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Gomes-Gonçalves S, Santos-Silva S, Cruz AVS, Rodrigues C, Soeiro V, Barradas P, Mesquita JR. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Erinaceus europaeus and Hemiechinus auritus hedgehogs from recovery centers of Portugal. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae073. [PMID: 39020251 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidia are emerging pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, known to have zoonotic features since they infect both wild and domestic animals, and humans. Despite their significance, there is very limited epidemiological data on microsporidia in hedgehogs, especially European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and long-eared hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus), the former known as synantropic hedgehogs, and the latter suited as pets. As such, the present study aimed to assess the presence of E. bieneusi in hedgehogs from Portugal. For this purpose, fecal samples from 110 hedgehogs of three species-E. europaeus (n = 106), H. auritus (n = 1), and Atelerix albiventris (n = 3)-were collected and tested for E. bieneusi by PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region and the flanking small and large subunits of the rRNA. We found an overall occurrence of 22.7% (25/110; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.28-31.70), with 22.6% (24/106; 95% [CI]: 15.08-31.79) in E. europaeus, 100% (1/1) in H. auritus, and 0% in A. albiventris. Interestingly, three novel genotypes were identified, all belonging to the potentially zoonotic Group 1. Our findings highlight the importance of hedgehogs as potential reservoirs for E. bieneusi and emphasize the need for further research to understand their role in transmission dynamics and assess the associated risks to public and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes-Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia V S Cruz
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Rodrigues
- Centro de Recuperação e Interpretação do Ouriço - CRIDO, 4470-372 Maia, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Soeiro
- Parque Biológico de Gaia, 4430-812 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barradas
- 1H -TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Wang MY, Zhang S, Zhang ZS, Qian XY, Chai HL, Wang Y, Fan WJ, Yi C, Ding YL, Han WX, Zhao L, Liu YH. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Ningxia, northwestern China. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2629-2643. [PMID: 38565798 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are common intestinal pathogens that infect humans and animals. To date, research regarding these three protozoa in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia) has mostly been limited to a single pathogen, and comprehensive data on mixed infections are unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of these three protozoa. In this study, small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes of Cryptosporidium; internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of E. bieneusi; and SSU rRNA, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and beta-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis were examined. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis were performed on fecal samples collected from 320 dairy cattle at three intensive dairy farms in Ningxia in 2021 to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of these three protozoa. The findings revealed that 61.56% (197/320) of the samples were infected with at least one protozoan. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.38% (62/320), E. bieneusi was 41.56% (133/320), and G. duodenalis was 29.38% (94/320). This study identified four Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis, C. andersoni, C. ryanae, and C. parvum) and the presence of mixed infections with two or three Cryptosporidium species. C. bovis was the dominant species in this study, while the dominant C. parvum subtypes were IIdA15G1 and IIdA20G1. The genotypes of E. bieneusis were J, BEB4, and I alongside the novel genotypes NX1-NX8, all belonging to group 2, with genotype J being dominant. G. duodenalis assemblages were identified as assemblages E, A, and B, and a mixed infection involving assemblages A + E was identified, with assemblage E being the dominant one. Concurrently, 11 isolates formed 10 different assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and 1 assemblage A MLG and assemblage E MLGs formed 5 subgroups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on mixed infection with two or three Cryptosporidium species in cattle in Ningxia and on the presence of the C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 in this part of China. This study also discovered nine genotypes of E. bieneusis and novel features of G. duodenalis assemblages in Ningxia. This study indicates that dairy cattle in this region may play a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhan-Sheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hai-Liang Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Jun Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu-Lin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Han
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Reproductive Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
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Jiang Y, Zhou S, Yuan Z, Hu X, Li Z, Wang Y, Shen Y, Cao J. Brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) as potential reservoirs of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Heilongjiang Province, China: high prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and potential risk for zoonotic transmission. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1426384. [PMID: 39119351 PMCID: PMC11306123 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1426384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an obligatory intracellular fungus, is prevalent among animals and humans. Due to their close interaction with humans and their extensive regional distribution, brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are important pathogen reservoirs. To assess the zoonotic transmission potential of E. bieneusi, a molecular investigation was conducted on 817 R. norvegicus from four cities in Heilongjiang Province, China. Methods A total of 817 R. norvegicus were collected from four cities in Heilongjiang Province, China. The genotyping of E. bieneusi was conducted through PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)'s internal transcribed spacer (ITS) segments. Phylogenetic and similarity analyses were used to examine zoonotic potential and genetic characteristics of the E. bieneusi-positive specimens. Results Among the 817 R. norvegicus, the total infection rate was 33.3% (272/817). Seventy-five genotypes were identified, including 14 known genotypes D (n = 167), A (n = 15), HLJ-CP1 (n = 12), WR8 (n = 6), EbpC (n = 2), BEB6 (n = 1), CS-4 (n = 1), CHPM1 (n = 1), Henan-II (n = 1), HNH-22 (n = 1), HNH-25 (n = 1), I (n = 1), JLD-XI (n = 1), SDD5 (n = 1), and 61 novel genotypes designated as SHWR1 (n = 10), SYSWR1 (n = 2), and SHWR2 to SHWR17, SYSWR2 to SYSWR36 and QTHWR1 to QTHWR8 (n = 1, each). Moreover, 10 samples exhibited mixed genotype infections, including D + A (n = 3), D + EbpC (n = 1), D + HLJ-CP1 (n = 1), D + SHWR1 (n = 1), D + SHWR16 (n = 1), D + SHWR17 (n = 1), SDD5 + WR8 (n = 1), and CS-4 + SYSWR36 (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis grouped the genotypes into three main groups: group 1 (n = 67), group 2 (n = 5), and group 9 (n = 3). Discussion The high prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in Heilongjiang Province's R. norvegicus imply that these animals spread the pathogen. The R. norvegicus that E. bieneusi carries can spread zoonotic disease, making it a serious hazard to the local human population. Therefore, it is imperative to raise awareness about the dangers posed by R. norvegicus and implement measures to reduce their population to prevent environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxue Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cheng C, Cai Y, Xing H, Tao J, Cheng D. Investigation of the Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Sheep and Goats in Jiangsu, China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:327. [PMID: 39058011 PMCID: PMC11281593 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the infection status and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) in sheep and goats in Jiangsu Province, a total of 786 fresh fecal samples from 18 farms across five regions in Jiangsu were collected and examined for the presence of E. bieneusi, and the genotype of E. bieneusi was examined using nested-PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. The results showed that E. bieneusi was detected in the fecal samples of sheep and goats in all regions, with infection rates ranging from 23.65% to 42.81%. The overall infection rate was 36.51% (287/786). The infection rate of E. bieneusi showed no significant difference between sheep and goats, as well as among different ages of animals (p > 0.05), but showed a significant difference in sheep and goats with different health conditions (p < 0.05). The positive products were amplified and cloned and subjected to sequenced analysis. Six genotypes, BEB6, CHG2, CHG3, CHC8, CHG14, and COS-I, were found. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the six genotypes belonged to Group 2, which had previously been described as a non-zoonotic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
| | - Hua Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Darong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
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Moreira G, Cruz AVS, Santos-Silva S, Moreira RSS, Mesquita JR. Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Non-Human Primates in Portuguese Zoos. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1874. [PMID: 38997986 PMCID: PMC11240438 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an intracellular eukaryote closely related to fungi, is recognized as a significant pathogen affecting humans, particularly those with compromised immune systems. While its transmission routes are still not fully elucidated, fecal-oral transmission remains the primary one. With a wide host range, the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi is a concern, albeit direct evidence of animal-to-human transmission remains scarce. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region facilitates the delineation of genetic diversity, with potentially zoonotic genotypes predominantly associated with Groups 1 and 2. Despite the broad spectrum of susceptible animal hosts, research into microsporidian infection among zoo animals remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of E. bieneusi infection across diverse captive animals, focusing on zoo settings in Portugal. Fecal samples were collected from a variety of animals, and molecular detection of E. bieneusi was conducted using nested PCR targeting the ITS region. Of 127 fecal samples, 1.57% (95% CI: 0.19-5.57) tested positive for E. bieneusi, with non-human primates (NHP's) exhibiting an 18.18% (95% CI: 2.28-51.78) occurrence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering within Group 2 genotypes, indicating potential zoonotic implications. This study highlights the need for further research to understand the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in zoo environments and its potential transmission pathways to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Moreira
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Andreia V. S. Cruz
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Rafaela S. S. Moreira
