies, participants simulating impairment were not distinguishable from controls on any of the behavioral tasks. Few significant correlations emerged among tasks across studies and the pattern of relationships between tasks did not differ on the basis of simulator or PVT failure status. Collectively, our findings suggest that these tasks may not be vulnerable to simulated cognitive impairment, and that the tasks measure largely non-overlapping aspects of decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Crook
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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2
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Nejati V, Peyvandi A, Nazari N, Dehghan M. Cognitive Correlates of Risky Decision-Making in Individuals with and without ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09646-2. [PMID: 38902592 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analytic study aims to investigate the cognitive correlates of risky decision-making in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) individuals. A systematic analysis of existing literature was conducted, encompassing 38 studies (496 ADHD and 1493 TD). Findings revealed a consistent propensity for riskier decision-making in individuals with ADHD, supported by significant correlations with attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, time perception, and working memory. The study underscores the relevance of these cognitive functions in shaping decision-making tendencies, with nuanced patterns observed within the ADHD and TD subgroups. Individuals with ADHD often demonstrate altered patterns of correlation, reflecting the specific cognitive challenges characteristic of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, PO Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aida Peyvandi
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, PO Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, PO Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Dehghan
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, PO Box 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Crivelli L, Calandri IL, Helou B, Corvalán N, Fiol MP, Ysraelit MC, Gaitan MI, Negrotto L, Farez MF, Allegri RF, Correale J. Theory of mind, emotion recognition and emotional reactivity factors in early multiple sclerosis: Results from a South American cohort. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:162-172. [PMID: 34807785 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.2004542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study different components of social cognition and quality of life in patients with early multiple sclerosis and low Expanded Disability Status Scale and to test the influence of cognitive performance, fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms on social cognition performance. METHODS Thirty-four patients with relapsing-remitting MS, with ≤2 years of disease duration and scores ≤2 on the EDSS and 30 healthy controls underwent neuropsychological assessment with the Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Test Battery. Components of social cognition, such as emotion recognition, theory of mind, empathy, and emotional reactivity, were assessed with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, the Faux Pas task, the International Affective Imagery System, and the Empathy Quotient. Anxiety, depression, fatigue and quality of life were measured. RESULTS Patients showed significant differences in verbal memory, executive functions and social cognition, especially emotion recognition and ToM. Regarding emotional reactivity, patients showed a positive bias in the interpretation of the valence of neutral images. CONCLUSIONS Patients with early MS showed impairments in several components of social cognition independent of cognitive performance, neuropsychiatric symptoms and fatigue. Social cognition deficits may be present in MS even in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Crivelli
- Departamento de Neurología, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Belén Helou
- Departamento de Neurología, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Negrotto
- Departamento de Neurología, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jorge Correale
- Departamento de Neurología, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Gao S, Wang X, Su Y. Examining whether adults with autism spectrum disorder encounter multiple problems in theory of mind: a study based on meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1740-1758. [PMID: 37101097 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) represents a complex ability, while persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encounter difficulties in the processing of ToM. The present ToM-focused studies on adults with ASD report inconsistent results, possibly owing to the differences between tasks. For instance, different ToM-related tasks involve different cognitive abilities, but the development of these cognitive abilities is different among adults with ASD, thereby leading to different behaviors by the same individual with ASD in different tasks. Therefore, it is of vital significance to explore the potential reasons for inconsistencies in the existing studies based on the task classification perspective. Hence, this study primarily reviews the existing ToM tasks used in studies on adults with ASD; afterward, based on the forms and characteristics of the task, the current ToM tasks are classified into four categories-reading comprehension, perceptual scene comprehension, comprehensive scene comprehension , and self-other processing. Subsequently, a meta-analysis is undertaken to determine the difference in each ToM task category between the ASD group and the typically developing (TD) group. As a result, 110 research papers (including 3,205 adults with ASD and 3,675 TD adults) that fulfilled the stated criteria are examined in this study. The study findings suggest that adults with ASD demonstrate worse performance in terms of all four ToM task categories as compared to TD adults. Furthermore, compared with tasks of self-other processing and perceptual scene comprehension, adults with ASD perform worse in reading comprehension and comprehensive scene comprehension. This shows that the differences between tasks may exert a potential influence on the study results. Future studies should focus on different abilities involved in ToM processing and the choice of ToM tasks, in order to elucidate the critical problems of ToM in adults with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Gao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xieshun Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
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5
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Torenvliet C, Groenman AP, Radhoe TA, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Geurts HM. One size does not fit all: An individualized approach to understand heterogeneous cognitive performance in autistic adults. Autism Res 2022; 16:734-744. [PMID: 36515294 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive performances of autistic people vary widely. Therefore, previous group-based comparisons on cognitive aging in autistic adults might have overlooked those autistic adults that are particularly vulnerable for cognitive decline. Multivariate normative comparisons (MNC) statistically assess individual cognitive differences on the entire cognitive profile. Cognitive deviancy as indicated by MNC accurately predicts future cognitive decline, and is therefore sensitive in detecting meaningful cognitive differences. The current study aimed to (1) investigate the applicability of MNC to assess cognitive performance in autism individually, and (2) understand heterogeneous cognitive performance in autistic adults. As pre-registered, we performed MNC in a sample of 254 non-autistic adults, and two independent samples of respectively 118, and 86 autistic adults (20-85 years, mean: 50 years). Cognitive performance was measured on 11 outcomes in six domains (verbal/visual memory, working memory, verbal fluency, Theory of Mind, and psychomotor speed). Using MNC, about twice as many autistic individuals had a deviant cognitive profile (i.e., deviated statistically from the multivariate normspace) as compared to non-autistic individuals. Importantly, most autistic individuals (>80%) did not have a deviant cognitive profile. Having a deviant profile was significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress in autistic adults specifically, showing the clinical relevance of this method. Therefore, MNC seem a useful tool to individually detect meaningful cognitive differences in autism. These results are consistent with previous cognitive studies suggesting that most autistic adults show fairly similar cognitive profiles to non-autistic adults, yet highlight the necessity for approaches reflecting the heterogeneity observed in autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Torenvliet
- Department of Psychology, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annabeth P Groenman
- Department of Psychology, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Institute Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tulsi A Radhoe
- Department of Psychology, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost A Agelink van Rentergem
- Department of Psychology, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- Department of Psychology, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leo Kannerhuis, autism clinic (Youz/Parnassia Group), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gourlay C, Collin P, D'Auteuil C, Jacques M, Caron PO, Scherzer PB. Age differences in social-cognitive abilities across the stages of adulthood and path model investigation of adult social cognition. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:1033-1067. [PMID: 34355998 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.1962789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points toward an association between older age and performance decrements in social cognition (SC). We explored age-related variations in four components of SC: emotion recognition, theory of mind, social judgment, and blame attributions. A total of 120 adults divided into three stages (18-34 years, 35-59 years, 60-85 years) completed a battery of SC. Between and within age-group differences in SC were investigated. Path analyses were used to identify relationships among the components. Emotion recognition and theory of mind showed differences beginning either in midlife, or after. Blame attributions and social judgment did not show a significant difference. However, social judgment varied significantly within groups. Path models revealed a relationship between emotion recognition and theory of mind. Findings highlight age-related differences in some components and a link between two components. Strategies promoting social functioning in aging might help to maintain or improve these abilities over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gourlay
- Département De Psychologie, Université Du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascal Collin
- Département De Psychologie, Université Du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Camille D'Auteuil
- Département De Psychologie, Université Du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Jacques
- Département De Psychologie, Université Du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Peter B Scherzer
