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Domrazek K, Jurka P. Prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. and Canid herpesvirus-1 in Polish dogs. Vet World 2024; 17:226-232. [PMID: 38406369 PMCID: PMC10884577 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.226-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Chlamydophila spp. affect Leydig and Sertoli cells by dysregulating spermatogenesis, inducing apoptosis and sperm DNA fragmentation, as well as benign prostate hyperplasia. Canid herpes virus 1 (CHV-1) infection in male dogs is manifested by lesions on the base of the penis and foreskin. There is a lack of information on the influence of these microorganisms on the quality of canine semen. Seroprevalence of Chlamydophila spp. (55%-61%) and CHV-1 (22%-81%) in Europe is high. The prevalence of Chlamydophila spp. and CHV-1 has been evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) only in Sweden and Croatia, respectively. No positive samples were detected in either case. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation in Polish male dogs (PMDs) to provide a solution to limit the spread of these microorganisms using assisted reproduction techniques or elimination from the reproduction of CHV-1 carriers. In addition, we assessed the semen quality of Chlamydophila spp. carriers and CHV-1 carriers. Materials and Methods Cotton swabs were collected from prepuce or semen from each dog (n = 130). Real-time PCR for Chlamydophila spp. and CHV-1, as well as semen analysis, was performed using the computer-assisted semen analysis system. Results To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Chlamydophila spp. infection in PMD confirmed by real-time PCR. All parameters, except progressive movement in Chlamydophila semen carriers, were normal. Conclusion The average velocity values for a dog with Chlamydia are detailed. No CHV-1 was detected. The results achieved should be verified on the basis of a larger number of studies. However, the high prevalence of these pathogens in the PMD population has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C Street, Warsaw 02-787, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C Street, Warsaw 02-787, Poland
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Rezaei M, Jajarmi M, Kamani S, Khalili M, Babaei H. Prevalence of canine herpesvirus 1 and associated risk factors among bitches in Iranian breeding kennels and farms. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2497-2503. [PMID: 37717956 PMCID: PMC10650248 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) is an important cause of death in newborn puppies and of fertility problems in adult dogs. Identification of risk factors may help to reduce infection rates and alleviate concerns for dog owners and breeders. This study was designed to screen for CHV-1 infection in bitches of breeding kennels and farms in Iran and relate this to possible risk factors. METHODS A total of 63 vaginal samples were collected from dogs in 5 breeding kennels (n = 47) and from 7 farms (n = 16). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the CHV-1 specific glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Prevalence rates were evaluated in relation to various risk factors, including region, housing, vaccination, deworming, pregnancy, reproductive problems, number of dogs living together and hygiene conditions. RESULTS In total, 21 (33.3%) of 63 vaginal samples were positive for CHV-1 DNA. The prevalence rate in farms (7/16; 43.7%) was higher than in kennels (14/47; 29.7%). No association was found between CHV-1 prevalence and potential risk factors. CONCLUSIONS CHV-1 is highly prevalent in dogs in Iranian farms and kennels. Since the CHV1 vaccine is unlicensed in Iran, effective management strategies are essential to reduce the consequences of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Rezaei
- Department of Clinical ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Maziar Jajarmi
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Saba Kamani
- Graduated studentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Homayoon Babaei
- Department of Clinical ScienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
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Gracin K, Mauric Maljkovic M, Barbic L, Staresina V, Lojkic M, Stevanovic V. A retrospective cohort study of canid herpesvirus-1 seroprevalence and epidemiology in kennel dogs in Croatia. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:117-123. [PMID: 37003119 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Canid alphaherpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) is an endemic pathogen of dogs worldwide. CaHV-1 is often related to abortions, neonatal mortality, and the death of puppies. Since the first description of the virus in 1965, there has been no generally accepted method for diagnosing CaHV-1. Many authors used the virus neutralisation test (VNT) as a 'reference standard' due to its high specificity. Nasal, vaginal, preputial swabs and serum samples for this study were collected in the population of kennel dogs in Croatia. To determine the optimal VNT protocol, three modifications of the VNT were compared. These modifications were: VNT using native serum samples, VNT using thermally inactivated serum samples, and VNT using thermally inactivated serum samples with the addition of the complement. The correlation between the results of the VNT methods was significant (P < 0.001). Of all three modifications of VNT, the one using native serum samples was the one that increased VNT sensitivity. The overall seroprevalence of CaHV-1 was 32.02%. The PCR did not confirm the CaHV-1 presence in collected swabs. According to analysed anamnestic data, significant risk factors for CaHV-1 infection were: kennel size, attendance at the dog shows, hunt trials, kennel disinfection protocols, and mating. The oestrus cycle had no significant effect on seropositivity. The study results indicate that CaHV-1 spreads horizontally between dams living in kennels and in males during mating. Although there was no correlation between seropositivity and a history of reproductive disorders, significantly more stillborn puppies were recorded in seronegative dames (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koraljka Gracin
