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Adıgüzel S, Aras D, Gülü M, Aldhahi MI, Alqahtani AS, Al-Mhanna SB. Comparative effectiveness of 10-week equipment-based pilates and diaphragmatic breathing exercise on heart rate variability and pulmonary function in young adult healthy women with normal BMI - a quasi-experimental study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:82. [PMID: 37434197 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of Pilates and slow-controlled breathing exercises on health are examined in different studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 10-week equipment-based Pilates, slow-controlled breathing exercises, and a combination of both on heart rate variability (HRV), pulmonary function, and body composition (BC) in young adult healthy women with normal BMI. METHODS Forty female participants were assigned to either equipment-based Pilates group (PG), slow-controlled breathing exercise group (BG), equipment-based Pilates + breathing exercise group (PBG), and control groups (CG). Equipment-based Pilates exercise consists of training for two days a week and 50 min per day, and breathing exercises were done twice a week for 15 min a day for 8 weeks. In addition, PBG performed a 15-minute breathing exercise after each Pilates session. Pilates sessions were created with Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, Chair Barrel, and Spine Corrector. On the other hand, breathing exercises were based on a controlled 5 s inhale and 5 s exhale cycles. RESULTS Before and after the implementation, pulmonary function, HRV, and BC parameters were measured. The body weight and BMI improved in PG and PBG, and the percent body fat decreased only in PBG (p < 0.05). Both PG and PBG noted significant changes in HRV indices SDSD, SDNN, TP, HF, and LF. However, the RMSSD was recorded higher in only PBG. Similar changes were found in pulmonary parameters. The FVC, FEV1, VC, IC, TV, MVV, and VE im-proved in PBG. PG showed increases in VC and TV. The only changes found in BG were PEF and ERV. CONCLUSIONS The finding highlights the ample effect of combined breathing and Pilates exercise on HRV, pulmonary function and body composition which has important implications for health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Adıgüzel
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Dicle Aras
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Sports Managemet, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Monira I Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulfattah S Alqahtani
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Pałac M, Sikora D, Wolny T, Linek P. Relationship between respiratory muscles ultrasound parameters and running tests performance in adolescent football players. A pilot study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15214. [PMID: 37090113 PMCID: PMC10117394 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Assessing the relationship between ultrasound imaging of respiratory muscles during tidal breathing and running tests (endurance and speed) in adolescent football players. Methods Ultrasound parameters of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (shear modulus, thickness, excursion, and velocity), speed (30-m distance), and endurance parameters (multi-stage 20-m shuttle run test) were measured in 22 male adolescent football players. The relation between ultrasound and running tests were analysed by Spearman's correlation. Results Diaphragm shear modulus at the end of tidal inspiration was moderately negatively (R = - 0.49; p = 0.2) correlated with the speed score at 10 m. The diaphragm and intercostal muscle shear modulus ratio was moderately to strongly negatively correlated with the speed score at 10 m and 30 m (about R = - 0.48; p = 0.03). Diaphragm excursion was positively correlated with the speed score at 5 m (R = 0.46; p = 0.04) and 10 m (R = 0.52; p = 0.02). Diaphragm velocity was moderately positively correlated with the speed score at 5 m (R = 0.42; p = 0.06) and 30 m (R = 0.42; p = 0.07). Ultrasound parameters were not significantly related to all endurance parameters (R ≤ 0.36; p ≥ 0.11). Conclusions Ultrasound parameters of the respiratory muscles are related to speed score in adolescent football players. The current state of knowledge does not allow us to clearly define how important the respiratory muscles' ultrasound parameters can be in predicting some performance parameters in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pałac
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Śląskie, Poland
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic and Physiotherapy - Research Team, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Sikora
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Śląskie, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolny
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Śląskie, Poland
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic and Physiotherapy - Research Team, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Linek
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Śląskie, Poland