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Jiang S, Yu S, Feng Y, Zhang L, Santin M, Xiao L, Li W. Widespread distribution of human-infective Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in small rodents in northeast China and phylogeny and zoonotic implications revisited. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107160. [PMID: 38408590 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi features high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and over 500 genotypes in 11 phylogenetic groups have been defined. Here we investigated 291 small rodents in Heilongjiang province, northeast China, for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Nine of 60 (15.0 %) gray squirrels from a park in Harbin, 120 of 201 (59.7 %) guinea pigs from a pet shop in Harbin, and two of 30 (6.7 %) peridomestic rats from a pasture in Qiqihar were positive for the parasite. Six known genotypes (EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2, D, S7 and HLJ-CP1) and two novel genotypes (NESQ1 and NEGP1) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS, with EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2 and NESQ1 found in squirrels, D, S7 and NEGP1 in guinea pigs, and EbpB and HLJ-CP1 in rats. Widespread distribution of human-infective Group 10 genotype S7 and Group 1 genotype D in guinea pigs raised our concerns about the importance of pet animals as zoonotic reservoirs of microsporidiosis. Co-occurrence of Group 1 genotypes D and HLJ-CP1 in cancer patients and rodents in Heilongjiang indicated a possibility of zoonotic transmission. The host range of Group 1 genotype EbpB previously considered pig-adapted was extended. A potential variant of genotype S7, namely NESQ1, went into the existing Group 10 in phylogenetic analysis. The other new genotype, NEGP1, was clustered in an undefined clade we proposed as Group 15. With the emerging epidemiologic evidence, the host specificity of existing E. bieneusi genotypes is now being challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, AR, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Didarlu H, Mahami-Oskouei M, Varshochi M, Hatam-Nahavandi K, Shahrivar F, Bahadory S, Barac A, Ahmadpour E. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and microsporidial infection in HIV-infected individuals. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:293-298. [PMID: 38141032 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium are obligate intracellular protozoa. These medically important species are recognized as opportunistic organisms in intestinal complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. METHODS The current cross-sectional study was designed and conducted from August 2016 to August 2017 to determine intestinal Cryptosporidium and microsporidia spp. in HIV-infected individuals from the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center, Tabriz, Iran, by modified acid-fast and modified trichrome staining and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. RESULTS Of 100 HIV-infected persons, 21.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0 to 30.0) and 18.0% (95% CI 11.0 to 26.0) were identified as Cryptosporidium and microsporidia, respectively, by the microscopic method. Of these 100 HIV-infected persons, 18.0% (95% CI 11.0 to 26.0) and 14.0% (95% CI 7.0 to 22.0) were positive for Cryptosporidium and microsporidia, respectively, by the molecular method. The predominant species of microsporidia in patients was Enterocytozoon bieneusi (85.7% [95% CI 57.0 to 98.0]) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (14.3% [95% CI 1.7 to 42.0]), which were found by quantitative real-time PCR and its high-resolution melting tool. CONCLUSIONS As far as we know, this study is the first to estimate the prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium and microsporidia among HIV-infected persons in northwest of Iran. The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in this area in HIV-infected people was higher than the global prevalence of infection among immunocompromised patients. In addition to the need for further studies to prove protozoan pathogenicity in the aforementioned group, preventive measures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Didarlu
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Varshochi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Firooz Shahrivar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Szydłowicz M, Zajączkowska Ż, Lewicka A, Łukianowski B, Kamiński M, Holubová N, Sak B, Kváč M, Kicia M. Host-specific Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in shelter dogs from central Europe. Parasitology 2024; 151:351-362. [PMID: 38305092 PMCID: PMC11044064 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202400009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and microsporidia are unicellular opportunistic pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal infections in both animals and humans. Since companion animals may serve as a source of infection, the aim of the present screening study was to analyse the prevalence of these intestinal protists in fecal samples collected from dogs living in 10 animal shelters in central Europe (101 dogs from Poland and 86 from the Czech Republic), combined with molecular subtyping of the detected organisms in order to assess their genetic diversity. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect DNA of the tested species and to conduct molecular subtyping in collected samples, followed by statistical evaluation of the data obtained (using χ2 or Fisher's tests). The observed prevalence was 15.5, 10.2, 1 and 1% for G. intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, respectively. Molecular evaluation has revealed the predominance of dog-specific genotypes (Cryptosporidium canis XXe1 subtype; G. intestinalis assemblages C and D; E. cuniculi genotype II; E. bieneusi genotypes D and PtEbIX), suggesting that shelter dogs do not pose a high risk of human transmission. Interestingly, the percentage distribution of the detected pathogens differed between both countries and individual shelters, suggesting that the risk of infection may be associated with conditions typical of a given location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szydłowicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zajączkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina Lewicka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Łukianowski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pathomorphology, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kamiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Li XM, Wang XY, Wei YJ, Jiang J, Cai Y, Zhang XX, Yang X, Cao H. Meta-analysis of the global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in pigs from 1999 to 2021. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106159. [PMID: 38422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi), which is one of the most common microsporidia, has been identified as an important obligate intracellular pathogen that commonly colonizes in a variety of animal species and humans worldwide, including humans. In this study, the statistical analyses of E. bieneusi infection and prevalence were performed to clarify the relationship between different genotypes in different countries. The databases Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese Journal Database, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect were used for data collection. The research data were subjected to subgroup, univariate regression, and correlation, to reveal factors related to the high prevalence of E. bieneusi. A total of, 34 of the 498 articles published before April 2022 met the inclusion criteria. The global prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs was 37.69% (5175/12672). The prevalence of E. bieneusi in nursery pigs was 58.87% (588/946). In developing countries and Asia, the highest prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs were 37.62% (4752/11645) and 40.14% (4715/11345), respectively. Moreover, humans and pigs have been found to be infected with the same genotype of E. bieneusi in some cases, as evidenced by the consolidation of genotype information. The results showed that pigs are susceptible to E. bieneusi during the nursery period. The prevalence of E. bieneusi is high in developing countries, and its genotype prevalence varies in each country. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the health inspection of vulnerable groups and customs quarantine inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province 130600, China.
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali, Yunnan Province 671000, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224002, China.
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10
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Cruz AVS, López-López P, Santos-Silva S, Rivero-Juárez A, Rebelo H, Mesquita JR. Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in bats from Portugal. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae019. [PMID: 38414255 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidia commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and a wide range of other animals, constituting a major cause of microsporidiosis in humans. Although E. bieneusi has been detected in humans, domestic, and wild animals in Portugal, and its presence in bats has been linked to zoonotic characteristics, its occurrence in bats within the country has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the presence of E. bieneusi in 380 bat fecal samples collected in mainland Portugal through a nested PCR assay targeting the internal transcribed spacer region and the flanking small and large subunits of the ribosomal RNA. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in one bat sample (i.e., 0.26%; Pipistrellus pipistrellus). Additionally, another sample tested positive for Enterocytozoon sp. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained ITS sequence of E. bieneusi revealed clustering within the potentially zoonotic Group 1. This study represents the first report of E. bieneusi in a bat from Europe. Findings presented here contribute to an enhanced understanding of E. bieneusi epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia V S Cruz
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro López-López
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), ISPUP - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), ISPUP - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Wang Y, Li XM, Yang X, Wang XY, Wei YJ, Cai Y, Geng HL, Yang XB, Yu HL, Cao H, Jiang J. Global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite 2024; 31:9. [PMID: 38345479 PMCID: PMC10860563 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of human E. bieneusi infection in endemic regions and analyze the various potential risk factors. A total of 75 studies were included. Among 31,644 individuals tested, 2,291 (6.59%) were E. bieneusi-positive. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi in the male population was 5.50%. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in different age groups was varied, with 10.97% in teenagers. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in asymptomatic patients (6.49%) is significantly lower than that in HIV-infected patients (11.49%), and in patients with diarrheal symptoms (16.45%). Rural areas had a higher rate (7.58%) than urban ones. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans was the highest (6.42%) at altitudes <10 m. Moreover, the temperate zone marine climate (13.55%) had the highest prevalence. A total of 69 genotypes of E. bieneusi have been found in humans. This is the first global study regarding E. bieneusi prevalence in humans. Not only people with low immunity (such as the elderly, children, people with HIV, etc.), but also people in Europe in temperate marine climates should exercise caution to prevent infection with E. bieneusi during contact process with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224002 Jiangsu Province PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University Shuangyang 130600 Jilin Province PR China
- Department of Technology, Ningbo Sansheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd Ningbo 315000 Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Xiao-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan Province PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 Jilin Province PR China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 Shandong Province PR China
| | - Xin-Bo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 Jilin Province PR China
| | - Hai-Long Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 Jilin Province PR China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224002 Jiangsu Province PR China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University Shuangyang 130600 Jilin Province PR China
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12
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Zhang S, Zhang TH, Jia T, Su N, Xie SC, Li S, Tian X, Zhu XQ, Liu Q, Gao WW. Prevalence and genotype/subtype distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis in donkeys in Shanxi Province, north China. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:108. [PMID: 38263530 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis may cause diarrhea in humans and various animals. However, little information is available regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis in donkeys. To fill this gap, we molecularly assessed E. bieneusi and Blastocystis in fecal samples from donkeys (n = 815) in Shanxi Province, north China. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis in donkeys was 8.1% and 0.2%, respectively. Region and age were risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection in donkeys. Three internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified in the current study, including two previously described genotypes (D and Henan-IV) and one novel genotype (named SXD1). Of which, genotype D was found to be the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the three genotypes belonged to group 1, implying a potential of zoonotic transmission. Multilocus sequence typing showed that 19, 15, 13, and 22 types were identified at the loci MS1, MS3, MS4, and MS7, respectively, forming six multilocus genotypes (MLGs) distributed in the genotype D. One Blastocystis subtype (ST33) was identified, which has previously been reported only in horses. This is the first molecular-based description of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis infections in donkeys in Shanxi Province, north China, contributing to a better understanding of transmission dynamics and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the two intestinal protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jia