- Département De Psychologie, Université Du Québec À Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Nejati V. Reading mind from the eyes in individuals with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:889-896. [PMID: 36420829 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals with ADHD struggle with social impairments. The present study aimed to find out the inconsistent results of theory of mind skill in individuals with ADHD. METHODS The current meta-analysis reviewed 17 empirical studies that compared theory of mind in individuals with and without ADHD based on reading mind from the eyes test (RMET). RESULTS Finding from 1620 participants with ADHD and 1249 healthy controls showed a significant impairment in theory of mind in individuals with ADHD (Hedges' g = 0.66). Moderator analyses indicated that the impaired theory of mind was not affected by age and gender. CONCLUSION These findings describe impaired theory of mind in individuals with ADHD and provide an insight to pay attention to theory of mind in respective clinical assessments and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
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8
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Cruz S, Cruz R, Alcón A, Sampaio A, Merchan-Naranjo J, Rodríguez E, Parellada M, Carracedo Á, Fernández-Prieto M. How Executive Functions Correlate with Intelligence in Children and Adolescents in Autism Spectrum Disorders. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2022.2104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cruz
- The Psychology for Positive Development Research Cente], Lusíada University Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigacion en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alicia Alcón
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jessica Merchan-Naranjo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodríguez
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental Psychology Department, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica - IDIS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, CIBERER, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montse Fernández-Prieto
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, U-711, Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Gené tica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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9
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Morellini L, Ceroni M, Rossi S, Zerboni G, Rege-Colet L, Biglia E, Morese R, Sacco L. Social Cognition in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:940445. [PMID: 35898990 PMCID: PMC9311421 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to collect and align the research on social cognition impairments in adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In particular, we selected and analyzed papers on emotion recognition and processing, Theory of Mind (TOM), empathy, and other facets of social cognition as decision making. We identified 16 papers published between 2012 and 2022 which meet inclusion criteria. Papers search, selection, and extraction followed the PRISMA guidelines. In order to summarize data from papers, we used a narrative synthesis approach. Results show different evidence of impairment in social cognition domains in adults with ADHD. Our systematic review suggests the importance of promoting more research on this topic because it is essential to keep in mind that social cognition plays a central role in socialization and social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morellini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lucia Morellini
| | - Martino Ceroni
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Zerboni
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Laura Rege-Colet
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Biglia
- Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Rosalba Morese
| | - Leonardo Sacco
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
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10
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Norasakkunkit V, Champagne B, Prietto K, Armour J, Ball C, Bigoni H, Cutuli A. Precarious Lives Predict Culturally Deviant Psychologies: Extending the Psychology of Marginalization From Japan to the
US. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Ceroni M, Rossi S, Zerboni G, Biglia E, Soldini E, Izzo A, Morellini L, Sacco L. Attentive-executive functioning and compensatory strategies in adult ADHD: A retrospective case series study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1015102. [PMID: 36312151 PMCID: PMC9606327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adults with ADHD exhibit a neuropsychological profile that may present deficits in many cognitive domains, particularly attention and executive functions (EFs). However, some authors do not consider executive disfunction as an important part of the clinical profile of the syndrome; this could be related to the use of inappropriate neuropsychological tests, probably not adapted and not sufficiently ecological. Moreover, new data are required on specific correlation of attentive-executive symptoms with socio-demographic factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the neuropsychological performance of a group of adults with ADHD, also evaluating the influence of gender, age and education level. Methods We retrospectively collected health-related personal data of 40 adult ADHD patients, clinically diagnosed and evaluated via a battery of 4 neuropsychological tests and 1 self-administered questionnaire. Gender, age and years of education differences were assessed. Results Attention and EFs deficits have been highlighted mainly on the d2-R and 5-point neuropsychological tests, which therefore seem to be more sensitive in measuring the attention-executive dysfunction in an adult ADHD population, than TAP Go/No-go and ROCFT. ADHD patients also manifested subjective behavioral impulsivity disorders on BIS-11. There were no statistically significant gender differences in cognitive performance. On the contrary, younger patients performed worse on subscales TAP Go/No-go errors and 5-points number of drawings, while participants with a higher education level performed better on subscales d2-R speed of execution and d2-R errors. This supports a reduction in the number of errors and the execution time as a function of older age and a higher level of education. Finally, patients with higher education also self-reported greater impulsivity in planning. Conclusion Our preliminary findings suggest that adult ADHD is not a lifelong stable disorder, but it may change over time. Moreover, attention-executive deficits may be influenced and partially counterbalanced by experience (i.e., advancing age) and a higher level of education. This could underlie the development of specific psycho-behavioral and cognitive compensatory strategies. The use of self-administered questionnaires is therefore recommended to highlight attentional and executive difficulties that may not result in neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Ceroni
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Zerboni
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Biglia
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Soldini
- Competence Centre for Healthcare Practices and Policies, Department of Business Economics, Health, and Social Care (DEASS), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Izzo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Morellini
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lucia Morellini,
| | - Leonardo Sacco
- Neuropsychological and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
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12
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Hemmers J, Baethge C, Vogeley K, Falter-Wagner CM. Are Executive Dysfunctions Relevant for the Autism-Specific Cognitive Profile? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886588. [PMID: 35923452 PMCID: PMC9342604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) have been shown to be important for the understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but dysfunctions of EF are not autism-specific. The specific role of EF in ASD, its relationship to core autism characteristics, such as mentalizing, needs to be explored. Medline- and PsychINFO databases were searched for studies published between 1990 and 2020 that included measures of EF in ASD and typically developing control persons (TD) in combination with either Theory of Mind (ToM) or Weak Central Coherence (WCC) tasks. A pre-registered meta-analysis and cross-study regression was performed including a total of 42 studies (ASD n = 1,546, TD n = 1,206). Results were reported according to PRISMA guidelines. In all cognitive domains, the ASD group showed significantly reduced performance. Importantly, EF subdomains and ToM were not significantly correlated. This finding rules out a significant association between EF subdomains and ToM and questions the relevance of EF dysfunctions for the autism-specific feature of reduced mentalizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hemmers
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximillians Universitaet (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Baethge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine-Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center Juelich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christine M Falter-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximillians Universitaet (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Hanegraaf L, Hohwy J, Verdejo-Garcia A. Latent classes of maladaptive personality traits exhibit differences in social processing. J Pers 2021; 90:615-630. [PMID: 34714935 PMCID: PMC9545362 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social processing (SP) deficits manifest across numerous mental disorders. However, this research has been plagued by heterogeneity and a piecemeal approach whereby skills are examined in isolation rather than as part of an integrated cognitive system. Here, we combined two dimensional frameworks of psychopathology to address these limitations. METHOD We utilized the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) to distill trait-related heterogeneity within a community sample (n = 200), and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 'Systems for Social Processes' to comprehensively assess SP. We first applied latent class analyses (LCA) to derive AMPD-based groups and subsequently contrasted the performance of these groups on a SP test battery that we developed to align with the RDoC SP constructs. RESULTS Our LCA yielded four distinct subgroups. The recognizable trait profiles and psychopathological symptoms of these classes suggested they were clinically meaningful. The subgroups differed in their SP profiles: one displayed deficits regarding the self, a second displayed deficits in understanding others, a third displayed more severe deficits including affiliation problems, whilst the fourth showed normal performance. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the link between clusters of maladaptive personality traits and distinctive profiles of SP deficits, which may inform research on disorders involving SP dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hanegraaf
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jakob Hohwy
