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Esposito E, Sguizzato M, Drechsler M, Mariani P, Carducci F, Nastruzzi C, Valacchi G, Cortesi R. Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:1789-1801. [PMID: 31501750 PMCID: PMC6720232 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation is a study of new lipid nanoparticles for cutaneous antioxidant delivery. Several molecules, such as α-tocopherol and retinoic acid, have been shown to improve skin condition and even counteract the effects of exogenous stress factors such as smoking on skin aging. This work describes the design and development of lipid nanoparticles containing antioxidant agents (α-tocopherol or retinoic acid) to protect human skin against pollutants. Namely, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared using different lipids (tristearin, compritol, precirol or suppocire) in the presence or absence of caprylic/capric triglycerides. The formulations were characterized by particle size analysis, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray diffraction, encapsulation efficiency, preliminary stability, in vitro cytotoxicity and protection against cigarette smoke. Nanostructured lipid carriers were found to reduce agglomerate formation and provided better dimensional stability, as compared to solid lipid nanoparticles, suggesting their suitability for antioxidant loading. Based on the preformulation study, tristearin-based nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with α-tocopherol were selected for ex vivo studies since they displayed superior physico-chemical properties as compared to the other nanostructured lipid carriers compositions. Human skin explants were treated with α-tocopherol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers and then exposed to cigarette smoke, and the protein levels of the stress-induced enzyme heme oxygenase were analyzed in skin homogenates. Interestingly, it was found that pretreatment with the nanoformulation resulted in significantly reduced heme oxygenase upregulation as compared to control samples, suggesting a protective effect provided by the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymerinstitute "Electron and Optical Microscopy" University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paolo Mariani
- Dipartmento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Carducci
- Dipartmento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Dept. NC Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rita Cortesi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Bellner L, Wolstein J, Patil KA, Dunn MW, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Biliverdin Rescues the HO-2 Null Mouse Phenotype of Unresolved Chronic Inflammation Following Corneal Epithelial Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3246-53. [PMID: 21345995 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. The heme oxygenase system (HO-1 and HO-2) represents an intrinsic cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory pathway based on its ability to modulate leukocyte migration and to inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proteins by its products biliverdin/bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Corneal injury in HO-2 null mice leads to impaired healing and chronic inflammatory complications, including ulceration and neovascularization. The authors examined whether topically administered biliverdin can counteract the effects of HO deficiency in a corneal epithelial injury model. METHODS. HO-2 null mice were treated with biliverdin 1 hour before epithelial injury and twice a day thereafter. Reepithelialization and neovascularization were assessed by fluorescein staining and vital microscopy, respectively, and were quantified by image analysis. Inflammation was quantified by histology and Gr-1-specific immunofluorescence, and oxidative stress was assessed by DHE fluorescence. RESULTS. Treatment with biliverdin accelerated wound closure, inhibited neovascularization and reduced epithelial defects. It also reduced inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in the appearance of inflammatory cells and the expression levels of inflammatory and oxidant proteins, including KC and NOXs. CONCLUSIONS. The results clearly show that biliverdin, directly or through its metabolism to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase-the expression of which is increased after injury-rescues the aberrant inflammatory phenotype, further underscoring the importance of the HO system in the cornea for the execution of an ordered inflammatory and reparative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bellner
- Departments of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Goven D, Boutten A, Leçon-Malas V, Marchal-Sommé J, Soler P, Boczkowski J, Bonay M. Induction of heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin reductase and H-ferritin in lung macrophage in smokers with primary spontaneous pneumothorax: role of HIF-1alpha. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10886. [PMID: 20526373 PMCID: PMC2878337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few data concern the pathophysiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), which is associated with alveolar hypoxia/reoxygenation. This study tested the hypothesis that PSP is associated with oxidative stress in lung macrophages. We analysed expression of the oxidative stress marker 4-HNE; the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), biliverdin reductase (BVR) and heavy chain of ferritin (H-ferritin); and the transcription factors controlling their expression Nrf2 and HIF-1α, in lung samples from smoker and nonsmoker patients with PSP (PSP-S and PSP-NS), cigarette smoke being a risk factor of recurrence of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR and proteins by western blot, immunohistochemistry and confocal laser analysis. 4-HNE, HO-1, BVR and H-ferritin were increased in macrophages from PSP-S as compared to PSP-NS and controls (C). HO-1 increase was associated with increased expression of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in alveolar macrophages in PSP-S patients, whereas Nrf2 was not modified. To understand the regulation of HO-1, BVR and H-ferritin, THP-1 macrophages were exposed to conditions mimicking conditions in C, PSP-S and PSP-NS patients: cigarette smoke condensate (CS) or air exposure followed or not by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Silencing RNA experiments confirmed that HIF-1α nuclear translocation was responsible for HO-1, BVR and H-ferritin induction mediated by CS and hypoxia/reoxygenation. Conclusions/Significance PSP in smokers is associated with lung macrophage oxidative stress. The response to this condition involves HIF-1α-mediated induction of HO-1, BVR and H-ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Goven