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Su
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Tian
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Tuo H, Zhang B, He Y, Zhao A, Zhang Z, Qi M, Yu F. Molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild Altai marmot (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China: host specificity and adaptation. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:7. [PMID: 38053002 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is responsible for opportunistic infections leading to gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. A total of 334 fresh fecal samples were collected from wild Altai marmots (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China, and E. bieneusi was screened via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the small submit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). The results indicated that 22.8% (76/334) of the wild Altai marmot fecal samples were positive for E. bieneusi, and the highest positive rate was detected in Akqi (51.9%, 27/52), with a significant difference from other sampling sites (p < 0.01). Four known genotypes (BEB6, CHG3, GX2, and YAK1) and three novel genotypes (XJHT2 to XJHT4) were identified in the present study. Genotype XJHT3 was dominant and detected in 48 fecal samples. In the phylogenetic analysis, the novel genotypes XJHT2 and XJHT3 were clustered in Group 1 together with the known genotype YAK1, while genotypes CHG3 and BEB6 were clustered in Group 2. The novel genotype XJHT4 was clustered together with other rodent-derived genotypes and generated a novel Group 14. These data confirmed the host specificity and adaptation of E. bieneusi in rodents. These findings enrich our understanding of the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in wild Altai marmots in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Tuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongqiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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14
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Chang Q, Chen H, Li Y, Li H, Yang Z, Zeng J, Zhang P, Ge J, Gao M. The Synergistic Activity of Rhamnolipid Combined with Linezolid against Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecium. Molecules 2023; 28:7630. [PMID: 38005351 PMCID: PMC10674639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci resistance is increasing sharply, which poses a serious threat to public health. Rhamnolipids are a kind of amphiphilic compound used for its bioactivities, while the combination of nontraditional drugs to restore linezolid activity is an attractive strategy to treat infections caused by these pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the activity of linezolid in combination with the rhamnolipids against Enterococcus faecium. Here, we determined that the rhamnolipids could enhance the efficacy of linezolid against enterococci infections by a checkerboard MIC assay, a time-kill assay, a combined disk test, an anti-biofilm assay, molecular simulation dynamics, and mouse infection models. We identified that the combination of rhamnolipids and linezolid restored the linezolid sensitivity. Anti-biofilm experiments show that our new scheme can effectively inhibit biofilm generation. The mouse infection model demonstrated that the combination therapy significantly reduced the bacterial load in the feces, colons, and kidneys following subcutaneous administration. This study showed that rhamnolipids could play a synergistic role with linezolid against Enterococcus. Our combined agents could be appealing candidates for developing new combinatorial agents to restore antibiotic efficacy in the treatment of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingru Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huinan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zaixing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiankai Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
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15
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Gomes-Gonçalves S, Palmeira JD, Ferreira H, Santos-Silva S, Mesquita JR. Occurrence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Zoonotic Enteropathogenic Protist Parasites in Asymptomatic Domestic Ruminants from Portugal. Pathogens 2023; 12:1341. [PMID: 38003805 PMCID: PMC10675233 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic parasites are of significant concern for public health due to their zoonotic potential and their impact on human and animal health. In this study, we investigated their occurrence and characterized these enteropathogens in asymptomatic domestic ruminants from Portugal. A total of 302 stool samples were collected from cattle (n = 166), sheep (n = 73), and goats (n = 63) in various regions of Portugal and tested for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Blastocystis sp., and Balantioides coli by PCR. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found to be 12.7% (8/63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.65-23.5) in goats; however, no sample was found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle and sheep. For E. bieneusi, 6.35% (4/63; 95%CI: 1.76-15.47) of goats were found to be positive; however, no cattle or sheep were found to be positive. Blastocystis sp. was found in sheep (9.59%; 7/73; 95% [CI]: 0.394-18.76) and goats (12.70%; 8/63; 95% [CI]: 5.65-23.50) but none was found in cattle. No positive results for G. duodenalis or B. coli were detected in this study. This study provides essential baseline information for understanding the silent shedding and epidemiology of these enteropathogens in Portugal, contributing to overall livestock health and related occupational safety. Raising awareness among consumers, veterinarians, and farm owners is crucial to minimize the risk of transmission and promote effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes-Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Josman Dantas Palmeira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.D.P.); (H.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.D.P.); (H.F.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Sürgeç E, Güvendi M, Karakavuk M, Erkunt Alak S, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Ün C, Döşkaya M, Gürüz AY, Can H. Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates detected in stray cats of İzmir, Türkiye. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2729-2735. [PMID: 37707609 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Microsporidia includes obligate intracellular parasites that can infect humans and various animals. To date, 17 different species within the phylum have been reported to infect humans. Among them, Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is one of the most frequently detected species in humans. Identification of E. bieneusi as well as its genotypes in humans and animals is important to reveal their role in transmission to each other. Cats are blamed as the source of E. bieneusi transmission to humans. In this study, we aimed to genotype 170 E. bieneusi positive samples isolated from stool of stray cats living in İzmir province of Türkiye. According to the results, 47 samples were amplified by nested PCR protocol targeting ITS region and successfully sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of zoonotic genotype D and type IV in stray cats, which are also frequently detected in humans. Among the E. bieneusi genotypes detected, the prevalence of type IV (93.6%; 44/47) was very high compared to genotype D. Overall, the identification of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi supports that stray cats can play an important role in the transmission of E. bieneusi to humans in İzmir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Sürgeç
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Zoology Section, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Ödemiş Vocational School, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Cemal Ün
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Türkiye
- Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Türkiye.
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17
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Yang X, Fan YY, Yang DJ, Huang S, Wang JW, Chen X, Zhang M, Liu YW, Li Q, Song JK, Zhao GH. High genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Parasite 2023; 30:39. [PMID: 37754780 PMCID: PMC10525053 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in humans and various animals, threatening the breeding industry and public health. However, there is limited information on the molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in yaks, an economically important animal mainly domesticated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China. In the present study, nested PCR targeting the ITS gene region was applied to investigate the positive rates and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in 223 faecal samples of yaks from three locations in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 23.8% (53/223). Significant differences in positive rates were identified among yaks from three locations (χ2 = 8.535, p = 0.014) and four age groups (χ2 = 17.259, p = 0.001), with the highest positive rates in yaks from Yajiang and aged < 6 months, respectively. Sequence analysis identified seven known (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, J and BEB4) and five novel (Ganzi1-5) ITS genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight genotypes (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, Ganzi1, Ganzi2 and Ganzi4) in group 1 and three genotypes (J, BEB4 and Ganzi3) in group 2, indicating high genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in yaks from Ganzi. Considering the increasing zoonotic genotypes in yaks in the present study compared with previous findings, interventions should be developed to reduce the potential transmission of E. bieneusi between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Dan-Jiao Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Shuang Huang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xu Chen
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Min Zhang
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Qiang Li
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education Yangling 712100 China
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Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province Yangling 712100 China
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18
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Erkunt Alak S, Can H, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Sürgeç E, Güvendi M, Ün C, Döşkaya M, Gürüz AY, Karakavuk M. Molecular prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in stray cats of İzmir, Türkiye. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 100:102037. [PMID: 37556942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Microsporidia contains obligate single celled parasites that can infect many vertebrate hosts including humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is considered as the most diagnosed species in humans. E. bieneusi has also been detected in many animals such as cats, dogs and cattle. Among these animals, cats are carriers of type D and IV which are the most common human pathogenic genotypes of E. bieneusi. In Türkiye, the prevalence of E. bieneusi in stray cats is not well known. Therefore, in this study, the molecular prevalence of E. bieneusi in stray cats (n = 339) was determined by Real-Time PCR targeting ribosomal DNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of E. bieneusi. Initially, the analytical sensitivity of Real-Time PCR was determined by a plasmid control and then E. bieneusi DNA was investigated in fecal samples of stray cats. The results showed that the analytical sensitivity of Real-Time PCR targeting ITS region of E. bieneusi was ≤1 copy plasmid/reaction. Analysis of fecal samples revealed that the molecular prevalence of E. bieneusi was 50.15% (170/339). Overall, these results showed that the Real-Time PCR successfully detected E. bieneusi in cat's fecal samples and stray cats can be an important source for transmission of E. bieneusi to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Ecem Sürgeç
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Zoology Section, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Cemal Ün
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Turkiye
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Vaccine Studies, İzmir, Turkiye; Ege University Ödemiş Vocational School, İzmir, Turkiye.