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Philosophy Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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He JW, Diaz Martinez JP, Bingham K, Su J, Kakvan M, Tartaglia MC, Ruttan L, Beaton D, Wither J, Choi MY, Fritzler MJ, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Green R, Katz P, Touma Z. Insight into intraindividual variability across neuropsychological tests and its association with cognitive dysfunction in patients with lupus. Lupus Sci Med 2021; 8:8/1/e000511. [PMID: 34610995 PMCID: PMC8493902 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Dispersion, or variability in an individual’s performance across multiple tasks at a single assessment visit, has been associated with cognitive dysfunction (CD) in many neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. We aimed to compute a dispersion score using neuropsychological battery (NB) tests and determine its association with CD in patients with SLE. Methods CD was defined as a z-score of ≤−1.5 on ≥2 domains of the NB. To compute a type of dispersion score known as the intraindividual SD (ISD), the SD of age-adjusted and sex-adjusted z-scores was calculated for each visit in each patient. To estimate the association between ISD and cognitive status (CD and non-CD), we used multilevel logistic regression, adjusting for clinically important covariates. Results A total of 301 adult patients with SLE completed the NB at baseline, 187 of whom were reassessed at 6 months and 189 at 12 months. CD was observed in 35.2% of patients at baseline, 27.8% at 6 months and 28.0% at 12 months. Prior to covariate adjustment, the mean ISD for non-CD was 1.10±0.31 compared with 1.50±0.70 for CD. After adjusting for ethnicity, education, employment, socioeconomic status and anxiety/depression, there was a statistically significant association between ISD and CD (OR for one-unit increase in ISD: 13.56, 95% CI 4.80 to 38.31; OR for 1/10th-unit increase in ISD: 1.30, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.44). Findings were valid across multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusion This is the first study to show that patients with SLE who were classified as having CD by the NB had more variability across the NB tests (ie, higher ISD score) compared with those who were not classified as having CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Diaz Martinez
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Bingham
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiandong Su
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahta Kakvan
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lesley Ruttan
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorcas Beaton
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Neurosciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Y Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Anderson
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Green
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Katz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zahi Touma
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Aydın O, Balıkçı K, Sönmez İ, Ünal-Aydın P, Spada MM. Examining the roles of cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions in adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder with predominantly inattentive presentation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:542-553. [PMID: 34272785 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of cognitive functions in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is fundamental to improve the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, the role of specific higher-order cognitive functions in adult ADHD, including cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions, remains unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to examine these three distinct higher-order cognitive functions among adult ADHD individuals. Forty patients with ADHD with predominantly inattentive presentation and 42 healthy controls participated in the study. The Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (AADHDS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) were administered. Results indicated that patients with ADHD had worse metacognitions scores, in specific subdimensions, relative to healthy controls. However, cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition did not differ between the groups. Moreover, the cognitive confidence subdimension of the MCQ-30 was found to be sole significant predictor in the attention deficit subdimension of the AADHDS. Our findings suggest that lack of cognitive confidence may contribute to ADHD symptomatology despite regularly functioning cognitive flexibility and emotion recognition. Therefore, metacognitions could be a suitable target to alleviate the severity of ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Aydın
- Department of Psychology, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kuzeymen Balıkçı
- Department of Psychology, Cyprus Social Sciences University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - İpek Sönmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Near East University Faculty of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pınar Ünal-Aydın
- Department of Psychology, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marcantonio M Spada
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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16
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Wagle S, Ghosh A, Karthic P, Ghosh A, Pervaiz T, Kapoor R, Patil K, Gupta N. Development and testing of a game-based digital intervention for working memory training in autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13800. [PMID: 34226615 PMCID: PMC8257736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is prevalent globally, yet it lacks cost-effective treatment approaches. Deficits in executive functions occur frequently in autism spectrum disorder and present a target for intervention. Here we report the design and development of five smartphone-based games for training working memory in children with ASD. These open-source games, available free of cost to the community, were designed to match the behavioral preferences and sensorimotor abilities of children with ASD. We then conducted a preliminary trial to test the effectiveness of a month-long intervention using these games. Although we did not see a significant change in the working memory of all children with a month-long training, children who performed better on the games also showed more improvement in their working memory, suggesting that a longer intervention with the games might be useful in improving working memory. Using a Hindi translation of the autism treatment evaluation checklist, we also tested the collateral gains of the training in reducing autistic symptoms. We found no significant change in the autistic symptoms after the intervention. Further, there was no correlation between the change in the working memory and the change in the autistic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhit Wagle
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Arka Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - P Karthic
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Akriti Ghosh
- Amrita School for Special Children and Rehabilitation Center, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208005, India
| | - Tarana Pervaiz
- Amrita School for Special Children and Rehabilitation Center, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208005, India
| | - Rashmi Kapoor
- Amrita School for Special Children and Rehabilitation Center, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208005, India
- Regency Hospital Limited, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208005, India
| | - Koumudi Patil
- Design Program and Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
- Cognitive Science Program, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
- Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
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Dekkers TJ, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Huizenga HM, Raber H, Shoham R, Popma A, Pollak Y. Decision-Making Deficits in ADHD Are Not Related to Risk Seeking But to Suboptimal Decision-Making: Meta-Analytical and Novel Experimental Evidence. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:486-501. [PMID: 30520666 PMCID: PMC7783692 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718815572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective: ADHD is related to decision-making deficits in real-life (e.g., substance abuse) and on experimental tasks (increased preference for risky options). In most tasks, risk and expected value are confounded (risky options have lowest expected value), making it impossible to disentangle risky from suboptimal (i.e., not choosing highest expected value) decision-making. We differentiated between risky and suboptimal decision-making in ADHD in two studies. Method and Results: First, on a multilevel meta-regression analysis (k = 48, n_ADHD = 1,144, n_Control = 1,108), ADHD and controls differed if the risky option was suboptimal (ADHD choosing more risky/suboptimal), whereas groups performed similar if the risky option was not suboptimal. Second, an empirical study showed that adults with ADHD (n = 40) made more suboptimal, but not more risky choices than controls (n = 40). Conclusion: These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that decision-making deficits in ADHD are driven by suboptimal decision-making and not by risk seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J. Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,De Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Tycho J. Dekkers, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Shoham
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel,Talpiot College, Holon, Israel
| | - Arne Popma
- De Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Lavigne R, González-Cuenca A, Romero-González M, Sánchez M. Theory of Mind in ADHD. A Proposal to Improve Working Memory through the Stimulation of the Theory of Mind. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249286. [PMID: 33322517 PMCID: PMC7764628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between Theory of Mind (ToM), Working Memory (WM), and Verbal Comprehension (VC). Performance of these variables was evaluated in 44 elementary students (6-12 years) diagnosed with ADHD. Their performance in all variables was collected through the Neuropsychological Battery (NEPSY-II) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV. The results showed that fifty percent of the participants were below the 25th percentile in ToM and that this low performance was not related to age. In addition, analyses showed statistically significant relationships between WM, VC, and ToM. Analysis of the effect of WM and VC on ToM showed that only WM explained the variance in participant performance in ToM. These results led us to raise the need to include ToM among the skills to be stimulated in programs for the treatment of ADHD, accompanying other skills related to social adaptation that are usually included in such programs. Likewise, considering that ToM implies putting into practice skills such as considering different points of view, attending to relevant aspects of the context, making decisions, inferring mental states, and predicting behaviors, we believe that through the stimulation of ToM, WM would also be stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Lavigne
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Antonia González-Cuenca
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Marta Romero-González
- Neuropsipe, Child and Adolescent Neuroscience Center, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Neuropsipe, Child and Adolescent Neuroscience Center, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.S.)