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic and Physiotherapy - Research Team, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Komici K, D’Amico F, Verderosa S, Piomboni I, D’Addona C, Picerno V, Bianco A, Caiazzo A, Bencivenga L, Rengo G, Guerra G. Impact of Body Composition Parameters on Lung Function in Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183844. [PMID: 36145219 PMCID: PMC9500777 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the potential risk of unhealthy weight management, the monitoring of body composition in athletes is advised. However, limited data reveal how body composition measurements can benefit athlete health and, in particular, respiratory function. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of body composition on pulmonary function in a population of adult athletes. Methods: Data from 435 competitive adult athletes regarding body compositions parameters and spirometry are retrospectively analyzed. Results: Our study population consists of 335 males and 100 female athletes. Muscle mass and fat-free mass are significantly and positively associated with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in the male and female population, while waist-to-height ratio is negatively associated with FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC in the male population. In multivariable analysis, muscle mass and fat-free mass show significant association with FEV1 and FVC in both males and females (p < 0.05), and waist-to-height ratio is significantly and inversely associated with FEV1 and FVC in males (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Fat-free mass and muscle mass are positively and independently associated with FEV1 and FVC in athletes of both genders, and waist-to-height ratio is inversely associated with FEV1 and FVC only among male athletes. These findings suggest that body composition in athletes may be helpful in monitoring respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Komici
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0874404739
| | - Fabio D’Amico
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sofia Verderosa
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Iacopo Piomboni
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmine D’Addona
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vito Picerno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Andrea Caiazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, CHU de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit (ICS Maugeri SpA SB), 82037 Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Exercise and Sports Medicine Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
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Pałac M, Linek P. Intra-Rater Reliability of Shear Wave Elastography for the Quantification of Respiratory Muscles in Adolescent Athletes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176622. [PMID: 36081075 PMCID: PMC9460867 DOI: 10.3390/s22176622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the intra-rater reliability and agreement of diaphragm and intercostal muscle elasticity and thickness during tidal breathing. The diaphragm and intercostal muscle parameters were measured using shear wave elastography in adolescent athletes. To calculate intra-rater reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman statistics were used. The reliability/agreement for one-day both muscle measurements (regardless of probe orientation) were at least moderate. During the seven-day interval between measurements, the reliability of a single measurement depended on the measured parameter, transducer orientation, respiratory phase, and muscle. Excellent reliability was found for diaphragm shear modulus at the peak of tidal expiration in transverse probe position (ICC3.1 = 0.91-0.96; ICC3.2 = 0.95), and from poor to excellent reliability for the intercostal muscle thickness at the peak of tidal inspiration with the longitudinal probe position (ICC3.1 = 0.26-0.95; ICC3.2 = 0.15). The overall reliability/agreement of the analysed data was higher for the diaphragm measurements (than the intercostal muscles) regardless of the respiratory phase and probe position. It is difficult to identify a more appropriate probe position to examine these muscles. The shear modulus/thickness of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles demonstrated good reliability/agreement so this appears to be a promising technique for their examination in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pałac
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic and Physiotherapy—Research Team, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Linek
- Musculoskeletal Elastography and Ultrasonography Laboratory, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic and Physiotherapy—Research Team, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-661-768-601
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5
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Bernhardsen GP, Stang J, Halvorsen T, Stensrud T. Differences in lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory health between elite athletes competing in different sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35975407 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Examine lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms in elite athletes performing different sports.Methods: Norwegian national-team athletes (30 swimmers, 32 cross-country skiers, 16 speed-skaters, 11 rowers/paddlers, 17 handball players and 23 soccer players) completed a validated questionnaire, measured exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), spirometry, methacholine provocation (PD20met) and skin prick test. Three cut-off levels defined BHR; i.e., PD20met ≤2µmol, ≤4 µmol and ≤8µmol.Results: Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was highest in swimmers (Mean z-score[95%CI] =1.16 [0.80, 1.51]), and close to or higher than reference values according to the Global Lung Initiative equation, across all sports. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was higher than reference values in swimmers (0.48 [0.13, 0.84]), and ball game athletes (0.69 [0.41, 0.97]). Mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75), and/or FEV1/FVC were lower than reference values in all endurance groups. BHR defined by ≤2 and ≤8 µmol methacholine was observed in respectively 50%-87% of swimmers, 25%-47% of cross-country skiers, 20%-53% of speed-skaters, 18%-36% and of rowers/paddlers, and 0%-17% of the ball game athletes. Exercise-induced symptoms were common in all groups, most frequent in cross-country skiers (88%), swimmers (83%) and speed-skaters (81%).Conclusion: Elite swimmers and ball game athletes had higher mean FVC and FEV1, compared to reference values. However, FEF25-75 and/or FEV1/FVC was lower than the reference values in all endurance groups. The prevalence of BHR was high across all sports, except the ball game athletes, and most of the athletes reported exercise-induced respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro P Bernhardsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Akershus University Hospital, R&D department, Division of Mental Health Services, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Julie Stang
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Halvorsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Fitness tracking reveals task-specific associations between memory, mental health, and physical activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13822. [PMID: 35970908 PMCID: PMC9378644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can benefit both physical and mental well-being. Different forms of exercise (e.g., aerobic versus anaerobic; running versus walking, swimming, or yoga; high-intensity interval training versus endurance workouts; etc.) impact physical fitness in different ways. For example, running may substantially impact leg and heart strength but only moderately impact arm strength. We hypothesized that the mental benefits of physical activity might be similarly differentiated. We focused specifically on how different intensities of physical activity might relate to different aspects of memory and mental health. To test our hypothesis, we collected (in aggregate) roughly a century’s worth of fitness data. We then asked participants to fill out surveys asking them to self-report on different aspects of their mental health. We also asked participants to engage in a battery of memory tasks that tested their short and long term episodic, semantic, and spatial memory performance. We found that participants with similar physical activity habits and fitness profiles tended to also exhibit similar mental health and task performance profiles. These effects were task-specific in that different physical activity patterns or fitness characteristics varied with different aspects of memory, on different tasks. Taken together, these findings provide foundational work for designing physical activity interventions that target specific components of cognitive performance and mental health by leveraging low-cost fitness tracking devices.
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Martínez V, Sanz-de la Garza M, Domenech-Ximenos B, Fernández C, García-Alvarez A, Prat-González S, Yanguas C, Sitges M. Cardiac and Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Endurance Open Water Swimmers Assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Impact of Sex and Sport Discipline. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719113. [PMID: 34490379 PMCID: PMC8417574 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The cardiac response to endurance exercise has been studied previously, and recent reports have described the extension of this remodeling to the pulmonary vasculature. However, these reports have focused primarily on land-based sports and few data are available on exercise-induced cardio-pulmonary adaptation in swimming. Nor has the impact of sex on this exercise-induced cardio-pulmonary remodeling been studied in depth. The main aim of our study was to evaluate cardiac and pulmonary circulation remodeling in endurance swimmers. Among the secondary objectives, we evaluate the impact of sex and endurance sport discipline on this cardio-pulmonary remodeling promoted by exercise training. Methods:Resting cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30 healthy well-trained endurance swimmers (83.3% male) and in 19 terrestrial endurance athletes (79% male) to assess biventricular dimensions and function. Pulmonary artery dimensions and flow as well as estimates of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were also evaluated. Results:In relation to the reference parameters for the non-athletic population, male endurance swimmers had larger biventricular and pulmonary artery size (7.4 ± 1.0 vs. 5.9 ± 1.1 cm2, p < 0.001) with lower biventricular ejection fraction (EF) (left ventricular (LV) EF: 58 ± 4.4 vs. 67 ± 4.5 %, p < 0.001; right ventricular (RV) EF: 60 ± 4 vs. 66 ± 6 %, p < 0.001), LV end-diastolic volume (EDV): 106 ± 11 vs. 80 ± 9 ml/m2, p < 0.001; RV EDV: 101 ± 14 vs. 83 ± 12 ml/m2, p < 0.001). Significantly larger LV volume and lower LV EF were also observed in female swimmers (LV EF: 60 ± 5.3 vs. 67 ± 4.6 %, p = 0.003; LV EDV: 90 ± 17.6 vs. 75± 8.7 ml/m2, p = 0.002). Compared to terrestrial endurance athletes, swimmers showed increased LV indexed mass (75.0 ± 12.8 vs. 61.5 ± 10.0 g/m2, p < 0.001). The two groups of endurance athletes had similar pulmonary artery remodeling. Conclusions: Cardiac response to endurance swimming training implies an adaptation of both ventricular and pulmonary vasculature, as in the case of terrestrial endurance athletes. Cardio-pulmonary remodeling seems to be less extensive in female than in male swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Martínez