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19
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Yu X, Wang H, Li Y, Mu X, Yuan K, Wu A, Guo J, Hong Y, Zhang H. Occurrence and Genotypic Identification of Blastocystis spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in Leizhou Black Goats in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2777. [PMID: 37685041 PMCID: PMC10486513 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are three common zoonotic intestinal parasites that cause severe diarrhea and enteric diseases. Leizhou black goats are characterized by a high reproductive rate, fast growth, and good meat quality, making them one of the pre-eminent goat breeds in China. Goats are reportedly common reservoirs of these three intestinal pathogens, but no information on their prevalence or genotypic distributions in black goats in Guangdong Province, China, is available. A total of 226 fecal samples were collected from goats in Zhanjiang city and genomic DNA was extracted from them. The presence of the three pathogens was detected using nested PCR targeting the sequences encoding SSU rRNA (Blastocystis spp.), the internal transcribed spacer of rRNA (ITS; E. bieneusi), as well as beta-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and triosephosphate isomerase (G. duodenalis). All PCR products were sequenced to determine the species and genotypes of the organisms. The total prevalence rates of Blastocystis spp., E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis were 33.63% (76/226), 17.70% (40/226), and 24.78% (56/226), respectively. Four subtypes of Blastocystis spp. were detected: ST5 (n = 6), ST10 (n = 50), ST14 (n = 14), and ST21 (n = 6). Among them, ST10 was the dominant genotype, accounting for 65.79% of strains, followed by the genotypes ST14 (18.42%), zoonotic ST5 (7.89%), and ST21 (7.89%). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected: CHG3 (n = 32), CM21 (n = 4), CHG1 (n = 2), and ET-L2 (n = 2). Among these, CHG3 was the dominant genotype. Assemblage E (n = 54) and concurrent assemblages A and E (n = 2) were identified in the G. duodenalis-positive goats using multilocus genotyping. Blastocystis spp., E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis infections were common in Leizhou black goats, all of which have zoonotic genotypes, indicating the potential risk of zoonotic transmission. Our results provide basic data for the prevention and control of these three intestinal pathogens. Further studies are required to better understand their genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential in Guangdong Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hongcai Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yilong Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Xuanru Mu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kaijian Yuan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Anfeng Wu
- Maccura Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 510000, China;
| | - Jianchao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion Station, Guangzhou 510500, China;
| | - Yang Hong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC), World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (K.Y.)
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20
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Moratal S, Magnet A, Izquierdo F, del Águila C, López-Ramon J, Dea-Ayuela MA. Microsporidia in Commercially Harvested Marine Fish: A Potential Health Risk for Consumers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2673. [PMID: 37627464 PMCID: PMC10451485 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are widely spread obligate intracellular fungal pathogens from vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, mainly transmitted by contaminated food and water. This study aims to detect the presence of major human-pathogenic microsporidia, i.e., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in the gastrointestinal tract of commercially harvested marine fish from Mediterranean coast of the Comunidad Valenciana, Eastern Spain. A total of 251 fish, 138 farmed fish and 113 wild fish from commercial fishing were tested by SYBR Green real-time PCR, enabling the simultaneous detection of the four targeted species. E. intestinalis/hellem was found in 1.45% of farmed fish and 7.96% of wild fish, while Enterocytozoonidae was detected in 2.90% and 18.58% of farmed and wild fish, respectively. E. cuniculi was not detected in any of the analyzed specimens. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of E. intestinalis/hellem in fish, particularly in marine fish. Although the role of fish in these species' epidemiology remains unknown, this finding points out a potential public health risk linked to fish consumption. Further studies are necessary to characterize these microsporidia in fish hosts better and to elucidate their epidemiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moratal
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain (J.L.-R.)
| | - Angela Magnet
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Fernando Izquierdo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Carmen del Águila
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Ramon
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain (J.L.-R.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Woo C, Bhuiyan MIU, Eo KY, Lee WS, Kimura J, Yamamoto N. Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores inhabiting Korea, including zoonotic parasites and parasites of their prey animals, as revealed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:179-184. [PMID: 37323131 PMCID: PMC10267430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Consisting of diverse groups of organisms, parasites are among the least studied pathogens despite their enormous impacts on humans, livestock, and wildlife. In particular, little is known about their host specificity and diversity in wildlife. Here, using multiple primer pairs and sequencing 18S rRNA genes of diverse groups of parasites, we aimed to investigate fecal parasitomes of carnivorous wildlife in Korea, namely, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), and the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). A total of 5 host-specific parasite species were identified, including 2 from raccoon dogs, 2 from leopard cats, and 1 from Eurasian otters. In addition, numerous parasite species of their prey animals were detected in their feces. It was found that the parasitome composition varied between host animals, and it was thought that the difference was attributed to the difference in prey animals, as numerous small mammal parasites were detected from feces of leopard cats inhabiting inland areas and fish parasites from feces of Eurasian otters and raccoon dogs inhabiting waterside areas. Furthermore, 5 zoonotic parasites known to infect humans were identified at the species level. Wildlife-associated zoonoses are expected to increase as the proximity between humans and wildlife increases due to urbanization. Vigilance may be necessary, such as by monitoring parasites in wildlife feces, as was done in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolwoon Woo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Imtiaj Uddin Bhuiyan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeon Eo
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, College of Healthcare and Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Shin Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junpei Kimura
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Jian Y, Zhang X, Wang G, Wang G, Li X, Ma L, Liang Q, Li C, Zhang Y. First report on the molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in livestock and wildlife around Qinghai Lake in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area, China. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:110-115. [PMID: 37575666 PMCID: PMC10422126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is considered to be a microsporidial species of humans and animals in the worldwide. Limited data have been reported on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in livestock and wild animals around Qinghai Lake in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area, which shares water sources, grasslands, and harsh climate with high altitudes. In this study, fecal samples from 110 Tibetan sheep, 128 yaks, 227 wild birds, 96 blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and 268 Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) around Qinghai Lake were collected, and then tested for E. bieneusi by PCR and sequencing analysis based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. Among them, ten (9.09%) samples from Tibetan sheep, five (3.91%) from yaks, five (2.20%) from wild birds, one (1.04%) from wild blue sheep and two (0.75%) from Przewalski's gazelle were positive for E. bieneusi. Among sheep, there were nine E. bieneusi genotypes, including two known genotypes (BEB6 and J), and seven novel genotypes (named CHS18-CHS24). From yaks, four genotypes were identified, including two known ones (BEB4 and J) and two novel genotypes (named CHN15 and CHN16). While in wild animals, eight genotypes were found, including five different genotypes from wild bids, with three known genotypes (EbpC, J and NCF2), two novel genotypes (named CHWB1 and CHS24), and two genotypes from Przewalski's gazelle, with one known genotype J and one novel genotype CHWPG1, and one novel genotype CHWBS1 from blue sheep. According to the phylogenetic analysis, five isolates belonged to group 1, and the others were clustered into group 2. This study provides unique data on the epidemiological reports and potential risk factors for E. bieneusi in both domesticated livestock and wild animals around Qinghai Lake in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area; it is important to better understand the molecular epidemiology and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, PR China
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Geping Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Liqing Ma
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, PR China
| | - Qin Liang
- Grassland Station of Gangcha County, Gangcha, Qinghai, 812300, PR China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Grassland Station of Gangcha County, Gangcha, Qinghai, 812300, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, PR China
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23
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Elmahallawy EK, Gareh A, Abu-Okail A, Köster PC, Dashti A, Asseri J, Gouda AA, Mubaraki MA, Mohamed SAA, Mohamed YM, Hassan EA, Elgendy M, Hernández-Castro C, Bailo B, González-Barrio D, Xiao L, Carmena D. Molecular characteristics and zoonotic potential of enteric protists in domestic dogs and cats in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229151. [PMID: 37483300 PMCID: PMC10357006 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Domestic dogs and cats can be a source of human infection by a wide diversity of zoonotic pathogens including parasites. Genotyping and subtyping tools are useful in assessing the true public health relevance of canine and feline infections by these pathogens. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of common diarrhea-causing enteric protist parasites in household dogs and cats in Egypt, a country where this information is particularly scarce. Methods In this prospective, cross-sectional study a total of 352 individual fecal samples were collected from dogs (n = 218) and cats (n = 134) in three Egyptian governorates (Dakahlia, Gharbeya, and Giza) during July-December 2021. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were carried out by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Basic epidemiological variables (geographical origin, sex, age, and breed) were examined for association with occurrence of infection by enteric protists. Results and discussion The overall prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 1.8% (95% CI: 0.5-4.6) and 38.5% (95% CI: 32.0-45.3), respectively, in dogs, and 6.0% (95% CI: 2.6-11.4) and 32.1% (95% CI: 24.3-40.7), respectively, in cats. All canine and feline fecal samples analyzed tested negative for E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. Dogs from Giza governorate and cats from Dakahlia governorate were at higher risk of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. (p = 0.0006) and G. duodenalis (p = 0.00001), respectively. Sequence analyses identified host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis (n = 4, one of them belonging to novel subtype XXe2) and G. duodenalis assemblages C (n = 1) and D (n = 3) in dogs. In cats the zoonotic C. parvum (n = 5) was more prevalent than host-adapted C. felis (n = 1). Household dogs had a limited (but not negligible) role as source of human giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, but the unexpected high frequency of zoonotic C. parvum in domestic cats might be a public health concern. This is the first molecular-based description of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in cats in the African continent to date. Molecular epidemiological data provided here can assist health authorities and policy makers in designing and implementing effective campaigns to minimize the transmission of enteric protists in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Akram Abu-Okail
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Jamal Asseri
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Aboelabbas Gouda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Murad A. Mubaraki
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yasser M. Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehssan Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, El-Sheikh Zayed, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Carmena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Gao H, Liang G, Su N, Li Q, Wang D, Wang J, Zhao L, Kang X, Guo K. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheic and Non-Diarrheic Calves from Ningxia, Northwestern China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1983. [PMID: 37370492 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are significant parasitic gastrointestinal pathogens with global distribution in humans and domestic animals, including calves. The main symptoms of calf infection are severe diarrhea, dehydration, growth retardation, and sometimes even death. To date, there has been limited information on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi infections in calves in Ningxia, China, especially between diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves. A total of 438 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic (201) and non-diarrheic (237) calves in Ningxia. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to find the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. at 46.8% (205/438), G. duodenalis at 16.9% (74/438), and E. bieneusi at 10.0% (44/438). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves was 54.0% (128/237) and 38.3% (77/201), respectively, and statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and calf diarrhea (p < 0.01). However, in this study, there was no statistical correlation between the prevalence of G. duodenalis infection as well as E. bieneusi infection and calf diarrhea (p > 0.05). Furthermore, four known Cryptosporidium species were successfully identified by comparing them with SSU rRNA gene sequences, including C. parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae, and C. andersoni. In addition, all 74 G. duodenalis-positive samples were identified as assemblage E by comparative analysis of bg gene sequences. Among the 44 E. bieneusi-positive samples sequenced in the present study, 4 distinct E. bieneusi genotypes were successfully identified by comparative analysis of ITS sequences, including 3 known genotypes (J, BEB4, and N) and 1 novel genotype, the latter of which was identified and designated as NX1. These findings indicated that the high genetic diversity and complex population structures of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in Ningxia diarrhea calves and non-diarrhea calves, which provide new data for understanding the epidemiological status of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in Ningxia calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Gaoxing Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Na Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qirui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Long Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Yang J, Zeng Y, Li C, Liu S, Meng W, Zhang W, He M, Wang L, Zuo Z, Yue C, Li D, Peng G. Occurrence and Molecular Characteristics of Microsporidia in Captive Red Pandas ( Ailurus fulgens) in China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1864. [PMID: 37889781 PMCID: PMC10251819 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are microsporidian pathogens with zoonotic potential that pose significant public health concerns. To ascertain the occurrence and genotypes of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., we used nested PCR to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene and DNA sequencing to analyze 198 fecal samples from red pandas from 6 zoos in China. The total rate of microsporidial infection was 15.7% (31/198), with 12.1% (24/198), 1.0% (2/198), 2.0% (4/198) and 1.0% (2/198) for infection rate of E. bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Encephalitozoon hellem, respectively. One red panda was detected positive for a mixed infection (E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis). Red pandas living in semi-free conditions are more likely to be infected with microsporidia (χ2 = 6.212, df = 1, p < 0.05). Three known (SC02, D, and PL2) and one novel (SCR1) genotypes of E. bieneusi were found. Three genotypes of E. bieneusi (SC02, D, SCR1) were grouped into group 1 with public health importance, while genotype PL2 formed a separate clade associated with group 2. These findings suggest that red pandas may serve as a host reservoir for zoonotic microsporidia, potentially allowing transmission from red pandas to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Yangyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Caiwu Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Wanyu Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.)