- LunimirVet, Private Veterinary Clinic, Kraljeviceva 20, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mauric Maljkovic
- Department of Animal Breeding and Livestock Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilim Staresina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Lojkic
- Reproduction and Obstetrics Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Seroprevalence of Canine Herpesvirus-1 in Breeding Dogs with or Without Vaccination in Northwest Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071116. [PMID: 32610623 PMCID: PMC7401649 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) can cause abortion and foetal and neonatal deaths in the bitch. The reactivation of latent infections with asymptomatic virus shedding represents a mechanism, whereby the virus can persist in a dog population. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of CHV-1 in a population of breeding dogs in Piedmont, Northern Italy, and to investigate the distribution of herpesvirus vaccination. The study was carried out in 370 animals that were housed in 33 breeding kennels. Antibodies against CHV-1 in serum samples were measured by means of serum neutralization. Vaccination had been performed in 21.2% of the kennels and 8.4% of the dogs. The overall seroprevalence of CHV-1 was 50.3%. In ten kennels (30.3%), no seropositive dogs were identified. The percentage of seropositive dogs ranged from 7.1% to 100% in positive kennels. More than 40% of the seropositive dogs showed high titres. Sex had no significant effect on either seroprevalence or the category of the serum titre. The number of positive animals was significantly lower in the groups of prepuberal bitches and animals younger than 1.5 years. The majority of younger animals showed very high titres, suggesting recent contact with the virus. Our data show that CHV-1 is a common infection in breeding dogs in Piedmont. Vaccination is rarely performed but might be an option, because, although many animals of breeding age already show high antibody titres, seronegative pregnant bitches will be at high risk of contracting the infection due to viral circulation in kennels where the virus is enzootic.
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Rezaei M, Jajarmi M, Alizadeh R, Khalili M, Babaei H. First molecular study of Canine herpesvirus-1 in reproductive specimens of adult dogs in southeast of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101487. [PMID: 32339866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) is recognized to be enzootic in the dog population with a widespread distribution. This pathogen leads to a lethal generalized illness in newborn puppies and is associated with reproductive disorders. CHV-1 should be considered as an important pathogen of neonatal death and infertility; so, it appears to pose a threat for breeding kennels. Although serologic data point to the circulation of CHV-1 among dogs of Iran are available, no definitive diagnosis has been conducted based on the molecular assay. So, this research was done to detect the prevalence of CHV-1 in dogs of Kerman. In this study, the presence of CHV-1 in vaginal specimens and biopsies of the uterus of dogs referring to the Veterinary Hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman was determined. Fifteen uterine samples and seven vaginal samples were included in group of the pregnant dogs. Moreover, thirteen uterine samples and twenty vaginal samples were related to the dogs displaying suspicious clinical signs such as reproductive disorders. Samples were collected and evaluated using real-time PCR. Viral DNA was detected in 21 samples from a total of 140 (15 %) collected samples which were related to 14 uterine samples (20 %) and 7 (10 %) vaginal specimens. The association of this virus with age, breed, housing, pregnancy and reproductive disorders was not significant. Five positive reproductive samples were belonged to the dogs with a history of reproductive disorders including pyometra, metritis, stillbirths, vaginitis and vaginal prolapse. This study is the first molecular detection of CHV-1 in reproductive samples of dogs in Iran. Considering the significant prevalence of this virus, it is necessary to carry out management measures in controlling and preventing this disease. Tracing CHV-1 requires further research on this virus in dogs of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Maziar Jajarmi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ramin Alizadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Homayoon Babaei
