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Flecher MC, Balabram D, Salles YA, Souza FR, Estrela-Lima A, Nakagaki KYR, Cassali GD. Evaluation of immunophenotype and inflammation in canine mammary neoplasms with solid arrangement. J Comp Pathol 2024; 213:1-9. [PMID: 39018987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of solid arrangement canine mammary carcinomas have shown that the different histological types may be characterized by proliferation of epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells. However, little is known about immunophenotypes and the importance of inflammation as prognostic factors in these neoplasms. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunophenotype and degree of inflammation in the solid type of canine mammary neoplasm and to investigate their association with metastasis, Ki-67 index, tumour size, necrosis and survival. Sixty-five carcinomas with solid pattern, basaloid carcinomas, solid papillary carcinomas, malignant adenomyoepitheliomas (MAMEs) or malignant myoepitheliomas (MMEs) were investigated. Luminal A, luminal B HER2 negative and HER2 positive, HER2 overexpressed and triple negative immunophenotypes were immunolabelled as were Ki-67 protein and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Histological peritumoural and intratumoural inflammatory infiltrates were graded (distribution × intensity) and the presence of necrosis identified. We found a statistical difference between histological types and immunophenotypes, with MME and MAME having a higher occurrence of luminal A, whereas most neoplasms had the luminal B HER-negative immunophenotype. There was no correlation between immunophenotype and degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation, nodal metastasis, necrosis or tumour size. An increased degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, and more severe intratumoural inflammation was associated with the presence of tumour necrosis. Tumour size, Ki-67 index and Cox-2 score were not associated with inflammation in either peri- or intratumoural regions. No difference was observed in survival in relation to immunophenotype or degree of inflammation, but the Cox regression model revealed that nodal metastasis influenced the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C Flecher
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Débora Balabram
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Yasmin A Salles
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Souza
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 401170-110, Brazil
| | - Karen Y R Nakagaki
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil.
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2
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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4
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Gherman LM, Chiroi P, Nuţu A, Bica C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Profiling canine mammary tumors: A potential model for studying human breast cancer. Vet J 2024; 303:106055. [PMID: 38097103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite all clinical progress recorded in the last decades, human breast cancer (HBC) remains a major challenge worldwide both in terms of its incidence and its management. Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share similarities with HBC and represent an alternative model for HBC. The utility of the canine model in studying HBC relies on their common features, include spontaneous development, subtype classification, mutational profile, alterations in gene expression profile, and incidence/prevalence. This review describes the similarities between CMTs and HBC regarding genomic landscape, microRNA expression alteration, methylation, and metabolomic changes occurring during mammary gland carcinogenesis. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the advantages of using the canine model as a translational animal model for HBC research and to investigate the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana-Madalina Gherman
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Experimental Center of Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Nuţu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Bica
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Morato A, Accornero P, Hovey RC. ERBB Receptors and Their Ligands in the Developing Mammary Glands of Different Species: Fifteen Characters in Search of an Author. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:10. [PMID: 37219601 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERBB tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands belong to a complex family that has diverse biological effects and expression profiles in the developing mammary glands, where its members play an essential role in translating hormone signals into local effects. While our understanding of these processes stems mostly from mouse models, there is the potential for differences in how this family functions in the mammary glands of other species, particularly in light of their unique histomorphological features. Herein we review the postnatal distribution and function of ERBB receptors and their ligands in the mammary glands of rodents and humans, as well as for livestock and companion animals. Our analysis highlights the diverse biology for this family and its members across species, the regulation of their expression, and how their roles and functions might be modulated by varying stromal composition and hormone interactions. Given that ERBB receptors and their ligands have the potential to influence processes ranging from normal mammary development to diseased states such as cancer and/or mastitis, both in human and veterinary medicine, a more complete understanding of their biological functions should help to direct future research and the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Morato
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Paolo Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, 10095, Italy