- Department of Cardiology, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - María Sanz-de la Garza
- Hospital Clínic, Cardiovascular Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Domenech-Ximenos
- Hospital Clínic, Cardiovascular Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández
- Department of Cardiology, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - Ana García-Alvarez
- Hospital Clínic, Cardiovascular Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Prat-González
- Hospital Clínic, Cardiovascular Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Yanguas
- Department of Radiology, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Hospital Clínic, Cardiovascular Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ramachandran HJ, Jiang Y, Shan CH, Tam WWS, Wang W. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of swimming on lung function and asthma control in children with asthma. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 120:103953. [PMID: 34051586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming has been considered the most appropriate activity for children with asthma for its lower asthmogenicity compared to land-based activities. However, the benefits of swimming have been hampered by reports of increased asthma risks, airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness from exposure to chlorine by-products in swimming pools. Thus, the role of swimming for children with asthma remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of swimming as an intervention on lung function and asthma control in children below the age of 18 years. Any adverse effects from swimming on asthma were also examined. METHODS Searches were performed across six databases systematically (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and PsycINFO). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies and interventional studies with at least one control/comparator group that were published in English were included. All eligible studies were screened with risk of bias examined by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software while narrative syntheses were performed where meta-analysis was inappropriate and heterogeneity was present. RESULTS 1710 records were retrieved from the search. A total of 9 studies with 387 participants were included in this review after screening. Swimming was found to have favourable effects on forced expiratory volume in one second (L) and forced vital capacity (%), but not for forced expiratory volume in one second (%) and peak expiratory flow (%). Narrative synthesis on asthma control and adverse effects were in favour of the swimming group. CONCLUSION Future studies that are adequately powered, involve swimming interventions of sufficient intensity, frequency and duration, examine cumulative exposures to chlorine by-products and take into account potential cofounders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadassah Joann Ramachandran
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD 11,10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD 11,10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Coral Hui Shan
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD 11,10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Wilson Wai San Tam
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD 11,10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Wenru Wang
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD 11,10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Respiratory Muscle Strength and Ventilatory Function Outcome: Differences Between Trained Athletes and Healthy Untrained Persons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32583143 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is known that the maximum mouth inspiratory pressure (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP) vary with age, weight, height, and skeletal muscle mass. However, the influence of physical training on ventilatory function outcomes is an area of limited understanding. The aim of this study was to investigate the respiratory muscle strength and its relation to spirometry variables in untrained healthy persons versus trained athletes. MIP and MEP were assessed in 22 power athletes and 28 endurance athletes, and in 24 age- and sex-matched normal healthy subjects (control group). The measurement was done with a mouth pressure meter. We found that respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory function in endurance athletes were outstandingly superior to that in power athletes; the latter's muscle strength was better than that of healthy untrained controls. Both MIP and MEP significantly correlated with the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in both power athletes and controls, but not so in endurance athletes. The corollary is that the intensive endurance training could result in the improvement of respiratory muscle strength, meeting the maximum upper limit of functional reserve of respiratory muscles and the corresponding ventilation. On the other hand, targeted training of respiratory muscle strength may be an effective strategy to increase ventilatory function in power athletes, particularly those having a low maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure, and in less physically fit healthy persons.