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19
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Yeung MK, Chan AS. Executive function, motivation, and emotion recognition in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 105:103730. [PMID: 32682219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several neurocognitive theories have been put forward to explain autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the specificity of executive cognitive, motivational (i.e., reward-related), and emotion-recognition impairments in ASD, and the role of early language delay in these impairments remain largely unclear. AIM This study aimed to examine executive cognitive, motivational, and emotion-recognition functions while considering the potential effect of language delay in ASD. METHODS Twenty-two adolescents with high-functioning ASD (20 males) and 22 typically developing (TD) adolescents (16 males) aged 11-18 years were recruited. Each completed seven computerized tasks measuring executive cognitive (i.e., set-shifting, inhibition, updating, and access/generativity), motivational (i.e., flexible reinforcement learning and affective decision-making), and emotion-recognition functions (i.e., facial emotion recognition). RESULTS We found that ASD participants with early language delay (n = 10) had poorer executive cognitive, motivational, and emotion-recognition functioning than TD controls, and had poorer executive cognitive and motivational functioning than ASD participants without language delay (n = 12). ASD participants without language delay only had poorer emotion recognition than TD controls. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These preliminary findings suggest impairments in executive cognitive and motivational functions as well as emotion recognition in ASD with language delay, and impairment only in emotion recognition in ASD without language delay. They implicate a potential partial distinction in mental abilities between ASD with and without early language delay, highlighting the importance of considering language delay when evaluating executive cognitive and motivational functions in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Yeung
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Chanwuyi Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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20
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Zeif D, Yechiam E. Autism is not associated with poor or enhanced performance on the Iowa Gambling Task: A Meta-Analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:440-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Xie R, Sun X, Yang L, Guo Y. Characteristic Executive Dysfunction for High-Functioning Autism Sustained to Adulthood. Autism Res 2020; 13:2102-2121. [PMID: 32298047 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensiveness and severity of executive dysfunction in high-functioning autism (HFA) spectrum disorder have not reached a unified conclusion especially in patients in adulthood. Clarifying this issue is critical for guiding clinical diagnosis and targeted intervention. The primary objective of the present meta-analysis was to study the characteristics of executive function (EF) in adults with HFA compared to typically developing (TD) adults, by taking five key components into consideration, including inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and fluency. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies that compared EF in adults with and without HFA from 1980 to November 2018. Hedges' g effect sizes were computed to measure the primary outcome. Moderators like age, sex, and diagnostic tools were controlled using meta-regressions. Forty-two studies satisfying the selection criteria were included, which resulted in a large sample size of 2419 participants. A moderate overall effect size for reduced EF across domains was found in adults with HFA, compared with TD (g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.66). Subsequently, a broad executive dysfunction was found in adults with HFA in this study (flexibility [g = 0.69], planning [g = 0.64], inhibition [g = 0.61], working memory [g = 0.48], fluency [g = 0.42]), with the predominated impairment on flexibility and planning. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the executive dysfunction hypothesis and may assist in the clinical diagnosis and targeted intervention, suggesting the necessity of sustained intervention on EF for individuals with HFA from childhood to adulthood. LAY SUMMARY: The meta-analysis explored the characteristics of EF in adults with high-functioning autism (HFA) comparing to typically developing controls. Moderate effect sizes for reduced EF across domains were found in adults with HFA, with the flexibility and planning being the most predominately impaired. A comprehensive measurement of EF in adults with HFA has important clinical implications for the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and a fundamental understanding for developmental trajectory of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Xie
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Guo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Tatar ZB, Cansız A. Executive function deficits contribute to poor theory of mind abilities in adults with ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:244-251. [PMID: 32186409 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1736074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Studies exploring the theory of mind (ToM) in adults with Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), have tended to result in mixed findings. The contribution of neuropsychologic functions to ToM has not been investigated yet in adults with ADHD. The aim of this study was to investigate ToM abilities and the role of attention and executive functions in ToM of adults with ADHD.Methods: This study was conducted in Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital. Forty adults with ADHD and 40 healthy controls were administered a sociodemographic data form, and scales. Both groups were also assessed by Reading Mind From the Eyes Test (RMET), Trail Making Test (TMT) Part A-B and Continuous Performance Test (CPT).Results: ToM was significantly impaired in adults with ADHD relative to controls (23.50 ± 3.44 and 26.25 ± 1.67, t(77) = 4.543, p = 0.003). Adults with ADHD performed worse on TMT Part B (76.02 ± 51.47 and 46.39 ± 18.33 seconds, t(78) = -3.429, p < 0.001), and CPT than the controls (46.20 ± 8.09 and 52.00 ± 3.56, t(78) = 4.145, p < 0.001). A significant regression equation was found: F (1,38) = 6.494, β = -0.382, p < 0.05 with an R² of 0.146.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that adults with ADHD demonstrated social cognition difficulties and executive function deficits contributed to poor ToM abilities in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Baran Tatar
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Cansız
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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García-Molina I, Clemente-Estevan RA. La comprensión de las meteduras de pata en escolares con autismo. Su relación con variables cognitivas y de teoría de la mente. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.cmpe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
El presente estudio tiene una doble finalidad. La primera es analizar dos de las variables implicadas en la comprensión de las meteduras de pata (MP) en el autismo (Cociente Intelectual; CI, y la Falsa Creencia; FC). La segunda, examinar en detalle las dificultades encontradas en la tarea de MP, dividida la población con autismo en dos grupos según su CI (Grupo 1= rango CI 100-120, Grupo 2 = rango CI 70-85). De dicha tarea de MP, se adaptaron cuatro historias (viñetas y narración) de Baron-Cohen, O’Riordan, Stone, Jones y Plaisted (1999), y se administraron a los dos grupos de niños y pre-adolescente con autismo (N = 34) de entre 7 y 12 años (M = 9.6, DE = 1.55), que las resolvieron a partir de respuestas de elección dicotómica y de explicación verbal. Los resultados demuestran la capacidad predictiva del CI total (r = 0.53; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.28) y de la FC (r = 0.51; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.26). El 40 % de la variabilidad de la tarea de MP se vio explicada por las variables predictores FC y Vocabulario. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos (el Grupo 1 respondió mejor que el Grupo 2) tanto en respuestas de elección forzada personaje (ii) e ignorancia (vii) y la suma total como en su explicación verbal. Estos resultados se discuten más detalladamente debido a su posible repercusión en la vida diaria de las personas con autismo.