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Canadas-Sousa A, Santos M, Dias-Pereira P. Protective Effect of HER2 Gene Polymorphism rs24537331 in the Outcome of Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081384. [PMID: 37106947 PMCID: PMC10135387 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HER2 in canine mammary tumors is not completely elucidated, and the contradictory results published so far may be, in part, explained by the genetic variability recognized in the canine HER2 gene. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in HER2 were recently associated with less aggressive canine mammary tumor histotypes. This study assesses the relationship between SNPs rs24537329 and rs24537331 in canine HER2 gene and clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of mammary tumors in a group of 206 female dogs. Allelic variants were observed in 69.8% and 52.7% of the dogs for SNP rs24537329 and rs24537331, respectively. Our results demonstrated that SNP rs24537331 was associated with decreased tumoral necrosis (HR: 3.09; p = 0.012) and with longer disease-specific overall survival (HR: 2.59; p = 0.013). However, no statistically significant associations were found between SNP rs24537329 and the tumors' clinicopathological characteristics or survival. Our data suggest that SNP rs24537331 may have a protective effect in canine mammary tumors, allowing the identification of a subgroup of animals prone to develop less aggressive forms of the disease. This study emphasizes the importance of the genetic tests associated with clinical images and histological examinations when assessing CMT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Department of Microscopy, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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7
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Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug resistance, high epigenetic mutations, and relapse rates are among the challenges which eventually urge the need for a veterinary oncologist to discover new therapeutic approaches that are more effective and safer. Therefore, in this review, we also cover the current therapeutic strategies from human medicine for the future perspectives of tumor immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. These strategies have great potential to be employed as therapeutic or prophylactic options due to their ability to modulate a specific and potent immune response against CMC. As we acquire a better understanding of canine tumor immunology, we can move towards a brighter prognosis. Additionally, we report on the recent successful studies in breast cancer that may benefit canines as well.
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8
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Yu C, Zheng H, Liu X, Xie G. The Analysis of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF Expression in the Diagnosis of Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3050. [PMID: 36359174 PMCID: PMC9657150 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common tumors in female dogs, and they are associated with a poor prognosis owing to their high rate of recurrence and metastasis rates, which make their diagnosis especially important in clinical veterinary medicine. In this study, the characteristics of tumors were observed in dogs suffering from CMTs, and clinical diagnosis and histopathology were used to identify tumors. Furthermore, the expression levels of tumor markers for CMTs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Upon clinical examination, dogs with CMTs displayed a distinct and irregular mass in the mammary gland, and X-ray (Latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal views) and ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a moderately echogenic mass at the mammary gland with slightly stronger density than the surrounding tissue. A total of 30 tumors were identified by histopathology, 11 benign and 19 malignant. Changes in some indicators in dogs suffering from CMTs and healthy dogs suggested that there were multiple direct or paraneoplastic changes associated with tumors that could be detected/suspected by hematological examination, and ELISA revealed the HER-2 serum concentrations were significantly different between healthy animals and those with malignant tumors. qPCR indicated that tumor markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF were higher in dogs with malignant tumors than healthy dogs, with a low level of E-cadherin in malignant tumors. This study verified that serological tests and molecular biological tests were essential to the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dogs with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanghong Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China
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9
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HER2 Overexpression and Cytogenetical Patterns in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110583. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that promotes tumor cell growth and is implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. The role of HER2 in canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the protein expression and cytogenetic changes of HER2 and their correlation with other clinical–pathological parameters in CMC. We retrospectively selected 112 CMCs. HER2, ER, and Ki67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. HER2 antibody validation was investigated by immunoblot on mammary tumor cell lines. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with probes for HER2 and CRYBA1 (control gene present on CFA9). HER2 protein overexpression was detected in 15 carcinomas (13.5%). A total of 90 carcinomas were considered technically adequate by FISH, and 8 out of 90 CMC (10%) were HER2 amplified, 3 of which showed a cluster-type pattern. HER2 overexpression was correlated with an increased number of HER2 gene copies (p = 0.01; R = 0.24) and overall survival (p = 0.03), but no correlation with ER, Ki67, grade, metastases, and tumor-specific survival was found. Surprisingly, co-amplification or polysomy was identified in three tumors, characterized by an increased copy number of both HER2 and CRYBA1. A morphological translocation-fusion pattern was recognized in 20 carcinomas (22%), with a co-localized signal of HER2 and CRYBA1. HER2 is not associated with clinical–pathological parameters of increased malignancy in canine mammary tumors, but it is suitable for studying different amplification patterns.