| | - Ming He
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Chengdu 610083, China
| | | | | | - Chanjuan Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.)
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Abdullah DA, Alobaidii WA, Alkateb YNM, Ali FF, Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI. Molecular detection and prevalence of human-pathologic Enterocytozoon bieneusi among pet birds in Mosul, Iraq. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101964. [PMID: 36857999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been classified as an emerging infectious organism (microsporidium) due to the global increase in the number of cases infecting both humans and animals. The goal of this study was to use the polymerase chain reaction method to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection among pet birds in Mosul, Iraq. Faecal samples from a total of six hundred and twenty-eight pet birds belonging to fifteen (15) different species were analyzed by targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene. Of the total number of pet birds sampled, 203 tested positive for the parasite, representing 32.32% (95% CI = 28.75-36.06) of the sampled population. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection among the different species of pet birds, with the highest prevalence recorded among Eurasian bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) (64.06%; 95% CI = 55.48-72.02), budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) (48.72%; 95% CI = 40.93-56.55), Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri) (25.00%; 95% CI = 13.45-40.05), and macaws parrots (Ara ararauna) (25.00%; 95% CI = 1.25-75.77). The order, source, and health status of pet birds were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection among pet birds in Mosul, Iraq. In conclusion, the level of prevalence of E. bieneusi among pet birds may increase the risk of infection for owners of pet birds in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donea Abdulrazak Abdullah
- Department of Animal Production Techniques, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq; Center of Technical Research, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Wasan A Alobaidii
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul University, Iraq
| | | | - Fawwaz Fadhil Ali
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Shola David Ola-Fadunsin
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Fufa Ido Gimba
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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27
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Liu H, Ni H, Liu S, Shen Y, Wang R, Cao J, Yin J. First report on occurrence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis from diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo, Southeast China. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105952. [PMID: 36528327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis are three important zoonotic pathogens which were a major cause of foodborne or waterborne intestinal diseases in humans and animals. However, very little data about occurrence and genotypes of the three parasites in Ningbo in the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta, China, which is important for a tourist city. In the present study, molecular characterization of E. bieneusi, C. cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples from 489 diarrheal outpatients were carried out. As a result, a total of 35 (7.16%, 35/489) and three (0.61%, 3/489) samples were positive for E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis respectively. No Cryptosporidium-positive sample or mixed-infections were detected. Four known E. bieneusi genotypes (Type IV, D, I and CHN4) and 8 novel genotypes (NBH1-NBH8) were identified with type IV was the dominant genotype (n = 14), followed by genotypes D (n = 5), NBH8 (n = 5) and NBH7 (n = 3). The remaining genotypes were found in one sample each, and these genotypes were belonged to the previously described high-potential zoonotic group 1. One novel sequence named NBC315, and the other two sequences (NBC30 and NBC370) identical with the reported sequence were detected. Therefore, the existence and importance of zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis in diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo indicates the public health threats, and more investigations should be carried out in human populations, animals and other environmental sources from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxia Ni
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Shike Liu
- Ninghai County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315699, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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28
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Hu B, Wang J, Zhang S, Wang B, Xing Y, Han S, He H. Novel genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi detected in plateau zokors (Myospalax baileyi) from the Tibetan Plateau. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:263-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Qin Y, Chen C, Qin YF, Yang XB, Li MH, Meng XZ, Zhao ZY, Ma N, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Prevalence and related factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Beef Cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212961. [PMID: 36359085 PMCID: PMC9698800 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intracellular pathogen that can parasitize humans and a variety of animals. The infection of E. bieneusi in most hosts is asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised individuals, it can lead to serious complications such as acute diarrhea, dehydration, and even death. However, no data on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in beef cattle in Shanxi province are currently available. In this study, a total of 401 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle in farms from two representative counties—Qi county and Jishan county—in Shanxi province, north China. Nested PCR was applied to determine the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi by amplifying and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene. A total of 90 out of 401 samples were detected as E. bieneusi-positive, with 22.44% overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in beef cattle in Shanxi province. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi was detected in calves (28.67%, 41/143) and male beef cattle (28.13%, 54/192). Statistical analysis revealed that the prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly associated with gender and age factors (p < 0.05), but without any statistical difference among regions. Moreover, six known E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4, BEB6, BEB8, J, I, and PigSpEb2) and two novel genotypes (designated CSC1 and CSC2) were identified by analysis of ITS sequences, and genotype I was the predominant genotype in these two counties. Phylogenetic analysis showed that five known genotypes and two novel genotypes were clustered into Group 2, but PigSpEb2 belonged to Group 1. To our knowledge, the present study demonstrated the presence and identified genotypes of E. bieneusi in beef cattle in Shanxi province for the first time, extending the data on prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in beef cattle and providing baseline data for executing intervention measures to control it in the study regions.
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31
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Ghebremichael ST, Meng X, Wei J, Yang Y, Huang Q, Luo L, Xiang H, Chen J, Abo-Kadoum MA, Li T, Liu X, Bao J, Zhou Z, Pan G. Prevalence and genotyping distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan provinces, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025613. [PMID: 36312914 PMCID: PMC9608567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian fungal pathogen Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a unicellular parasite that infects humans and various animals, including pigs. Currently, there are few data on E. bieneusi infection a in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces, China. This study aims to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in diarrheic pigs. In total, 514 fecal samples from diarrheic pigs were obtained from 14 large-scale farms in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces (326 suckling pigs, 17 weaned pigs, 65 fattening pigs, and 106 sows). To identify the E. bieneusi genotypes, genomic DNA was isolated from the samples and tested by nested PCR, targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA followed by DNA sequence analysis. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 79.8% (410/514), with rates of 84.9% (90/106) in sows and 64.7% (11/17) in weaned pigs. We found 61 different genotypes, including seven known genotypes (E, F, CHG1, Peru8, CAF1, B, and BEB17) and 54 novel genotypes. These 54 new genotypes are variants of eight known genotypes (SDD2, A, B, HLJD-IV, PigSpEb1, O, JLD-I, and BEB17) based on their sequence similarities. Phylogenetically, all of the identified genotypes clustered with counterparts belonging to Group 1 and Group 2 of E. bieneusi. Therefore, we found a higher prevalence of E. bieneusi in sows than in preweaned and weaned pigs. These findings indicate that diarrheic pigs could be a potential reservoir host, which can contaminate the environment and be a source of microsporidia in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Teweldeberhan Ghebremichael
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biology, Mai Nefhi College of Science, Mai-Nefhi, Eritrea
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - M. A. Abo-Kadoum
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Pan,
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Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have molecularly characterized the potential zoonotic protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China, therefore total 472 fecal samples were collected from eight provinces and infection rates of three protozoa were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. All PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify the genotype. Results The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.9% (9/472), 20.6% (97/472), and 44.5% (210/472), respectively. C. xiaoi (n = 5), C. ubiquitum (n = 3), and C. anderson (n = 1) were identified in goats. 97 G. duodenalis strains were successfully detected, and assembly E (n = 96) and assembly A (n = 1) were identified. Two novel G. duodenalis multilocus genotype (MLGs) were identified, with one belonging to subgroup AI and the other to subgroup E5. Nine known genotype (BEB6, CD6, CHC8, CHG3, CHG5, Peru6, CHG1, CHG2, and COS-I) and four new genotype (CHG26, CHG27, CHG28, and CHS18) were identified in E. bieneusi, with CHG3 dominant in this group. Conclusions The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for this three gastrointestinal pathogens. In summary, we provided a platform for more detailed research on genotyping or subtyping intestinal pathogens to better understand their risks and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yichen Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in an HIV-negative bronchiectasis patient with respiratory infection based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 42:97-99. [PMID: 36114063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is often caused by serious infections. Infections caused by Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is most common in the immunocompromised host, such as HIV-positive patients. Herein, we reported an HIV-negative patient with bronchiectasis infected with E. bieneusi, which diagnosed by mNGS and validated by Sanger sequencing. During the treatment of albendazole, the patient gradually recovered. This is the first report of a case of respiratory E. bieneusi infection in a bronchiectasis patient. This finding highlights the efficacy of mNGS for pathogen diagnosis in bronchiectasis patients and the potential treatment option of albendazole for bronchiectasis patients with E. bieneusi infection.