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Abdel-Hamid M, Niklewski F, Heßmann P, Guberina N, Kownatka M, Kraemer M, Scherbaum N, Dziobek I, Bartels C, Wiltfang J, Kis B. Impaired empathy but no theory of mind deficits in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01401. [PMID: 31475781 PMCID: PMC6790334 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cognitive capacity to change perspective is referred to as theory of mind (ToM). ToM deficits are detectable in a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Since executive abilities are closely associated with ToM skills, we suspected that due to a common neuropsychological basis, ToM deficits exist in treatment-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Performance of treatment-naïve adults with ADHD (N = 30) in tasks assessing executive functions (Trail Making Test, Stroop color-word test, and Test Battery for Attentional Performance), empathy skills (Cambridge Behaviour Scale), and ToM (Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition) was compared with that of a healthy control group (N = 30) matched according to basic demographic variables. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, treatment-naïve adults with ADHD showed deficits in various executive functions and the ability to empathize (all p < .05). However, no performance differences were found with regard to ToM (all n.s.). CONCLUSIONS Since studies in juveniles with ADHD often show impaired ToM performance, it is conceivable that ToM deficits may become attenuated due to neuronal development in adolescence. Furthermore, our findings imply that ToM impairments, even when present in adult ADHD, appear to be independent of executive deficits and might be explained by comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franziska Niklewski
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Heßmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nika Guberina
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kownatka
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Niederwenigern, Contilia Group, Hattingen, Germany
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25
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Branco LD, Cotrena C, Shansis FM, Fonseca RP. Cognitive abilities underlying performance on the modified card sorting test: novel and traditional scores. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 28:544-555. [PMID: 31530030 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1663522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST) is a widely used variation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. It is faster to administer, less frustrating for respondents and less ambiguous in its scoring but has been criticized for its task impurity and low discriminability between control participants and clinical groups prone to executive dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the executive functions (EF) underlying traditional (number of categories completed, perseverative errors) and novel scores for the MCST, and compare their ability to differentiate between control and clinical samples. Novel and traditional MCST scores were compared between 94 control participants, 87 with bipolar disorder and 64 with major depression. The relationship between MCST scores and traditional EF tasks was examined through correlation and regression analyses. All MCST scores were associated with at least one measure of EF, the most common of which were the Trail Making or Hayling Tests. IQ predicted most scores on the MCST, save for nonperseverative errors and categorizing efficiency. Traditional and novel scores differentiated between clinical and control groups. These findings support the utility of the MCST in detecting executive dysfunction and highlight the importance of new scoring methods in increasing the specificity and interpretability of this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Damiani Branco
- Graduate Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charles Cotrena
- Graduate Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rochele Paz Fonseca
- Graduate Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Malivoire BL, Stewart KE, Tallon K, Ovanessian MM, Pawluk EJ, Koerner N. Negative urgency and generalized anxiety disorder symptom severity: The role of self-reported cognitive processes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Habib A, Harris L, Pollick F, Melville C. A meta-analysis of working memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216198. [PMID: 31039192 PMCID: PMC6490940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders. It is not clear whether working memory (WM) deficits are commonly experienced by individuals with ASD. AIM To determine whether individuals with ASD experience significant impairments in WM and whether there are specific domains of working memory that are impaired. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis using four electronic databases EMBASE (OVID), MEDLINE (OVID), PsychINFO (EBSCOHOST), and Web of Science, to examine the literature to investigate whether people with ASD experience impairments related to WM. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for phonological and visuospatial domains of WM. Subgroup analyses investigated age and intelligence quotient as potential moderators. RESULTS A total of 29 papers containing 34 studies measuring phonological and visuospatial domains of WM met the inclusion criteria. WM scores were significantly lower for individuals with ASD compared to typically developed (TD) controls, in both the visuospatial domain when investigating accuracy (d: -0.73, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.42, p < 0.05) and error rates (d: 0.56, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.88, p<0.05), and the phonological domain when investigating accuracy (d:-0.67, 95% CI -1.10 to -0.24, p>0.05) and error rate (d: 1.45, 95% CI -0.07 to 2.96, p = 0.06). Age and IQ did not explain the differences in WM in ASD. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that across the lifespan, individuals with ASD demonstrate large impairments in WM across both phonological and visuospatial WM domains when compared to healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Habib
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Harris
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Pollick
- College of Science and Engineering, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Melville
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Mental Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Autism and Faux Pas. Influences of Presentation Modality and Working Memory. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 22:E13. [PMID: 30932798 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulties on Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks involving social situations, such as 'faux pas'. The objective of this study was to find the modality of presentation (visual, verbal, or mixed) that yields the best understanding of a 'faux pas', and the possible influence of other variables, including intelligence (IQ), age, and working memory. Thirty autistic children and 30 neurotypical children, all aged 7 to 12 years old and comparable in age and IQ, participated in this study. They were asked to resolve nine 'faux pas' stories (three per modality). Significant between-groups differences were found in the visual (t = 2.99, p = .004) and verbal modalities (t = 2.64, p = .011), such that the neurotypical (NT) group had higher scores than the ASD group. The ASD group's comprehension was better via the mixed modality than the verbal modality (t = 2.48, p = .019). In addition, working memory had a bigger impact on Faux Pas understanding in cases of autism than in typical development (R2 explained between .19 and .28 of variance in Faux Pas test outcomes), and could therefore explain some of the difficulties previously reported in this area. Future research should include a measure of working memory and a control among the stimuli presented to test for group differences in faux pas understanding.
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Velikonja T, Fett AK, Velthorst E. Patterns of Nonsocial and Social Cognitive Functioning in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:135-151. [PMID: 30601878 PMCID: PMC6439743 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Many studies have investigated impairments in cognitive domains in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, to date, a comprehensive overview on the patterns of cognitive functioning is lacking. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of nonsocial and social cognitive functioning in various domains in adults with ASD, allowing for comparison of the severity of deficits between different domains. DATA SOURCES A literature search performed in an academic medical setting was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Medline databases with the combination of the following free-text and Medical Subject Headings where applicable: [cogniti* OR neurocogniti* OR neuropsycholog* OR executive function* OR IQ OR intelligence quotient OR social cognition OR emotion perception OR affect perception OR emotion recognition OR attribution OR ToM OR mentalising OR mentalizing OR prosody OR social knowledge OR mind reading OR social cue OR social judgment] AND [autis* OR ASD OR Asperger OR Asperger's OR PDD OR pervasive developmental disorder]. The search was further limited to studies published between 1980 (first inclusion of autism diagnosis in the DSM-III) and July 2018. STUDY SELECTION Studies included were published as a primary peer-reviewed research article in English, included individuals with ASD 16 years or older, and assessed at least 1 domain of neurocognitive functioning or social cognition using standard measures. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Of 9892 articles identified and screened, 75 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hedges g effect sizes were computed, and random-effects models were used for all analyses. Moderators of between-study variability in effect sizes were assessed using meta-regressions. RESULTS The systematic review and meta-analysis included 75 studies, with a combined sample of 3361 individuals with ASD (mean [SD] age, 32.0 [9.3] years; 75.9% male) and 5344 neurotypical adults (mean [SD] age, 32.3 [9.1] years; 70.1% male). Adults with ASD showed large impairments in theory of mind (g = -1.09; 95% CI, -1.25 to -0.92; number of studies = 39) and emotion perception and processing (g = -0.80; 95% CI, -1.04 to -0.55; n = 18), followed by medium impairments in processing speed (g = -0.61; 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.38; n = 21) and verbal learning and memory (g = -0.55; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.25; n = 12). The least altered cognitive domains were attention and vigilance (g = -0.30; 95% CI, -0.81 to 0.21; n = 5) and working memory (g = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.47 to 0.01; n = 19). Meta-regressions confirmed robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that adults with ASD show impairments in social cognitive domains and in specific nonsocial cognitive domains. These findings contribute to the understanding of the patterns of cognitive functioning in adults with ASD and may assist in the identification of targets for cognitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjasa Velikonja
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anne-Kathrin Fett
- Department of Psychology, City University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Warren CM, Pentz MA. The feasibility and acceptability of assessing inhibitory control and working memory among adolescents via an ecological momentary assessment approach. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:1022-1034. [PMID: 30558489 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1556624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Early adolescence is a critical period for the development of executive function (EF). EF deficits are associated with increased engagement in multiple health risk behaviors and may be influenced by momentary factors, such as state mindfulness and physical activity. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) leverages the increasing ubiquity of smart-phones to assess moment-to-moment changes in neurocognition and behavior with minimal recall bias and high ecological validity. As such, EMA is a promising method for delivering performance-based EF tasks and assessing the degree to which EF is influenced by momentary variation in its putative antecedents (e.g. state mindfulness and PA). This study adapts the (1) State Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, (2) physical activity/sedentary behavior recall items, (3) complex symmetry span working memory task, and (4) the child flanker inhibitory control task into an EMA tool delivered via iPhone using Inquisit Web. This tool was piloted with a sample of 32 seventh graders over a 72 h period. Participants' posttest survey responses indicated that they found these study activities to be enjoyable, non-burdensome, not overly difficult, and preferable to pencil-and-paper instruments. Baseline correlations between flanker task performance and both BRIEF inhibitory control (σ = .23) and working memory subscales (σ = .34) were moderate. Correlations between symmetry span working memory task performance and BRIEF inhibitory control (σabsolute = .28; σpartial = .16) and working memory subscales (σabsolute = .19; σpartial = .15) were slightly lower, demonstrating associations consistent with previous studies. This study supports the feasibility and acceptability of administering two common performance-based EF tasks to adolescents via an EMA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Warren
- a Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Health Behavior Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- a Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Health Behavior Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in children with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:117-122. [PMID: 30245374 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition deficits and emotion dysregulation (ED) are frequently separately studied in relation to ADHD. This study aimed to examine the link between theory of mind (ToM) abilities and ED in children with ADHD. Participants were 200 children aged 11-17 years (study group, n = 100; healthy controls, n = 100). Emotion regulation skills were quantified by using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). ToM was quantified by three different tasks. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale - parents form was used for determination of ADHD symptom severity (ADHD-SS). Children in the study group had more overall difficulties regulating their emotions than healthy controls. Within the study group, a significant correlation was found between the scores of DERS-total and ADHD-SS; and between the scores of DERS-total and gender. The linear regression showed that the predictor variables accounted for 56% of the variation in DERS-total. Unexpected Outcomes Test (UOT) scores significantly improved the accountability of the total variance when added to the linear regression. Our findings show that theory of mind deficits may partly explain ED in children with ADHD.