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Ledbetter EC, Kim K, Dubovi EJ, Mohammed HO, Felippe MJB. Clinical and immunological assessment of therapeutic immunization with a subunit vaccine for recurrent ocular canine herpesvirus-1 infection in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:102-110. [PMID: 27938671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Latent canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) infections are common in domestic dogs and reactivation of latent virus may be associated with recurrent ocular disease. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the ability of a subunit CHV-1 vaccine to stimulate peripheral CHV-1 specific immunity and prevent recurrent CHV-1 ocular disease and viral shedding. Mature dogs with experimentally-induced latent CHV-1 infection received a 2-dose CHV-1 vaccine series. Recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection was induced by corticosteroid administration in the prevaccinal, short-term postvaccinal (2 weeks post-vaccination), and long-term postvacccinal (34 weeks post-vaccination) periods. Immunological, virological, and clinical parameters were evaluated during each study period. Quantitative assessment of peripheral immunity included lymphocyte immunophenotyping, proliferation response, and interferon-γ production; and CHV-1 virus neutralizing antibody production. In the present study, vaccination did not prevent development of ocular disease and viral shedding; however, there was a significant decrease in clinical ocular disease scores in the short-term postvaccinal period. Significant alterations in peripheral immunity detected in the dogs during the short-term and long-term postvaccinal periods included increased T and B lymphocyte subpopulation percentage distributions, increased lymphocyte expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II, increased CHV-1 virus neutralizing antibody titers, decreased lymphocyte proliferation, and decreased interferon-γ production. Vaccination of latently infected mature dogs with the selected subunit CHV-1 vaccine was not effective in preventing recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection and viral shedding induced by corticosteroid administration. The vaccine did induce long-term CHV-1 specific immunity and may decrease the severity of clinical ocular disease in the immediate postvaccinal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kay Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M Julia B Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Monteiro FL, Cargnelutti JF, Martins M, Anziliero D, Erhardt MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Detection of respiratory viruses in shelter dogs maintained under varying environmental conditions. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:876-881. [PMID: 27522932 PMCID: PMC5052379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dog shelters in Rio Grande do Sul were investigated for associations between the occurrence of respiratory viruses and shelter environmental conditions. Nasal secretions randomly collected during the cold season were tested via PCR, and this data collection was followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. In shelter #1 (poor sanitary and nutritional conditions, high animal density and constant contact between dogs), 78% (58/74) of the nasal samples were positive, 35% (26/74) of which were in single infections and 44% (32/74) of which were in coinfections. Shelters #2 and #3 had satisfactory sanitary and nutritional conditions, outdoors exercise areas (#2) and animal clustering by groups (#3). In shelter #2, 9% (3/35) of the samples were positive for Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and 6% (2/35) were positive for Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1). In shelter #3, 9% (7/77) of the samples were positive for Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), and 1% (1/77) were positive for Canine distemper virus (CDV). The amplicon sequences (CPIV and CDV nucleoprotein gene; CAdV-2 E3 gene; CaHV-1 glycoprotein B gene) showed 94-100% nucleotide identity with GenBank sequences. Our results demonstrate that CPIV, CAdV-2 and CDV are common in dog shelters and that their frequencies appear to be related with environmental and nutritional conditions. These results indicate the need for control/prevention measures, including vaccination and environmental management, to minimize these infections and improve dog health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mathias Martins
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Deniz Anziliero
- Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Magnólia Martins Erhardt
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Papageorgiou KV, Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, McDonald M, Graham EM, Davison AJ. Genome Sequence of Canine Herpesvirus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156015. [PMID: 27213534 PMCID: PMC4877106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus is a widespread alphaherpesvirus that causes a fatal haemorrhagic disease of neonatal puppies. We have used high-throughput methods to determine the genome sequences of three viral strains (0194, V777 and V1154) isolated in the United Kingdom between 1985 and 2000. The sequences are very closely related to each other. The canine herpesvirus genome is estimated to be 125 kbp in size and consists of a unique long sequence (97.5 kbp) and a unique short sequence (7.7 kbp) that are each flanked by terminal and internal inverted repeats (38 bp and 10.0 kbp, respectively). The overall nucleotide composition is 31.6% G+C, which is the lowest among the completely sequenced alphaherpesviruses. The genome contains 76 open reading frames predicted to encode functional proteins, all of which have counterparts in other alphaherpesviruses. The availability of the sequences will facilitate future research on the diagnosis and treatment of canine herpesvirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McDonald