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10
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García I, Drobnic F, Pons V, Viscor G. Swimming exercise transiently decrease lung diffusing capacity in elite swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:666-672. [PMID: 33146491 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimmers have larger lungs and a higher diffusion capacity than other athletes, but it remains unknown whether swimming exercise changes lung diffusing properties. This study aimed to evaluate modifications in pulmonary alveolar-capillary diffusion after swimming exercise. METHODS The participants were 21 elite level swimmers, including 7 females and 14 males, with a training volume of 45-70 kilometers of swimming per week. The single-breath method was used to measure the lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO and the transfer coefficient of the lungs for carbon monoxide (K<inf>CO</inf>) before and after 10 training sessions over 4 weeks along 207 pre- to postevaluations. RESULTS Swimming training consistently decreased lung diffusion capacity during the follow-up period, both DL<inf>CO</inf> (44.4±8.1 to 43.3±8.9 mL·min-1·mmHg-1, P=0.047, ŋ2<inf>p</inf>=0.55) and K<inf>CO</inf> (5.92±0.79 to 5.70±0.81 mL·min-1·mmHg-1·L-1, P=0.003, ŋ2<inf>p</inf>=0.75). CONCLUSIONS Elite swimmers experience a subclinical impairment in lung diffusing capacity after swimming exercise, but the stress caused by swimming on the lungs and the acute reduction in DL<inf>CO</inf> does not lead to physiological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker García
- Section of Physiology, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain - .,Department pf Physiology and Nutrition, Centre d'Alt Rendiment (CAR), Barcelona, Spain -
| | | | - Victoria Pons
- Department pf Physiology and Nutrition, Centre d'Alt Rendiment (CAR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Section of Physiology, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Martinez V, Sanz de la Garza M, Grazioli G, Roca E, Brotons D, Sitges M. Cardiac adaptation to endurance exercise training: Differential impact of swimming and running. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:844-853. [PMID: 32588757 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1789228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: High-intensity training has been associated with bi-ventricular and bi-atrial remodelling and a potentially increased risk of arrhythmias. Most of the evidence is based on endurance disciplines mainly involving the lower part of the body, while few data is available on upper body disciplines. The purpose of this study was to compare chronic cardiac remodelling induced by running and swimming as well as the acute response of ventricular and atrial performance after an upper-body and a lower-body endurance race. Methods: Standard and speckle tracking echocardiographic assessment of left ventricle, right ventricle and both atria was performed at baseline and immediately after a 9.5 km open-water swimming race in 26 healthy men and before and after a 35 km-trail-running race in 21 male runners. Results: No significant differences were observed in baseline ventricular dimensions. However, both right ventricular and atrial systolic deformation were greater in runners. This group also showed slightly larger atrial volumes as compared to swimmers. After the race, right ventricular dilatation was observed in both groups, but only runners showed a decrease in right ventricular deformation and a decrease in atrial volumes and deformation. Significant increases in atrial deformation without reduction in atrial volumes were observed only in swimmers after the race. Conclusions: Right ventricular and atrial remodelling is different depending on the endurance training discipline. Long-distance running races induce a greater impairment in right ventricular performance and atrial function compared to endurance swimming competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Martinez
- Department of Cardiology, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Sanz de la Garza
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Sandage MJ, Dunn LA, Edwards R, Pope SA. Implications of Compression Race Suit on Forced Vital Capacity: Assessment Considerations for Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion in Competitive Female Swimmers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 29:732-740. [PMID: 32202914 DOI: 10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the extent to which forced vital capacity (FVC) in competitive swimmers may differ from nonswimmers and determine if compression race suits reduced FVC when compared to practice swimsuits. Identification of the differences in FVC between swimmers and nonswimmers as well as pulmonary function differences secondary to swimsuit construction may inform assessment of the competitive swimmer with paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM). Method Using a prospective, mixed within- and between-groups, repeated measures design with 10 female competitive swimmers and 13 female nonswimmers, FVC was measured and compared between the two groups. Further FVC assessment was completed with the swimmers to identify FVC differences between a practice suit and a compression racing suit. Results FVC in swimmers was significantly larger than FVC in nonswimmers by over 1 L. The predicted FVC volumes were significantly smaller than the actual FVC volumes for swimmers. No significant differences were identified between the practice swimsuit and the compression race suit or between the predicted and actual FVCs for the nonswimmer group. Conclusions Swimmers have unique pulmonary function and physiology that require consideration during the assessment for PVFM to ascertain the extent to which the pulmonary system may be compromised from PVFM, reduced exercise intensity, or both. Knowledge of differential diagnoses and adequate characterization of pulmonary volumes in swimmers will improve assessment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Sandage