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Zhou K, Liu M, Wu Y, Zhang R, Wang R, Xu H, Wang Y, Yao L, Yu H, Liu A. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patients with diarrhea and in animals in the northeastern Chinese city of Yichun: genotyping and assessment of potential zoonotic transmission. PARASITE (PARIS, FRANCE) 2022; 29:40. [PMID: 36047999 PMCID: PMC9435466 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common microsporidia species in humans and animals. Due to lack of effective vaccines and drugs, understanding of its epidemiological status and characteristics in different hosts is an important step in controlling the infection. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans with diarrhea and animals in Yichun, in northeastern China, and assessing the epidemiological role of animals in the transmission of microsporidiosis. A total of 540 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal patients (n = 222) and 11 animal species (n = 318). Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 1.4% (3/222) of diarrheal patients, and genotype D and novel genotypes YCHH1 and YCHH2 were identified. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in wild boars (7.7%), sika deer (8.2%), dogs (3.2%), and ostriches (10.7%), and genotypes D, Type IV, Peru6, BEB6 and novel genotypes YCHA1, YCHA2 and YCHA3 were identified. Genotypes YCHH1, YCHH2 and YCHA1 were phylogenetically assigned to group 1, while YCHA2 and YCHA3 to groups 2 and 11, respectively. The finding of genotype D in humans and animals, and the identification of zoonotic genotypes Peru6, Type IV, BEB6 in animal-derived E. bieneusi isolates indicate the potential of zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis in the investigated area. The observation of the three novel genotypes in group 1 indicates their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration, Yichun 153000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
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Zhang ZH, Qin RL, Liu YY, Zou Y, Mei JJ, Liu Q, Gao WW, Zhu XQ, Ren YH, Xie SC. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Shanxi Province, North China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:933691. [PMID: 35909693 PMCID: PMC9334847 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.933691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic intestinal pathogen that can cause acute diarrhea in immunosuppressed humans and animals. Though E. bieneusi has been widely detected in pigs around the world, little is known of its prevalence and genotype distribution in pigs in Shanxi province, north China. In this study, a total of 362 fecal samples were collected from pigs in three representative counties in north, south, and central Shanxi province, China. The prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi were investigated by nested PCR amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Overall, the prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs in Shanxi province was 54.70% (198/362). Statistical analysis showed the difference in prevalence was statistically significant between regions (χ2 = 41.94, df = 2, P < 0.001) and ages (χ2 = 80.37, df = 1, P < 0.001). In addition, 16 genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified in this study by sequence analysis of the ITS region, including 15 known genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, EbpB, pigEb4, PigEBITS5, I, Henan-I, G, WildBoar 7, SH10, EbpD, CHC5, PigSpEb1, PigSpEb2, and CHG19) and one novel genotype (designated as PigSX-1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 14 known genotypes and the novel genotype were clustered into Group 1, whereas genotype I belonged to Group 2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in pigs in Shanxi province. These findings enrich the genetic diversity of E. bieneusi and provide the baseline data for the prevention and control of E. bieneusi in pigs in the study regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Huan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Rui-Lin Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ya-Ya Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Jin Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hong Ren
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Shi-Chen Xie
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Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Cervids from Milu Park in Beijing, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121539. [PMID: 35739875 PMCID: PMC9219422 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most prevalent microsporidian species that can cause significant intestinal diseases in both humans and animals worldwide. This study investigated the overall E. bieneusi prevalence of 21.9% (47/215) in captive and free-ranging deer species in Beijing, China. Thirteen E. bieneusi genotypes including six known and seven novel genotypes were identified. These resources will provide the insights to understand the veterinary and public health and the transmission dynamics between animal environments and human ones. Abstract Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most prevalent microsporidian species that can cause zoonotic diseases in humans and animals. Despite receiving increasing attention in relation to domestic animals, there has been limited information on the infection burden of E. bieneusi in cervids. Altogether, 215 fecal samples collected from four deer species in Beijing, China were examined by nested- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in deer was 21.9% (47/215), with 30.0% (24/80) in Pere David’s deer, 27.3% (15/55) in fallow deer, 12.5% (5/40) in sika deer, and 7.5% (3/40) in Chinese water deer. Thirteen E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including six known (HLJD-V, MWC_d1, BEB6, CGC2, JLD-XV, and HND-I) and seven novel genotypes (BJED-I to BJED-V, BJFD, and BJCWD). A phylogenetic analysis showed that 38.3% of the isolates belonged to zoonotic Group 1. In addition, E. bieneusi infection was first detected in fallow deer and Chinese water deer, which could act as potential zoonotic reservoirs. Our findings suggest that E. bieneusi circulates in deer and might be of importance to public health.
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Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Sheep in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080993. [PMID: 35454240 PMCID: PMC9025852 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist that can cause malabsorption and diarrhea in sheep, other animals, and humans, threatening the development of animal husbandry and public health. To date, there are no data about the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in sheep in Shanxi Province, North China. In this study, 492 fecal samples were collected from sheep in three representative counties in northern, central, and southern Shanxi Province. Nested PCR amplification was performed to detect the prevalence and identify the genotypes of E. bieneusi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Overall, 168 of 492 examined samples were E. bieneusi-positive, with a prevalence of 34.2% (168/492). Significant differences in the prevalence of E. bieneusi were observed among the three sampled regions (χ2 = 95.859, df = 2, p < 0.001), but the differences in E. bieneusi prevalence were not statistically significant between different genders and age groups (p > 0.05). Sequence analysis showed that four known genotypes (BEB6, COS-I, CHS7, and CHC8) and one novel genotype (named SY-1) were identified. BEB6 was the prevalent genotype found within the three counties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five genotypes observed in this study belong to Group 2. The present study reported the presence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in sheep in Shanxi Province for the first time, which enriches the knowledge of the genetic diversity of E. bieneusi and provides baseline data for the prevention and control of E. bieneusi infection in animals and humans.
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Köster PC, Lapuente J, Pizarro A, Prieto-Pérez L, Pérez-Tanoira R, Dashti A, Bailo B, Muadica AS, González-Barrio D, Calero-Bernal R, Ponce-Gordo F, Carmena D. Presence and genetic diversity of enteric protists in captive and semi-captive non-human primates in côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Peru. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:26-34. [PMID: 34976722 PMCID: PMC8688894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little information is currently available on the occurrence and genetic diversity of pathogenic and commensal protist species in captive and semi-captive non-human primates (NHP) resident in zoological gardens or sanctuaries in low- and medium-income countries. In this molecular-based study, we prospectively collected individual faecal samples from apparently healthy NHP at the Abidjan Zoological Garden (AZG) in Côte d’Ivoire, the Tacugama Sanctuary (TS) in Sierra Leone, and the Quistococha Zoological Garden (QZG) in Peru between November 2018 and February 2020. We evaluated for the presence of pathogenic (Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Balantioides coli) and commensal (Entamoeba dispar, Troglodytella abrassarti) protist species using PCR methods and Sanger sequencing. Giardia duodenalis was the most prevalent species found (25.9%, 30/116), followed by Blastocystis sp. (22.4%, 26/116), and E. dispar (18.1%, 21/116). We detected E. bieneusi (4.2%, 1/24) and T. abrassarti (12.5%, 3/24) only on NHP from AZG. Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica, and B. coli were undetected at the three sampling sites investigated here. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of zoonotic sub-assemblages BIII (n = 1) in AZG and BIV (n = 1) in TS within G. duodenalis. We identified Blastocystis subtype ST3 (100%, 6/6) in AZG, ST1 (80.0%, 12/15), ST2 (6.7%, 1/15), and ST3 (13.3%, 2/15) in TS, and ST2 (80.0%, 4/5) and ST3 (20.0%, 1/5) in QZG. The only E. bieneusi isolate detected here was identified as zoonotic genotype CAF4. Our PCR-based data indicate that potentially pathogenic protist species including G. duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., E. bieneusi, and B. coli are present at variable rates in the three NHP populations investigated here. The identification of zoonotic genotypes within these species indicates that human-NHP transmission is possible, although the extent and directionality of these events need to be elucidated in future molecular surveys. Giardia and Blastocystis are highly prevalent in confined non-human primates. Diarrhoea-causing Cryptosporidium and Entamoeba histolytica were undetected. First description of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype CAF4 in non-human primates. Confined non-human primates harbour protist species with zoonotic potential. Cross-species (including human) transmission is possible in zoos and sanctuaries.