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10
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The development of molecular typing in canine mammary carcinomas. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8943-8951. [PMID: 35841467 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most frequent neoplasia in old female dogs and present challenges in diagnosis and prognosis owing to heterogeneity. Along with the rapid development of biotechnology, the molecular subtyping of canine mammary carcinomas has been researched, and provides an important reference basis for diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and even prediction of recurrence rate. Therefore, the molecular classification of canine mammary carcinomas has gained a broad clinical application prospect. However, the existing molecular markers of canine mammary carcinomas are still unable to meet the expanding clinical needs with poor clinical feasibility. Thus, it is urgent to develop more applicable biomarkers appropriate for personalized treatment modalities. At present, the molecular typing of canine mammary carcinomas is not fully understood, and it is first reviewed in this study.
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11
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Suzuki H, Ohishi T, Asano T, Tanaka T, Saito M, Mizuno T, Yoshikawa T, Kawada M, Kaneko M, Kato Y. Defucosylated mouse‑dog chimeric anti‑HER2 monoclonal antibody exerts antitumor activities in mouse xenograft models of canine tumors. Oncol Rep 2022; 48:154. [PMID: 35856438 PMCID: PMC9350980 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression has been reported in various types of cancer, including breast, gastric, lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancer. A humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), trastuzumab, has been shown to improve survival of patients in HER2-positive breast and gastric cancer. An anti-HER2 mAb, H2Mab-77 (mouse IgG1, kappa) was previously developed. In the present study, a defucosylated version of mouse-dog chimeric anti-HER2 mAb (H77Bf) was generated. H77Bf possesses a high binding-affinity [a dissociation constant (KD): 7.5×10−10 M, as determined by flow cytometric analysis] for dog HER2-overexpressed CHO-K1 (CHO/dHER2) cells. H77Bf highly exerted antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) for CHO/dHER2 cells by canine mononuclear cells and complement, respectively. Moreover, administration of H77Bf significantly suppressed the development of CHO/dHER2 ×enograft tumor in mice compared with the control dog IgG. H77Bf also possesses a high binding-affinity (KD: 7.2×10−10 M) for a canine mammary gland tumor cell line (SNP), and showed high ADCC and CDC activities for SNP cells. Intraperitoneal administration of H77Bf in mouse xenograft models of SNP significantly suppressed the development of SNP xenograft tumors compared with the control dog IgG. These results indicated that H77Bf exerts antitumor activities against dHER2-positive canine cancers, and could be valuable treatment regimen for canine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohishi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Numazu, Shizuoka 410‑0301, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753‑8515, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawada
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Numazu, Shizuoka 410‑0301, Japan
| | - Mika Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
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Kovalenko MS, Bilyi DD, Skliarov PM, Maslikov SN, Suslova NI, Spitsyna TL, Yevtushenko ID. Prognostic markers of canine mammary tumours: Retrospective study of 142 cases. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to relevance of the problem, prediction of biological behaviour of neoplasias in mammary glands of dogs requires using contemporary approaches to the study, first of all, of ways of dissemination of tumour cells. One of them is studying the mechanisms of migration of cancer cells out of the neoplasm tissues with further dissemination and development of metastatic sites in the regional lymphatic nodes and remote tissues. We studied the survival period of bitches with tumours of the mammary glands following regional or unilateral mastectomy. Among malignant mammary tumours in bitches, the most often diagnosed were single tumours (57.5%), which histologically were classified to carcinomas – ductal (26.9%) and mixed type (21.9%). Probability of intratumoral invasion to blood vessels equaled 12.0%, to lymph vessels – 7.8%, lymph nodes – 12.8%. It depends on the histological type of the tumour, the most aggressive potentially being сomedocarcinoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma. Parameters of life expectancy and survival level after mastectomy depend on clinical stage of the disease (increase in the stage from the first to the third was characterized by decrease from 12.8 ± 9.5 to 9.4 ± 7.8 months), presence of angio/lymphatic invasions, presence of angiolymphatic invasion, but had no correlation with the size of the tumours. An important predictor of tumour-related death of dogs suffering neoplasias of the mammary glands is index vet-NPI, which has significant correlation with the clinical stage according to Owen and median survival. In particular, median survival in patients with the index lower than 4 exceeded the corresponding values in dogs with the index above 4 by 1.3 times. A promising direction of further research would be studying biological mechanisms of development of tumour emboli in the blood and lymph vessels, metastatic sites in lymph nodes, and also determining their role in pathogenesis of canine mammary tumours.