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Surveillance, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Graham
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Surveillance, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Bottinelli M, Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Marenzoni ML, Malmlov AM, Coletti M, Passamonti F. Serological and biomolecular survey on canine herpesvirus-1 infection in a dog breeding kennel. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:797-802. [PMID: 26726105 PMCID: PMC4905834 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CaHV-1) is a globally distributed pathogen causing reproductive, respiratory, ocular and neurological disorders in adult dogs and neonatal death in puppies. This pathogen is considered poorly immunogenic, and neutralizing antibodies are found for only a short time following exposure. Further, seroprevalence can be affected by several epidemiological factors. A virological survey was conducted in a high-density population breeding kennel in Central Italy. There were several factors predisposing animals to CaHV-1 infection, such as age, number of pregnancies, experience with mating and dog shows, cases of abortion, management and environmental hygiene. Serum neutralization (SN) and nested PCR assays were used to estimate prevalence of CaHV-1. None of the submitted samples tested positive for nested PCR, and none of the sera tested CaHV-1 positive. No association was observed between antibody titers and risk factors, and no sign of viral reactivation was detected in either males or females. These results suggest that CaHV-1 is not circulating within this kennel and that further studies are needed in order to better understand the distribution of the virus within Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bottinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia (PG), Italy
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Pratelli A, Colao V, Losurdo M. Serological and virological detection of canine herpesvirus-1 in adult dogs with and without reproductive disorders. Vet J 2014; 200:257-60. [PMID: 24685471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) is known to cause reproductive disorders in adult dogs and neonatal mortality in puppies. The seroprevalence of CaHV-1 has not been documented in Italy. Sera from 865 dogs were screened for CaHV-1 using a serum neutralization assay (SN). All CaHV-1 positive sera and 100 CaHV-1 negative sera were also tested using an in-house immunofluorescence (IF) test. Thirteen bitches with reproductive disorders and three bitches with no history of reproductive diseases were also examined clinically so that lesions associated with CaHV-1 and CaHV-1 DNA could be identified using PCR analysis of vaginal swabs. An overall seroprevalence of 14.6% was observed using SN, and 18.6% using IF. The correlation between SN and IF was moderate. The SN assay demonstrated a greater sensitivity than IF, with a few exceptions. None of the vaginal swabs tested positive for CaHV-1 DNA. The differences in the seropositivity rates between SN and IF were not statistically significant (P = 0.16). Using the SN test as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of IF were 29% and 95%, respectively. These results suggest that CaHV-1 is common in canine populations and could pose a threat to neonatal survival and canine fertility in breeding kennels in Italy. Vaccination of breeding bitches should be recommended if there is a history of reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - V Colao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - M Losurdo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus with a host range restricted to canids. Latent CHV-1 infection is endemic in domestic dog populations worldwide. The role of CHV-1 in severe systemic neonatal infections and as an aetiology of infectious infertility and abortion has been appreciated for decades; however, ocular diseases of mature dogs conclusively associated with CHV-1 infection were only recently described. Clinically, CHV-1 infection may produce a diverse range of adnexal and ocular surface lesions in mature dogs, including blepharitis, conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, and nonulcerative keratitis. These conditions can develop during primary or recurrent ocular CHV-1 infection. Recurrent CHV-1 infections associated with reactivation of latent virus may be observed during a variety of situations and in association with numerous different viral reactivation stimuli, including the administration of immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals. The understanding of CHV-1 pathophysiology and ocular infections in mature dogs has expanded rapidly during the past few years, but much remains to be elucidated. As the number of dogs living with chronic immunomodulatory systemic diseases and receiving immunosuppressive therapeutics continues to grow, the clinical importance of CHV-1 ocular infections is also likely to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Ledbetter EC, da Silva EC, Kim SG, Dubovi EJ, Schwark WS. Frequency of spontaneous canine herpesvirus-1 reactivation and ocular viral shedding in latently infected dogs and canine herpesvirus-1 reactivation and ocular viral shedding induced by topical administration of cyclosporine and systemic administration of corticosteroids. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1079-84. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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