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Shu F, Song S, Wei Y, Li F, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L, Li N. High zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild nonhuman primates from Yunnan Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:85. [PMID: 35279196 PMCID: PMC8917740 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important zoonotic protists in humans and animals around the world, including nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the prevalence, genetic identity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild NHPs remain largely unclear. Methods A total of 348 fecal samples were collected from wild NHPs at four locations in Yunnan, southwestern China, and analyzed for these pathogens using nested PCR targeting various genetic loci and DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. The zoonotic potential of the pathogens was assessed by comparing the genetic identity of the pathogens in these animals with that previously reported in humans. Results Altogether, two (0.6%), 25 (7.2%) and 30 (8.6%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium sp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. The Cryptosporidium sp. identified belonged to C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1. Both assemblages A (n = 3) and B (n = 22) were identified among G. duodenalis-positive animals. Five genotypes in zoonotic Group 1 were identified within E. bieneusi, including Type IV (n = 13), D (n = 7), Peru8 (n = 6), MMR86 (n = 2) and HNFS01 (n = 2). All genotypes and subtypes identified are known human pathogens or phylogenetically related to them. Conclusions Data from this study suggest a common occurrence of zoonotic genotypes of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wild NHPs in southwestern China. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Shu
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shujiao Song
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanting Wei
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Falei Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Li S, Wang P, Zhu XQ, Zou Y, Chen XQ. Prevalence and genotypes/subtypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in different breeds of cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105216. [PMID: 35066167 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. are common zoonotic pathogens that parasitize in the small intestine of humans and animals, posing a threat to public health. However, little information is available on the prevalence and genotypes/subtypes of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. In the present study, 556 fecal samples of cattle were collected from Nanchang city, Gao'an city, Xinyu city, and Ji'an city in Jiangxi Province. All samples were examined for the presence of E. bieneusi by nested PCR analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Blastocystis sp. using PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. was 5.4% (30/556) and 54.9% (305/556), respectively. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffaloes was 7.9% (13/165), 3.9% (11/283), and 5.6% (6/108), respectively. Eleven E. bieneusi genotypes were identified in this study, including six known genotypes, D (n = 10), I (n = 5), J (n = 4), IV (n = 4), N (n = 1), and BEB4 (n = 1), and five novel genotypes, JX-I to JX-V (n = 1), with genotype D as the predominant genotype in cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed that six genotypes of E. bieneusi, D, IV, and JX-II to JX-V, were clustered into zoonotic group 1, whereas the remaining five genotypes belonged to group 2. Moreover, seven, seven, four, and five types were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the MS1, MS3, MS4, and MS7 loci, respectively, forming three distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs). In addition, the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 42.4% (70/165), 59.4% (168/283), and 62.0% (67/108) in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that ST1, ST5, ST10, and ST14 of Blastocystis sp. were identified in these cattle, with ST10 being the major subtype. ST1 and ST5 are potential zoonotic subtypes. These findings have important implications for the control of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650201, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330045, PR China.
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Abdoli A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of cattle microsporidiosis with focus on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: An emerging zoonotic pathogen. Prev Vet Med 2022; 200:105581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Khazaei S, Zaki L, Ghaderinezhad S, Sherafati J, Abdoli A. Global molecular epidemiology of microsporidia in pigs and wild boars with emphasis on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1126-1136. [PMID: 35113502 PMCID: PMC9122395 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are spore‐forming intracellular pathogens with worldwide prevalence, causing emerging infections in humans and animals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic species of microsporidia and is responsible for more than 90% of cases of microsporidiosis in humans and animals. Pigs and wild boars are important animal reservoirs of microsporidia. Hence, we aimed to estimate the global prevalence of microsporidia and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in pigs and wild boars through a set of systematic review and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Methods Four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) were searched between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2021. Regarding meta‐analysis, the random‐effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results After exclusion of irrelevant articles and duplication removal, 33 papers, including 34 datasets (30 datasets for domestic pigs and 4 for wild boars) finally meet the inclusion criteria to undergo meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence rates of microsporidia infection in domestic pigs and wild boars were 37.6% (95% CI: 30.8–44.9%) and 8.1% (95% CI: 2.1–26.8%), respectively. While, the pooled prevalence rates of E. bieneusi were 35% (95% CI: 28.4–42.2%) in domestic pigs and 10.1% (95% CI: 1.7–42.4%) in wild boars. The genotypes EbpA was the most reported genotype in domestic pigs and wild boars. Male animals had higher prevalence rates of microsporidia infection than females (27 vs. 17.4%, OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 0.77–4.71%). Conclusion This study indicates the important role of domestic pigs and wild boars as animal reservoir hosts of microsporidia. Thereby, strategies for control and prevention of these zoonotic pathogens should be designed in pigs and wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zaki
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Sherafati
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Koehler AV, Zhang Y, Gasser RB. A Perspective on the Molecular Identification, Classification, and Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi of Animals. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:389-415. [PMID: 35544010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes enteric disease (microsporidiosis) in humans and has been recorded in a wide range of animal species worldwide. The transmission of E. bieneusi is direct and likely occurs from person to person and from animal to person via the ingestion of spores in water, food, or the environment. The identification of E. bieneusi is usually accomplished by molecular means, typically using the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Currently, ~820 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in at least 210 species of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) or invertebrates (insects and mussels) in more than 50 countries. In this chapter, we provide a perspective on (1) clinical aspects of human microsporidiosis; (2) the genome and DNA markers for E. bieneusi as well as molecular methods for the specific and genotypic identification of E. bieneusi; (3) epidemiological aspects of E. bieneusi of animals and humans, with an emphasis on the genotypes proposed to be zoonotic, human-specific, and animal-specific; and (4) future research directions to underpin expanded molecular studies to better understand E. bieneusi and microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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ROMANO F, XAVIER JG, DE ARAÚJO RS, COUTINHO SD, LALLO MA. Successful use of albendazole and fenbendazole therapy in a cat with persistent diarrhea due <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:869-871. [PMID: 35491092 PMCID: PMC9246685 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, also known as microsporidia, is an obligate,
opportunistic, and neglected intracellular pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans.
Although identified in the cat feces by epidemiological studies, no association with
diarrhea has been demonstrated. We demonstrated a case of chronic enteritis by E.
bieneusi in a 1-year-old male Maine Coon cat, neutered with diarrhea for nine
months, by histopathological analysis of gastrointestinal biopsies and PCR of feces. The
treatment with albendazole (10 days) followed by fenbendazole (5 days) proved to be
effective and safe after diagnosis. This description highlights the need to investigate
these pathogens in cases of diarrhea due to their importance in public health since they
are zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe ROMANO
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista–UNIP
| | - José Guilherme XAVIER
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista–UNIP
| | | | | | - Maria Anete LALLO
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista–UNIP
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Liu H, Xu J, Shen Y, Cao J, Yin J. Genotyping and Zoonotic Potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Stray Dogs Sheltered from Shanghai, China. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123571. [PMID: 34944346 PMCID: PMC8698015 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most prevalent species with zoonotic risks in humans and various livestock, wildlife and companion mammals. Dogs being the most popular companion animals of humans become more and more regarded recently. The present study reported the total E. bieneusi positive rate of 8.8% (24/272), and 8 genotypes including three known (genotypes EbpA, Henan V and Type IV) and 5 novel genotypes (genotypes SHZJD1–5) in stray dogs from Shanghai but sheltered in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China. In addition, all the genotypes here were all clustered into group 1 with zoonotic potential. Abstract Microsporidia are considered to be highly diverged and specialized parasites, and can infect a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most prevalent species in humans and various livestock, wildlife, and companion mammals. Dogs being the most popular companion animals of humans become more and more regarded. In this study, 272 fecal specimens were collected from stray dogs from Shanghai, but the dogs were adopted in a shelter in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China. E. bieneusi was examined by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and sequence analysis. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 8.8% (24/272). Moreover, 8 genotypes were found, including three known (genotypes EbpA, Henan V and Type IV) and 5 novel genotypes (genotypes SHZJD1–5). Two samples were positive for two genotypes, one was positive fortype SHZJD4 and Henan V, the other was positive for Henan V and Type IV. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed all genotypes obtained in this study were all clustered into the zoonotic group 1. Therefore, the risk of zoonotic transmission of pathogens such as E. bieneusi from stray dogs to humans potentially threaten human health, and it is time to strengthen their health management.