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, AL
| | - Lauren A Dunn
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, AL
| | - Ryleigh Edwards
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, AL
| | - Sara Ann Pope
- Department of Communication Disorders, Auburn University, AL
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13
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Mulić M, Lazović B, Dmitrović R, Jovičić N, Detanac D, Detanac D. Asthma among elite athletes, mechanism of occurrence and impact on respiratory parameters: A review of literature. SANAMED 2020. [DOI: 10.24125/sanamed.v15i2.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is generally accepted that physical activity benefits every person but athletes diagnosed with asthma face various challenges during their training to keep the symptoms of the disease under control. Prolonged exposure to agents in the environment in which athletes train favors the development of permanent changes in the airways. Their action leads to permanent hyper-reactivity with development of an inflammatory response and the release of mediators (IL-8, leukotrienes, eicosanoids) that lead to damage epithelial cells with breaking connection between them and consequent dysfunction of the respiratory system. This condition is called exercise-induced asthma (EIA). This fact is especially important for athletes who have long endurance training. The best way to check the condition of breathing system is with a diagnostic method which is the " gold" standard spirometry. Aim: The point of this systematic review is to get closer the mechanism occurrence of EIA/(exercise-induced bronchoconstriction)-EIB, prevalence and incidence of EIA/EIB, changes of pulmonary function and quality of life in elite athletes. We searched papers from PubMed and Cochrane database using keywords: 'exercise-induced asthma', 'athletes', 'spirometry', 'bronchoconstriction', 'bronchospasm', 'physical activity', 'physical training', 'prevalence', 'incidence'. We have studied 48 scientific papers in total. Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma among elite athletes, especially endurance athletes is higher than in general population. The explanation of this phenomenon is related to the whole mechanism of occurrence, it is still insufficiently clarified, but one thing is for sure that with good disease control athletes can play and compete undisturbed for many years.
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14
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Papamichael MM, Katsardis C, Tsoukalas D, Erbas B, Itsiopoulos C. Weight Status and Respiratory Health in Asthmatic Children. Lung 2019; 197:777-782. [PMID: 31522248 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study,we explored the effect of adiposity as measured by BMI on lung function in 72 asthmatic school children (5-12 years) using baseline data from the Mediterranean diet enriched with fatty fish intervention study. Bronchial function was assessed using spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). BMI categories were classified as normal and overweight/obese based on International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. Weak correlations were observed between BMI and FVC (p = 0.013) and FEV1 (p = 0.026). Median FeNO was lower in the overweight/obese as compared to normal weight group (p = 0.027). Linear regression showed an increment in FEF25-75% in the overweight/obese group as compared to normal weight after controlling for confounders namely age, height, sex, regular physical activity, medication and KIDMED score (p = 0.043; β = 11.65 units, 95% CI 0.36-22.94), although with no effect on FeNO. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that excess body weight could impact pulmonary dynamics in childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michelle Papamichael
- Department of Dietetics, Human Nutrition & Sport, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | - Bircan Erbas
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- Department of Dietetics, Human Nutrition & Sport, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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15