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Immunohistochemical Screening of HER2 in Canine Carcinomas: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041006. [PMID: 33916691 PMCID: PMC8065471 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 overexpression has been reported in various human and canine tumours. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of HER2 protein in different histotypes of canine carcinomas in order to identify potential tumours that could benefit from the HER2-targeted therapy. Eighty-two (82) canine carcinomas (squamous cell, gastro-intestinal, rectal, pulmonary, prostatic, urothelial, and ovarian) from paraffin-embedded samp les were immunohistochemically evaluated. The degree of HER2 expression was scored based on the ASCO/CAP 2018 guidelines. Intestinal carcinomas were those with greater HER2 overexpression (3+) with 81% of positive cases, followed by 42% of rectal carcinomas and 28% of squamous cell carcinomas. These observations suggest that HER2 overexpression could be a driver in the oncogenesis of several types of canine carcinomas and lay the foundations for the identification of different types of canine carcinomas that could benefit from HER2-targeted therapy.
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14
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Levi M, Muscatello LV, Brunetti B, Benazzi C, Parenti F, Gobbo F, Avallone G, Bacci B, Zambon E, Valenti P, Sarli G. High Intrinsic Expression of P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Canine Mammary Carcinomas Regardless of Immunophenotype and Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030658. [PMID: 33801360 PMCID: PMC8001331 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are major actors in multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon in both human and canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs). The aim of this study was to investigate an association between the intrinsic expression of P-gp and BCRP compared to the immunophenotypes and outcome in CMCs. Fifty CMCs were evaluated at immunohistochemistry (IHC) for P-gp, BCRP, Estrogen receptor alpha (ER), Progesterone receptors (PR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor type 2 (HER2), basal cytokeratins 5/6 (CK5/6), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1 (EGFR), and Ki67 proliferation index. P-gp and BCRP positive cases were, respectively, 52% and 74.5%, with a significantly higher expression of BCRP than P-gp. Five immunophenotypes were defined in 37 out of 50 CMCs: 9 (24.3%) Luminal A, 5 (13.5%) Luminal B, 9 (24.3%) HER2 overexpressing, 9 (24.3%) Triple-negative basal-like, and 5 (13.5%) Triple-negative non-basal-like. In all CMCs at least one marker was expressed. Follow-up data were available for 25 animals. The average cancer-specific survival was 739 ± 444 days. A number of CMCs bear a high expression of P-gp and BCRP but no significant association was found between their expression and the immunophenotypes, Ki67 index, the histological grade, and tumor-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Levi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Cinzia Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Federico Parenti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
| | - Elisa Zambon
- Ospedale Veterinario, I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, 40069 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Paola Valenti
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, 21017 Varese, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (L.V.M.); (B.B.); (C.B.); (F.P.); (F.G.); (G.A.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-20-9-795
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Cruz C, Pedro AQ, Carvalho J, Santos T, Talhada D, Paiva A, Queiroz JA, Andrade M, Pinto M, Montenegro L, Delgado L, Pereira P. Nucleolin as a potential biomarker for canine malignant neoplasia. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:297-303. [PMID: 33077166 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in diverse pathological processes. Recent evidences have shown that NCL is markedly overexpressed on the surface of most human cancer cells when compared to normal cells, being overexpressed in several malignant cells. Based on the exposed, the purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the expression pattern of NCL in canine malignant neoplasia and control groups. NCL expression at both messenger RNA and protein levels in the subcellular fractions were respectively detected by RT-PCR and western blotting, allowing to infer the NCL positivity rate in canine neoplasia. The identity of NCL amplicons obtained by RT-PCR was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and found to correspond to Canis lupus familiaris. Using flow cytometry, the blood cells expressing NCL from canine neoplasms were also identified using several cell surface markers and their levels quantified. These results showed that NCL expressed in lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in dogs with malignant neoplasia is higher (> 50%) when compared with the control group. We found an increased expression of surface and cytoplasmic NCL in canine malignant neoplasia group, while nuclear NCL is predominantly found in the control group. Overall, this study discloses and identifies for the first time the presence of NCL in canine blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Augusto Q Pedro