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Ni HB, Sun YZ, Qin SY, Wang YC, Zhao Q, Sun ZY, Zhang M, Yang D, Feng ZH, Guan ZH, Qiu HY, Wang HX, Xue NY, Sun HT. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Wild Rodents From Six Provinces in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:783508. [PMID: 34900760 PMCID: PMC8656357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most important zoonotic enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases in animals and humans. However, it is still not known whether E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are carried by wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, a total of 536 feces samples were collected from Rattus (R.) norvegicus, Mus musculus, Spermophilus (S.) dauricus, and Lasiopodomys brandti in six provinces of China, and were detected by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and ITS gene of E. bieneusi from June 2017 to November 2020. Among 536 wild rodents, 62 (11.6%) and 18 (3.4%) samples were detected as E. bieneusi- and Cryptosporidium spp.-positive, respectively. Differential prevalence rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in different regions. E. bieneusi was more prevalent in R. norvegicus, whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequently identified in S. dauricus. Sequence analysis indicated that three known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes (Cryptosporidium viatorum, Cryptosporidium felis, and Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype II/III) and two uncertain Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium sp. novel1 and Cryptosporidium sp. novel2) were present in the investigated wild rodents. Meanwhile, 5 known E. bieneusi genotypes (XJP-II, EbpC, EbpA, D, and NCF7) and 11 novel E. bieneusi genotypes (ZJR1 to ZJR7, GXM1, HLJC1, HLJC2, and SDR1) were also observed. This is the first report for existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and Shandong, China. The present study also demonstrated the existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in S. dauricus worldwide for the first time. This study not only provided the basic data for the distribution of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium genotypes/species, but also expanded the host range of the two parasites. Moreover, the zoonotic E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified in the present study, suggesting wild rodents are a potential source of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Veterinary Department, Muyuan Foods Co., Ltd., Nanyang, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Zheng-Yao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Guan
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hao-Xian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Nian-Yu Xue
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
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Xie SC, Zou Y, Li Z, Yang JF, Zhu XQ, Zou FC. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Black Goats ( Capra hircus) in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123387. [PMID: 34944164 PMCID: PMC8698114 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most common parasites in human and animals, and a threat to public health. So far, no data are available for E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi by examining 907 fecal samples collected from 5 counties in Yunnan Province. Ninety-three fecal samples (10.3%) were E. bieneusi-positive by PCR amplification. Four new genotypes and 11 known genotypes were identified, and all genotypes considered to be the zoonotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of these genotypes were allocated into the zoonotic groups of E. bieneusi indicating its zoonotic potential. These results indicated that effective strategies and measures must be taken to prevent and control E. bieneusi transmission to other animals and humans. Abstract Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist that can parasitize in the intestines of humans and various animals causing a threat to public health. However, there has been no data for E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. In this study, 907 fecal samples were collected from black goats in 5 counties from Yunnan Province. The prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi were examined by nested PCR amplification targeting the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was used to further examine the potential occurrence of genetic segregation. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in black goats in Yunnan Province was 10.3% (93/907). Statistical analysis revealed that E. bieneusi prevalence was significantly associated with the region, age and gender of black goats (p < 0.001). Four new genotypes (CYG-1, CYG-2, CYG-3, CYG-4) and 11 known genotypes (CHG1, CHG2, CHG3, CHG5, CHG28, J, D, BEB6, Wildboar3, CD6, SDD1) of E. bieneusi were identified. At the microsatellite and minisatellite loci, 15, 2, 17, and 33 sequences were obtained, respectively, forming one new multi-locus genotype (MLG27). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 15 genotypes were clustered into group 1 and group 2, with zoonotic potential. This is the first report of E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, China. Effective control strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the risk of E. bieneusi transmission between black goats, other animals, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (S.-C.X.); (X.-Q.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (S.-C.X.); (X.-Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.-F.Y.); (F.-C.Z.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (S.-C.X.); (X.-Q.Z.)
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (S.-C.X.); (X.-Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.-F.Y.); (F.-C.Z.)
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Perec-Matysiak A, Leśniańska K, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Merta D, Popiołek M, Hildebrand J. Zoonotic Genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:1478. [PMID: 34832633 PMCID: PMC8619129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild carnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. The role of wild living reservoir hosts cannot be ignored because of their known carriage of E. bieneusi zoonotic genotypes. In the past decades, populations of wild living carnivores, i.e., native, such as red foxes, and invasive, such as raccoon dogs and raccoons, have increased and adapted to synanthropic environments across Europe, including Poland. The knowledge concerning E. bieneusi genotype identification and distribution in wild carnivores is limited worldwide. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine and beech martens, were collected and then analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the nested PCR method. Overall prevalence of the pathogen was estimated to be as high as 27.3%. The infection rates for E. bieneusi varied between the carnivore species, from 13.7% in beech martens to 40.4% in raccoon dogs. Based on sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA gene marker, we detected five known genotypes of E. bieneusi in examined animals. In the invasive species, E. bieneusi NCF2 and D genotypes have been identified, whereas in the native ones, E. bieneusi NCF2, D, C, EbCar2 and Type IV genotypes were identified. All E. bieneusi genotypes recorded in this survey clustered in Group 1, showing their zoonotic potential. Our results provide the first description of the occurrence and genotypes of the microsporidian E. bieneusi in wild living population of raccoon dogs in Europe. Our findings are important for the study of pathogen epidemiology and emphasize the fact that the invasive and the native wild living carnivores, both widely distributed, should be considered more seriously as significant sources of zoonotic pathogens hazardous to domestic and farmed animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.L.); (K.B.-G.); (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Kinga Leśniańska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.L.); (K.B.-G.); (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.L.); (K.B.-G.); (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Dorota Merta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Marcin Popiołek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.L.); (K.B.-G.); (M.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.L.); (K.B.-G.); (M.P.); (J.H.)
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Dashti A, Rivero-Juárez A, Santín M, George NS, Köster PC, López-López P, Risalde MA, García-Bocanegra I, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Caballero-Gómez J, Frías M, Bailo B, Ortega S, Muadica AS, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Rivero A, Briz V, Carmena D. Diarrhoea-causing enteric protist species in intensively and extensively raised pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Part I: Prevalence and genetic diversity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1051-e1064. [PMID: 34755463 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous protist species are shared between humans and pigs. Among those, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Balantioides coli have a clear public and animal health significance. For others such as Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp., their impact on animal health has not been fully established. Little information is currently available on the molecular diversity of these protists in swine populations. To fill this gap, we molecularly assessed G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., B. coli, Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi in faecal samples from Iberian and Large White pigs raised under different (intensive and/or extensive) management systems in southern Spain. A total of 151 extensively raised Iberian pigs, 140 intensively raised Iberian pigs, and 184 intensively raised Large White pigs were investigated. Blastocystis sp. was the agent most prevalently found (47.8%), followed by B. coli (45.5%), G. duodenalis (10.7%), E. bieneusi (6.9%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (5.5%). Blastocystis sp. was significantly less prevalent in intensively raised Iberian pigs (22.9%) than in their extensively raised counterparts (51.0%) or in intensively raised Large White pigs (64.1%). A significantly higher prevalence was found for G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and E. bieneusi in Large White pigs than Iberian pigs. Balantioides coli was similarly distributed (40.0-51.1%) in all three investigated swine populations. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage E, two Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis), B. coli (genotypes A and B), Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST3, and ST5), and E. bieneusi (EbpA, EbpC, EbpD, O, and a novel genotype named PigSpEb2). Novel genotype PigSpEb2 was found alone or in combination with EbpA. Data suggest a widespread exposure to protist enteroparasites in domestic pig populations irrespectively of breed and raising management system. Many of the species/genotypes identified have a zoonotic potential and might represent a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadja S George
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Pathology and Toxicology Department, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Health Department, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Gómez-Villamandos
- Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Pathology and Toxicology Department, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group (GISAZ), Animal Health Department, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frías
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ortega
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain.,Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit. Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía. University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
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Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Zoonotic Enteric Protozoans Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis from Pallas's Squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0099021. [PMID: 34730381 PMCID: PMC8567245 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00990-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) was introduced in Japan in the 1930s and has since established itself in several areas across the country. Although wild Sciuridae populations have been demonstrated to be potential reservoirs for zoonotic enteric protozoa, epidemiological studies of such pathogens in Japan are scarce. Here, we examined 423 fecal samples from Pallas's squirrels captured in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, using PCR and DNA sequencing to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis was 4.3% (18/423 samples), 13.0% (55/423 samples), and 44.0% (186/423 samples), respectively. The prevalence of Blastocystis and E. bieneusi was significantly higher in spring (60.1% and 17.4%, respectively) than in winter (27.6% and 8.6%, respectively [P < 0.01]). Sequence analysis of Cryptosporidium spp., targeting the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA), showed 100% identity (541/541 bp) to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and analysis of the gp60 gene showed 99.76% (833/835 bp) identity to C. ubiquitum subtype XIIh. The sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of E. bieneusi and the partial SSU rDNA of Blastocystis were identified as E. bieneusi genotype SCC-2 and Blastocystis subtype 4, respectively. This study confirmed the presence of C. ubiquitum, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis in Pallas's squirrels in Kanagawa Prefecture. Because Pallas's squirrels inhabit urban areas, living close to humans, the species may serve as a potential source of infection in human populations. IMPORTANCE Pallas's squirrel is designated a "regulated organism" under the Invasive Alien Species Act in Japan, and municipal authorities are introducing control measures to reduce its populations. It has been suggested that wild mammals may play a role in contaminating the environment with zoonotic pathogens. The present study detected the enteric pathogens Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis in the feces of Pallas's squirrels inhabiting Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. These pathogens persist in the environment and contaminate soils and water, which may potentially infect humans. Because Pallas's squirrels in Kanagawa Prefecture are found in urban areas, where they are in close contact with human populations, continued monitoring of zoonotic diseases among squirrel populations will be important for evaluating the significance of wildlife in pathogen transmission.
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