- Inserm, U700, Faculté de Médecine-Site Bichat, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boutten
- Inserm, U700, Faculté de Médecine-Site Bichat, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
- Services de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Leçon-Malas
- Services de Biochimie A, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Marchal-Sommé
- Inserm, U700, Faculté de Médecine-Site Bichat, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Paul Soler
- Inserm, U700, Faculté de Médecine-Site Bichat, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 007, Paris, France
- Inserm, U955, Faculté de Médecine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Albert Chenevier - Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris 12, Créteil, France
| | - Marcel Bonay
- Inserm, U700, Faculté de Médecine-Site Bichat, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
- Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Baglole CJ, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Cigarette smoke-induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by intracellular glutathione. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L624-36. [PMID: 18689604 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90215.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are key structural cells that can be damaged by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke contains many components capable of eliciting oxidative stress, which may induce heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a cytoprotective enzyme. There are no data on HO-1 expression in primary human lung fibroblasts after cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. We hypothesized that human lung fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke would increase HO-1 though changes in intracellular glutathione (GSH). Primary human lung fibroblasts were exposed to CSE, and changes in HO-1 expression and GSH levels were assessed. CSE induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in expression of HO-1, but not HO-2 or biliverdin reductase, in two different primary human lung fibroblast strains, a novel finding. This induction of HO-1 paralleled a decrease in intracellular GSH, and a sustained reduction in GSH resulted in a dramatic increase in HO-1. Treatment with the antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine or GSH reduced the expression of HO-1 induced by CSE. We also examined the signal transduction mechanism responsible for HO-1 induction. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2, like 2 (Nrf2) was not involved in HO-1 induction by CSE. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor shown in other systems to regulate HO-1 expression. CSE exposure resulted in nuclear accumulation of c-Fos and c-Jun, two key AP-1 components. Reduction of c-Fos and c-Jun nuclear translocation by SP-600125 attenuated the CSE-induced expression of HO-1. These data support the concept that changes in the cellular redox status brought on by cigarette smoke induce HO-1 in fibroblasts. This increase in HO-1 may help protect against cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and/or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Turkseven S, Drummond G, Rezzani R, Rodella L, Quan S, Ikehara S, Abraham NG. Impact of silencing HO-2 on EC-SOD and the mitochondrial signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:815-23. [PMID: 17131376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of heme oxygenase HO-2, the primary source of bilirubin and carbon monoxide (CO) under physiological conditions, to the regulation of vascular function has remained largely unexplored. Using siRNA HO-2, we examined the effect of suppressed levels of HO-2 on vascular antioxidant and survival proteins. In vivo HO-2 siRNA treatment decreased the basal levels of EC-SOD, pAKT proteins (serine-473 and threonine-308), without changing Akt protein expression. HO-2 siRNA treatment increased 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and apoptotic signaling kinase-1 (ASK-1) (P < 0.01). HO activity was decreased by the use of siRNA HO-2. We extended these studies to the mitochondria, examining for the presence of HO-1 and its role in the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. HO activity was increased by the administration of CoPP resulting in the translocation of HO-1 into the mitochondria, mainly to the inner face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. These findings suggest that HO-2 is critical in the maintenance of heme homeostasis and also the regulation of apoptosis by controlling levels of EC-SOD, Akt, 3-NT, and ASK-1. In addition, localization of HO-1 in the mitochondrial compartment plays a critical role in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Turkseven
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Seta F, Bellner L, Rezzani R, Regan RF, Dunn MW, Abraham NG, Gronert K, Laniado-Schwartzman M. Heme oxygenase-2 is a critical determinant for execution of an acute inflammatory and reparative response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1612-23. [PMID: 17071585 PMCID: PMC1780218 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) represents an intrinsic anti-inflammatory system based on its ability to regulate leukocyte function and inhibit expression of proinflammatory cytokines. This anti-inflammatory function is linked to the inducible isoform HO-1; the role of the constitutive isoform HO-2 is unknown. The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of HO-2 in the regulation of the acute inflammatory and reparative response by using HO-2-null mice and well-established animal models of epithelial injury and antigen-induced peritonitis. Here we show that in vivo deletion of HO-2 disables execution of the acute inflammatory and reparative response after epithelial injury and leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response in antigen-induced peritonitis. HO-2 deletion was associated with impaired HO-1 induction, indicating that HO-2 is critical for HO-1 expression and that the subsequent failure to up-regulate the HO system may contribute to unresolved inflammation and the development of chronic inflammatory conditions. Indeed, supplementation with the HO bioactive product, biliverdin, rescued the acute inflammatory and reparative response in HO-2-null mice. Thus, HO-2 sets in place a basal tone of anti-inflammatory signals that may be a prerequisite for the ordered execution of an inflammatory and reparative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Seta
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Grassland Reservation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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