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniela Talhada
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Portugal
| | - João A Queiroz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Leonor Delgado
- Pathology Department, INNO Serviços Especializados em Veterinária, Braga, Portugal; Cancer Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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16
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Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Pérez-Alenza D, Peña L. From Conventional to Precision Therapy in Canine Mammary Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623800. [PMID: 33681329 PMCID: PMC7925635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Hernández IB, Kromhout JZ, Teske E, Hennink WE, van Nimwegen SA, Oliveira S. Molecular targets for anticancer therapies in companion animals and humans: what can we learn from each other? Theranostics 2021; 11:3882-3897. [PMID: 33664868 PMCID: PMC7914358 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite clinical successes in the treatment of some early stage cancers, it is undeniable that novel and innovative approaches are needed to aid in the fight against cancer. Targeted therapies offer the desirable feature of tumor specificity while sparing healthy tissues, thereby minimizing side effects. However, the success rate of translation of these therapies from the preclinical setting to the clinic is dramatically low, highlighting an important point of necessary improvement in the drug development process in the oncology field. The practice of a comparative oncology approach can address some of the current issues, by introducing companion animals with spontaneous tumors in the linear drug development programs. In this way, animals from the veterinary clinic get access to novel/innovative therapies, otherwise inaccessible, while generating robust data to aid therapy refinement and increase translational success. In this review, we present an overview of targetable membrane proteins expressed in the most well-characterized canine and feline solid cancers, greatly resembling the counterpart human malignancies. We identified particular areas in which a closer collaboration between the human and veterinary clinic would benefit both human and veterinary patients. Considerations and challenges to implement comparative oncology in the development of anticancer targeted therapies are also discussed.
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18
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Pastor N, Ezquerra LJ, Santella M, Caballé NC, Tarazona R, Durán ME. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical markers and histological classification in malignant canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:753-762. [PMID: 32336005 PMCID: PMC7754150 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma represents a model for the study of human breast cancer, although the prognostic value of various clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters has shown contradictory results. A prospective study, through a 4‐year follow‐up, was performed in 77 patients with mammary carcinoma to analyse the association between histological diagnosis, grade of malignancy, peritumoral and vascular invasion. We have also performed immunohistochemistry for the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) that define human biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response. An association between histological diagnosis and clinical stage was observed with a high proportion of complex carcinoma classified as stage I. There was a higher proportion of ER+/PR+/HER2− tumours in stage I. In contrast, triple‐negative tumours (ER−/PR−/HER2−) were found mainly in advanced clinical stages and were associated with vascular and peritumoral invasion. The tumours included in group VII (carcinosarcoma/adenosquamous carcinoma/other special types of carcinoma) had a higher expression of COX‐2. The univariate analysis showed that those patients with complex carcinoma had the lowest incidence of metastases and the highest probability of survival. In contrast, a high proportion of patients with anaplastic/inflammatory carcinoma developed metastases and showed the lowest probability of survival. In addition, the estimated survival time was shorter for those patients with triple‐negative tumours and those with high COX‐2 expression. However, in the multivariate analysis, only the peritumoral invasion maintained its prognostic significance. In conclusion, in our study anaplastic/inflammatory carcinomas had the worst prognosis with a high proportion of triple‐negative tumours in this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pastor
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Ezquerra
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Massimo Santella
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuria C Caballé
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, Science Faculty, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Esther Durán
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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19