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Pineda-Alhucema W, Aristizabal E, Escudero-Cabarcas J, Acosta-López JE, Vélez JI. Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Children with ADHD: a Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:341-358. [PMID: 30168020 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In developmental research, the relationship between Executive Function (EF) and Theory of Mind (ToM) has been extensively assessed, and EF has been considered a condition for ToM. However, few researchers have studied the relationship between EF and ToM in clinical populations, especially that of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention and motor hyperactivity/impulsivity, in which EF is largely impaired. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, 201 English and Spanish articles evaluating EF and ToM in ADHD were chosen. Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria and were selected for further analysis. The first study dates from 2001. Most of the studies' designs are cross-sectional, include mostly male children, have a small sample size, and were conducted in European countries. Unlike tasks assessing EF, tasks assessing ToM were heterogeneous across studies. The EFs most correlated with ToM were inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attention. Interest in studying the relationship between EF and ToM in ADHD is recent,but increasing based on new findings and tuning of ToM instruments. However, while an association between EF and ToM is indicated in ADHD, the degree of prediction and predictability of one over the other cannot yet be established because of the studies' heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | | | | | - Johan E Acosta-López
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Fitzpatrick P, Frazier JA, Cochran D, Mitchell T, Coleman C, Schmidt RC. Relationship Between Theory of Mind, Emotion Recognition, and Social Synchrony in Adolescents With and Without Autism. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1337. [PMID: 30108541 PMCID: PMC6079204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulty in social communication and interaction is a primary diagnostic feature of ASD. Research has found that adolescents with ASD display various impairments in social behavior such as theory of mind (ToM), emotion recognition, and social synchrony. However, not much is known about the relationships among these dimensions of social behavior. Adolescents with and without ASD participated in the study. ToM ability was measured by viewing social animations of geometric shapes, recognition of facial emotions was measured by viewing pictures of faces, and synchrony ability was measured with a spontaneously arising interpersonal movement task completed with a caregiver and an intentional interpersonal task. Attention and social responsiveness were measured using parent reports. We then examined the relationship between ToM, emotion recognition, clinical measures of attention and social responsiveness, and social synchronization that arises either spontaneously or intentionally. Results indicate that spontaneous synchrony was related to ToM and intentional synchrony was related to clinical measures of attention and social responsiveness. Facial emotion recognition was not related to either ToM or social synchrony. Our findings highlight the importance of biological motion perception and production and attention for more fully understanding the social behavior characteristic of ASD. The findings suggest that the processes underlying difficulties in spontaneous synchrony in ASD are different than the processes underlying difficulties in intentional synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fitzpatrick
- Department of Psychology, Assumption College, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - David Cochran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Teresa Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Assumption College, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - R. C. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, United States
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Leppanen J, Sedgewick F, Treasure J, Tchanturia K. Differences in the Theory of Mind profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa and individuals on the autism spectrum: A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:146-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moseley RL, Pulvermüller F. What can autism teach us about the role of sensorimotor systems in higher cognition? New clues from studies on language, action semantics, and abstract emotional concept processing. Cortex 2018; 100:149-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Borhani K, Nejati V. Emotional face recognition in individuals withattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review article. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:256-277. [PMID: 29461118 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1440295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on facial emotion recognition (FER) in individuals with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral studies of FER in ADHD have resulted in inconsistent findings. Here, we discuss the factors that vary across studies and the way that they influence FER processes in ADHD. Across reviewed studies, fear was the most deficient facial expression to be recognized. Our review suggested that FER deficit in ADHD does not alleviate across development and is partially distinct from ADHD symptoms. In conclusion, assessment of FER in ADHD and targeting that in interventional plans could lead to social skills improvement in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Borhani
- a Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- b Faculty of Education and Psychology, Department of Psychology , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
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Ibáñez A, García AM, Esteves S, Yoris A, Muñoz E, Reynaldo L, Pietto ML, Adolfi F, Manes F. Social neuroscience: undoing the schism between neurology and psychiatry. Soc Neurosci 2018; 13:1-39. [PMID: 27707008 PMCID: PMC11177280 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1245214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple disorders once jointly conceived as "nervous diseases" became segregated by the distinct institutional traditions forged in neurology and psychiatry. As a result, each field specialized in the study and treatment of a subset of such conditions. Here we propose new avenues for interdisciplinary interaction through a triangulation of both fields with social neuroscience. To this end, we review evidence from five relevant domains (facial emotion recognition, empathy, theory of mind, moral cognition, and social context assessment), highlighting their common disturbances across neurological and psychiatric conditions and discussing their multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Our proposal is anchored in multidimensional evidence, including behavioral, neurocognitive, and genetic findings. From a clinical perspective, this work paves the way for dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches, new pharmacological treatments, and educational innovations rooted in a combined neuropsychiatric training. Research-wise, it fosters new models of the social brain and a novel platform to explore the interplay of cognitive and social functions. Finally, we identify new challenges for this synergistic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- c Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology , Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez , Santiago de Chile , Chile
- d Universidad Autónoma del Caribe , Barranquilla , Colombia
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Adolfo M García
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- f Faculty of Elementary and Special Education (FEEyE) , National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo) , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Sol Esteves
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adrián Yoris
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Edinson Muñoz
- g Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lucila Reynaldo
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Federico Adolfi
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
- i Department of Experimental Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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Neurological soft signs, but not theory of mind and emotion recognition deficit distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28628794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with social cognition impairment, executive dysfunction and motor abnormalities, consisting in the persistence of neurological soft signs (NSS). Theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition (ER) deficit of children with ADHD have been interpreted as a consequence of their executive dysfunction, particularly inhibitory control deficit. To our knowledge, there are not studies that evaluate the possible correlation between the ToM and ER deficit and NSS in the population with ADHD, while this association has been studied in other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate ToM and ER and NSS in a sample of 23 drug-naïve children with ADHD and a sample of 20 healthy children and the possible correlation between social cognition dysfunction and NSS in ADHD. Our findings suggest that ToM and ER dysfunction is not a constant feature in the population with ADHD, while NSS confirmed as a markers of atypical neurodevelopment and predictors of the severity of functional impairment in children with ADHD.