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Cardiac performance after an endurance open water swimming race. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:961-970. [PMID: 30778760 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endurance exercise competitions have shown a transient negative effect on global right ventricular (RV) performance. Most published studies are based on terrestrial sports. The aim of our study was to evaluate the cardiac effects after an open water swimming race. METHODS We evaluated 33 healthy swimmers (mean age 40.9 ± 7.2) participating in a 9.5 km open water swimming race. All subjects underwent a standard transthoracic echocardiography including an evaluation of dimensions and myocardial ventricular deformation. Echocardiography was performed 24 h before and within the first hour of arrival at the finish line. Cardiac troponin I (cTn I), NT-ProBNP and leukocytes were also evaluated. RESULTS No changes in left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction or LV global longitudinal strain were observed. A significant increase in RV end-diastolic area (RVEDA) was noted after the race (RVEDA at baseline 15.12 ± 1.86; RVEDA after race 16.06 ± 2.27, p < 0.05), but no changes were seen in RV fractional area change or RV global longitudinal strain. Cardiac biomarkers and leukocytes significantly increased. No association was detected between the increase in cTn I or NT-proBNP and the RV acute dilatation or LV performance. A significant association was observed between cTn I and leukocytes (r = 0.375, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An acute RV dilatation but without an impairment in RV deformation was observed after participating in an endurance swimming race. The correlation between the increase in cTn I and leukocytes, but not with ventricular performance, may support the hypothesis of an exercise-induced increase in myocardial sarcolemmal permeability due to an inflammatory response rather than myocardial injury.
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16
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Rosser-Stanford B, Backx K, Lord R, Williams EM. Static and Dynamic Lung Volumes in Swimmers and Their Ventilatory Response to Maximal Exercise. Lung 2018; 197:15-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-018-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Cavaleiro Rufo J, Paciência I, Silva D, Martins C, Madureira J, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Padrão P, Moreira P, Delgado L, Moreira A. Swimming pool exposure is associated with autonomic changes and increased airway reactivity to a beta-2 agonist in school aged children: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529048 PMCID: PMC5846785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endurance swimming exercises coupled to disinfection by-products exposure has been associated with increased airways dysfunction and neurogenic inflammation in elite swimmers. However, the impact of swimming pool exposure at a recreational level on autonomic activity has never been explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how swimming pool attendance is influencing lung and autonomic function in school-aged children. Methods A total of 858 children enrolled a cross sectional survey. Spirometry and airway reversibility to beta-2 agonist, skin-prick-tests and exhaled nitric oxide measurements were performed. Pupillometry was used to evaluate autonomic nervous function. Children were classified as current swimmers (CS), past swimmers (PS) and non-swimmers (NS), according to the amount of swimming practice. Results Current swimmers group had significantly lower maximum and average pupil constriction velocities when compared to both PS and NS groups (3.8 and 5.1 vs 3.9 and 5.3 vs 4.0 and 5.4 mm/s, p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). Moreover, affinity to the beta-2 agonist and levels of exhaled nitric oxide were significantly higher in CS when compared to NS (70 vs 60 mL and 12 vs 10 ppb, p<0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). A non-significant trend for a higher risk of asthma, atopic eczema and allergic rhinitis was found with more years of swimming practice, particularly in atopic individuals (β = 1.12, 1.40 and 1.31, respectively). After case-case analysis, it was possible to observe that results were not influenced by the inclusion of individuals with asthma. Conclusions Concluding, swimming pool attendance appears to be associated with autonomic changes and increased baseline airway smooth muscle constriction even in children without asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Cavaleiro Rufo
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Energy and Built Environment Group, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Inês Paciência
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Energy and Built Environment Group, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Silva
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- Energy and Built Environment Group, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Energy and Built Environment Group, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto & Immunoalergology Department S. João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Durmic T, Lazovic Popovic B, Zlatkovic Svenda M, Djelic M, Zugic V, Gavrilovic T, Mihailovic Z, Zdravkovic M, Leischik R. The training type influence on male elite athletes' ventilatory function. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3:e000240. [PMID: 29021910 PMCID: PMC5633737 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim To assess and compare measured ventilatory volumes (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), peak expirium flow (PEF) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)), ventilatory function capacities (forced vital capacity (FVC) and vital capacity (VC)) and FEV1/VC ratio in a sample of power and endurance elite athletes and their age-matched and sex-matched sedentary control group. Methods A cross-sectional study was applied on male elite athletes (n=470) who were classified according to the type of the predominantly performed exercise in the following way: group 1: endurance group (EG=270), group 2: power athletes group (SG=200) and group 3: sedentary control group (CG=100). The lung VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEF and MVV were measured in all of the observed subjects, who were also classified with regard to body mass index (BMI) and the percentage of the body fat (BF%). Results The CG had the highest BF% value, while the endurance group had the lowest BMI and BF% value, which is significantly different from the other two groups (p<0.05). The observed values of VC, FVC and FEV1 in the EG were significantly higher than those from the other two groups (p<0.05). There were no differences concerning the observed FEV1/FVC ratio. Conclusions A continued endurance physical activity leads to adaptive changes in spirometric parameters (VC, FVC and FEV1), highlighting the fact that there is a need for specific consideration of different respiratory ‘pattern’ development in different types of sport, which also has to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Durmic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Lazovic Popovic
- University Clinical Center 'Zemun', Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Zlatkovic Svenda
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Djelic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zugic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Zoran Mihailovic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,University Hospital Medical Center 'Bezanijska Kosa', Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology/Prevention and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
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19
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Jones MH, Roncada C, Fernandes MTC, Heinzmann-Filho JP, Sarria Icaza EE, Mattiello R, Pitrez PMC, Pinto LA, Stein RT. Asthma and Obesity in Children Are Independently Associated with Airway Dysanapsis. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:270. [PMID: 29326908 PMCID: PMC5741591 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in the prevalence of overweight and asthma has been observed. Both conditions affect negatively lung function in adults and children. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of overweight and asthma on lung function in children. METHODS We designed a case-control study of healthy and asthmatic subjects nested within an epidemiological asthma prevalence study in children between 8 and 16 years of age. The effect of asthma and overweight on lung function was assessed by impulse oscillometry and spirometry obtained at baseline and 10-15 min after salbutamol. RESULTS 188 children were recruited, 114 (61%) were asthmatics and 72 (38%) were overweight or obese. Children with asthma and overweight had a higher FVC (+1.16 z scores, p < 0.001) and higher FEV1 (+0.79 z scores, p = 0.004) and lower FEV1/FVC (-0.54 z scores, p = 0.008) when compared to healthy controls. Compared to normal weight asthmatics, the overweight had higher FVC (+0.78 z scores, p = 0.005) and lower FEV1/FVC (-0.50 z scores, p = 0.007). In the multivariate analysis, overweight was associated with an increase of 0.71 and 0.44 z scores in FVC and FEV1, respectively, and a reduction in FEV1/FVC by 0.40 z scores (p < 0.01 for all). Overweight had no effect on maximal flows and airway resistance at baseline, and this was not modified by inhalation of a bronchodilator. Asthma was also associated with higher post-BD FVC (0.45 z scores, p = 0.012) and FEV1 (0.35 z scores, p = 0.034) but not with FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75%. Two-way analysis of variance did not detect any interaction between asthma and overweight on lung function variables before or after bronchodilator. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that asthma and overweight are independently associated with airway dysanaptic growth in children which can be further scrutinized using impulse oscillometry. Overweight contributed more to the reduction in FEV1/FVC than asthma in children without increasing airway resistance. Spirometry specificity and sensitivity for obstructive diseases may be reduced in populations with high prevalence of overweight. Adding impedance oscillometry to spirometry improves our understanding of the ventilatory abnormalities in overweight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Jones
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristian Roncada
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Morgana Thais Carollo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,School of Nursing, Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Heinzmann-Filho
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rita Mattiello
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcio C Pitrez
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Pinto
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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