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Reduced emotional empathy in adults with subclinical ADHD: evidence from the empathy and systemizing quotient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:141-150. [PMID: 28836147 PMCID: PMC5973978 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies in children with ADHD suggest impairments in social cognitive functions, whereas studies in adults with ADHD are scarce and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ADHD traits and self-reported social cognitive style in a sample of adults from the general population. For this purpose, a community sample of 685 adults filled out online self-report questionnaires about ADHD symptoms (ADHD Rating Scale, ARS), social cognitive functioning and friendships. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) with the subscales Cognitive Empathy (CE), Emotional Empathy (EE) and Social Skills (SS), and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) were included for measuring social cognitive style and the Friendship Questionnaire (FQ) for the quality of friendships. Participants who met the DSM-5 criteria on the ARS (‘subclinical ADHD’; n = 56) were compared regarding their social cognitive functioning scores with a control group (n = 56) that was matched for age, sex and student status. With small effect sizes, the subclinical ADHD group showed reduced EE scores on the EQ and a more male social cognitive profile. This result was not influenced by sex or ADHD subtype. This study points to a relationship between traits of ADHD and the emotional aspect of empathy, whereas more complex aspects of empathy were unrelated. These findings should be corroborated in clinical patients with ADHD, employing neuropsychological tests rather than self-report questionnaires.
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A Meta-Analysis of Working Memory Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 27:46-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-016-9336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Sigman M, Rattazzi A, Lavin C, Rivera-Rei A, Marino J, Manes F, Ibanez A. Neural markers of social and monetary rewards in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30588. [PMID: 27464551 PMCID: PMC4964357 DOI: 10.1038/srep30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent theories of decision making propose a shared value-related brain mechanism for encoding monetary and social rewards. We tested this model in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and control children. We monitored participants’ brain dynamics using high density-electroencephalography while they played a monetary and social reward tasks. Control children exhibited a feedback Error-Related Negativity (fERN) modulation and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) source activation during both tasks. Remarkably, although cooperation resulted in greater losses for the participants, the betrayal options generated greater fERN responses. ADHD subjects exhibited an absence of fERN modulation and reduced ACC activation during both tasks. ASD subjects exhibited normal fERN modulation during monetary choices and inverted fERN/ACC responses in social options than did controls. These results suggest that in neurotypicals, monetary losses and observed disloyal social decisions induced similar activity in the brain value system. In ADHD children, difficulties in reward processing affected early brain signatures of monetary and social decisions. Conversely, ASD children showed intact neural markers of value-related monetary mechanisms, but no brain modulation by prosociality in the social task. These results offer insight into the typical and atypical developments of neural correlates of monetary and social reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias (LPEN), Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alexia Rattazzi
- Programa Argentino para Niños, Adolescentes y Adultos con Condiciones del Espectro Autista (PANAACEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Lavin
- Centre for the Study of Argumentation and Reasoning, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social (LaNCyS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Rei
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social (LaNCyS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julian Marino
- Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.,Grupo de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Universidad de Granada, España
| | - Facundo Manes
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias (LPEN), Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias (LPEN), Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), New South Wales, Australia.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
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42
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Floris DL, Barber AD, Nebel MB, Martinelli M, Lai MC, Crocetti D, Baron-Cohen S, Suckling J, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH. Atypical lateralization of motor circuit functional connectivity in children with autism is associated with motor deficits. Mol Autism 2016; 7:35. [PMID: 27429731 PMCID: PMC4946094 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical lateralization of language-related functions has been repeatedly found in individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Few studies have, however, investigated deviations from typically occurring asymmetry of other lateralized cognitive and behavioural domains. Motor deficits are among the earliest and most prominent symptoms in individuals with ASC and precede core social and communicative symptoms. Methods Here, we investigate whether motor circuit connectivity is (1) atypically lateralized in children with ASC and (2) whether this relates to core autistic symptoms and motor performance. Participants comprised 44 right-handed high-functioning children with autism (36 males, 8 females) and 80 typically developing control children (58 males, 22 females) matched on age, sex and performance IQ. We examined lateralization of functional motor circuit connectivity based on homotopic seeds derived from peak activations during a finger tapping paradigm. Motor performance was assessed using the Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS). Results Children with ASC showed rightward lateralization in mean motor circuit connectivity compared to typically developing children, and this was associated with poorer performance on all three PANESS measures. Conclusions Our findings reveal that atypical lateralization in ASC is not restricted to language functions but is also present in circuits subserving motor functions and may underlie motor deficits in children with ASC. Future studies should investigate whether this is an age-invariant finding extending to adolescents and adults and whether these asymmetries relate to atypical lateralization in the language domain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0096-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea L Floris
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Anita D Barber
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Martinelli
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Child, Youth and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK ; National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK ; National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James J Pekar
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA ; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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43
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Dekkers TJ, Popma A, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Bexkens A, Huizenga HM. Risky decision making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:1-16. [PMID: 26978323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with various forms of risky real life decision making, for example risky driving, unsafe sex and substance abuse. However, results from laboratory studies on decision making deficits in ADHD have been inconsistent, probably because of between study differences. We therefore performed a meta-regression analysis in which 37 studies (n ADHD=1175; n Control=1222) were included, containing 52 effect sizes. The overall analysis yielded a small to medium effect size (standardized mean difference=.36, p<.001, 95% CI [.22, .51]), indicating that groups with ADHD showed more risky decision making than control groups. There was a trend for a moderating influence of co-morbid Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD): studies including more participants with co-morbid DBD had larger effect sizes. No moderating influence of co-morbid internalizing disorders, age or task explicitness was found. These results indicate that ADHD is related to increased risky decision making in laboratory settings, which tended to be more pronounced if ADHD is accompanied by DBD. We therefore argue that risky decision making should have a more prominent role in research on the neuropsychological and -biological mechanisms of ADHD, which can be useful in ADHD assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands.
| | - Arne Popma
- De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands; Free University Medical Center (VUmc) Amsterdam, Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Netherlands; University of Leiden, Department of Criminology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anika Bexkens
- University of Leiden, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, The Netherlands; GGZ Delfland, Center for Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry in Individuals with Intellectual Disability, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Huizenga
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, The Netherlands
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44
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Bora E, Pantelis C. Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:699-716. [PMID: 26707895 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in social cognition is an established finding in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Emerging evidence suggests that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might be also associated with deficits in theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition. However, there are inconsistent findings, and it has been debatable whether such deficits persist beyond childhood and how similar social cognitive deficits are in ADHD v. ASD. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis of social cognition, including emotion recognition and ToM, studies in ADHD compared with healthy controls and ASD. The current meta-analysis involved 44 studies comparing ADHD (n = 1999) with healthy controls (n = 1725) and 17 studies comparing ADHD (n = 772) with ASD (n = 710). RESULTS Facial and vocal emotion recognition (d = 0.40-0.44) and ToM (d = 0.43) abilities were significantly impaired in ADHD. The most robust facial emotion recognition deficits were evident in anger and fear. Social cognitive deficits were either very subtle (emotion recognition) or non-significant (ToM) in adults with ADHD. Deficits in social cognition, especially ToM, were significantly more pronounced in ASD compared with ADHD. General cognitive impairment has contributed to social cognitive deficits in ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Performance of individuals with ADHD on social cognition lies intermediate between ASD and healthy controls. However, developmental trajectories of social cognition probably differ between ADHD and ASD as social cognitive deficits in ADHD might be improving with age in most individuals. There is a need for studies investigating a potential subtype of ADHD with persistent social cognitive deficits and exploring longitudinal changes in social cognition during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bora
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre,University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South,Victoria 3053,Australia
| | - C Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre,University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South,Victoria 3053,Australia
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45
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Chennu S, Bekinschtein TA, Rattazzi A, Beraudi A, Tripicchio P, Moyano B, Soffita Y, Steinberg L, Adolfi F, Sigman M, Marino J, Manes F, Ibanez A. Predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2625-36. [PMID: 26311184 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00543.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding has been proposed as a framework to understand neural processes in neuropsychiatric disorders. We used this approach to describe mechanisms responsible for attentional abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We monitored brain dynamics of 59 children (8-15 yr old) who had ASD or ADHD or who were control participants via high-density electroencephalography. We performed analysis at the scalp and source-space levels while participants listened to standard and deviant tone sequences. Through task instructions, we manipulated top-down expectation by presenting expected and unexpected deviant sequences. Children with ASD showed reduced superior frontal cortex (FC) responses to unexpected events but increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation to expected events. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibited reduced cortical responses in superior FC to expected events but strong PFC activation to unexpected events. Moreover, neural abnormalities were associated with specific control mechanisms, namely, inhibitory control in ASD and set-shifting in ADHD. Based on the predictive coding account, top-down expectation abnormalities could be attributed to a disproportionate reliance (precision) allocated to prior beliefs in ASD and to sensory input in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Srivas Chennu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan A Bekinschtein
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Rattazzi
- Programa Argentino para Niños, Adolescentes y Adultos con Condiciones del Espectro Autista (PANAACEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Beraudi
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Tripicchio
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Moyano
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Tourette, TOC, TDAH, y Trastornos Asociados (CITTTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamila Soffita
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Tourette, TOC, TDAH, y Trastornos Asociados (CITTTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Steinberg
- Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Adolfi
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Julian Marino
- Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina; and
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, New South Wales, Australia
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46
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Mowinckel AM, Pedersen ML, Eilertsen E, Biele G. A meta-analysis of decision-making and attention in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:355-67. [PMID: 25477020 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714558872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficient reward processing has gained attention as an important aspect of ADHD, but little is known about reward-based decision-making (DM) in adults with ADHD. This article summarizes research on DM in adult ADHD and contextualizes DM deficits by comparing them to attention deficits. METHOD Meta-analytic methods were used to calculate average effect sizes for different DM domains and continuous performance task (CPT) measures. RESULTS None of the 59 included studies (DM: 12 studies; CPT: 43; both: 4) had indications of publication bias. DM and CPT measures showed robust, small to medium effects. Large effect sizes were found for a drift diffusion model analysis of the CPT. CONCLUSION The results support the existence of DM deficits in adults with ADHD, which are of similar magnitude as attention deficits. These findings warrant further examination of DM in adults with ADHD to improve the understanding of underlying neurocognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guido Biele
- University of Oslo, Norway Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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47
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Barttfeld P, Petroni A, Báez S, Urquina H, Sigman M, Cetkovich M, Torralva T, Torrente F, Lischinsky A, Castellanos X, Manes F, Ibañez A. Functional connectivity and temporal variability of brain connections in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 69:65-75. [PMID: 24576926 DOI: 10.1159/000356964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess brain functional connectivity and variability in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) relative to a control (CT) group. METHODS Electroencephalography (EEG) was measured in 35 participants (BD = 11; ADHD = 9; CT = 15) during an eyes-closed 10-min rest period, and connectivity and graph theory metrics were computed. A coefficient of variation (CV) computed also the connectivity's temporal variability of EEG. Multivariate associations between functional connectivity and clinical and neuropsychological profiles were evaluated. RESULTS An enhancement of functional connectivity was observed in the ADHD (fronto-occipital connections) and BD (diffuse connections) groups. However, compared with CTs, intrinsic variability (CV) was enhanced in the ADHD group and reduced in the BD group. Graph theory metrics confirmed the existence of several abnormal network features in both affected groups. Significant associations of connectivity with symptoms were also observed. In the ADHD group, temporal variability of functional connections was associated with executive function and memory deficits. Depression, hyperactivity and impulsivity levels in the ADHD group were associated with abnormal intrinsic connectivity. In the BD group, levels of anxiety and depression were related to abnormal frontotemporal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS In the ADHD group, we found that intrinsic variability was associated with deficits in cognitive performance and that connectivity abnormalities were related to ADHD symptomatology. The BD group exhibited less intrinsic variability and more diffuse long-range brain connections, and those abnormalities were related to interindividual differences in depression and anxiety. These preliminary results are relevant for neurocognitive models of abnormal brain connectivity in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Barttfeld
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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48
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Caillies S, Bertot V, Motte J, Raynaud C, Abely M. Social cognition in ADHD: irony understanding and recursive theory of mind. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:3191-3198. [PMID: 25155741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to characterise the social cognition abilities of French children with ADHD, in terms of their understanding of people's recursive mental states and their irony comprehension. We hypothesised that these children have difficulty understanding second-order false beliefs and ironic remarks, owing to the executive dysfunction that is characteristic of ADHD. We therefore conducted an experiment in which children with ADHD and typically developing matched controls performed second-order false-belief and executive function tasks. They then listened to ironic stories and answered questions about the ironic comments and about the speakers' beliefs and attitudes. The groups differed significantly on second-order theory of mind, irony comprehension and executive functions, confirming that children with ADHD have impaired social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Caillies
- Cognition, Health and Socialisation Laboratory (EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 57 rue Pierre Taittinger, 51096 Reims Cedex, France.
| | - Vincine Bertot
- Cognition, Health and Socialisation Laboratory (EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 57 rue Pierre Taittinger, 51096 Reims Cedex, France; Department of Paediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, Reims University Hospital, 47 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Motte
- Department of Paediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, Reims University Hospital, 47 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Christine Raynaud
- Department of Paediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, Reims University Hospital, 47 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Michel Abely
- Department of Paediatrics, American Memorial Hospital, Reims University Hospital, 47 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
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49
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Baez S, Ibanez A. The effects of context processing on social cognition impairments in adults with Asperger's syndrome. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:270. [PMID: 25232301 PMCID: PMC4153041 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition—the basis of all communicative and otherwise interpersonal relationships—is embedded in specific contextual circumstances which shape intrinsic meanings. This domain is compromised in the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including Asperger's syndrome (AS) (DSM-V). However, the few available reports of social cognition skills in adults with AS have largely neglected the effects of contextual factors. Moreover, previous studies on this population have also failed to simultaneously (a) assess multiple social cognition domains, (b) examine executive functions, (c) follow strict sample selection criteria, and (d) acknowledge the cognitive heterogeneity typical of the disorder. The study presently reviewed (Baez et al., 2012), addressed all these aspects in order to establish the basis of social cognition deficits in adult AS patients. Specifically, we assessed the performance of AS adults in multiple social cognition tasks with different context-processing requirements. The results suggest that social cognition deficits in AS imply a reduced ability to implicitly encode and integrate contextual cues needed to access social meaning. Nevertheless, the patients' performance was normal when explicit social information was presented or when the situation could be navigated with abstract rules. Here, we review the results of our study and other relevant data, and discuss their implications for the diagnosis and treatment of AS and other neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, frontotemporal dementia). Finally, we analyze previous results in the light of a current neurocognitive model of social-context processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia ; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney NSW, Australia
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50
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Visser EM, Berger HJC, Prins JB, Van Schrojenstein Lantman-De Valk HMJ, Teunisse JP. Shifting impairment and aggression in intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2137-2147. [PMID: 24881008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive behaviour is a major problem in individuals with an intellectual disability (ID) as well as in individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). There are indications that suggest a link between cognitive shifting and aggression. In this study, reports of aggressive incidents of adolescents and young adults with different clinical diagnoses (ID, ID+ASD, ASD) were collected during 1 year, using the Staff Observation Aggression Scale-Revised. Whether they were diagnosed with ID, ASD or both; individuals who displayed aggression were found to face more cognitive shifting difficulties than non-aggressive individuals, while no significant differences were found on severity of ASD symptoms. Study results support the assumption that a cognition-based model for aggression may be more adequate than a diagnose-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Visser
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H J C Berger
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J B Prins
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J P Teunisse
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Psychology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Centre for Autism, Department of Research & Development, P.O. Box 62, 6865 ZH Doorwerth, The Netherlands; HAN University of Applied Sciences, Research group Autism through the Lifespan, P.O. Box 6960, 6503 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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