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Gray M, Meehan J, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Turnbull AK, Morrison LR, Pang LY, Argyle D. Naturally-Occurring Canine Mammary Tumors as a Translational Model for Human Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:617. [PMID: 32411603 PMCID: PMC7198768 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research over many decades, human breast cancer remains a major worldwide health concern. Advances in pre-clinical and clinical research has led to significant improvements in recent years in how we manage breast cancer patients. Although survival rates of patients suffering from localized disease has improved significantly, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with metastatic disease remains poor with 5-year survival rates at only 25%. In vitro studies using immortalized cell lines and in vivo mouse models, typically using xenografted cell lines or patient derived material, are commonly used to study breast cancer. Although these techniques have undoubtedly increased our molecular understanding of breast cancer, these research models have significant limitations and have contributed to the high attrition rates seen in cancer drug discovery. It is estimated that only 3-6% of drugs that show promise in these pre-clinical models will reach clinical use. Models that can reproduce human breast cancer more accurately are needed if significant advances are to be achieved in improving cancer drug research, treatment outcomes, and prognosis. Canine mammary tumors are a naturally-occurring heterogenous group of cancers that have several features in common with human breast cancer. These similarities include etiology, signaling pathway activation and histological classification. In this review article we discuss the use of naturally-occurring canine mammary tumors as a translational animal model for human breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linda R Morrison
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Seung BJ, Cho SH, Kim SH, Lim HY, Sur JH. Quantitative analysis of HER2 mRNA expression by RNA in situ hybridization in canine mammary gland tumors: Comparison with immunohistochemistry analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229031. [PMID: 32059046 PMCID: PMC7021316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously occurring canine mammary gland tumors share many features with human breast cancer, including biological behavior and histologic features. Compared to transgenic murine model, canine models have advantages including naturally occurring models of human diseases and cancer. In humans, breast cancer is divided into molecular subtypes based on ER, PR, and HER2 expression. In contrast with humans, few studies have evaluated these subtypes in canine mammary gland tumors, including expression of HER2. HER2 expression in canine mammary tissues has been further complicated by controversy regarding the antibody’s specificity. This study aimed to investigate c-erbB2 mRNA expression in retrospective formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples, using RNA in situ hybridization with a novel quantitative assay and to compare this method with immunohistochemistry. Using 48 canine mammary tumor samples and 14 non-neoplastic canine mammary tissues, RNA in situ hybridization was performed with RNAscope® using a canine-specific target gene probe (ERBB2), and quantitative measurement was performed using the housekeeping gene (POLR2A) to calculate the target gene/housekeeping gene ratio. The ratio of ERBB2/POLR2A was quantified using open-source image analysis programs and compared with the immunohistochemistry results. A significant correlation was observed between the HER2 immunohistochemistry score and ERBB2/POLR2A RNA in situ hybridization (P < 0.001). When the HER2 immunohistochemistry score was 3+, significantly higher expression of HER2 mRNA was observed by RNA in situ hybridization. Interestingly, HER2 mRNA was also observed in non-neoplastic mammary tissues by RNA in situ hybridization. This assay potentially facilitates the reliable quantification of mRNA expression levels in retrospective formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of HER2 in canine mammary gland tumors and to implement clinical trials in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Seung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kim Y, Lee SH, Kim CJ, Lee JJ, Yu D, Ahn S, Shin DJ, Kim SK. Canine non-B, non-T NK lymphocytes have a potential antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function against antibody-coated tumor cells. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:339. [PMID: 31610784 PMCID: PMC6790994 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a cell-mediated immune defense mechanism in which effector immune cells actively lyse antibody-coated target cells. The ADCC of tumor cells is employed in the treatment of various cancers overexpressing unique antigens, and only natural killer (NK) cells are known to be major effectors of antibody mediated ADCC activity. Canine NK cells are still defined as non-B, non-T large granular lymphocytes because of the lack of information regarding the NK cell-restricted specific marker in dogs, and it has never been demonstrated that canine NK cells have ADCC ability against tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated whether canine non-B, non-T NK cells have ADCC ability against target antibody-coated tumor cells, using cetuximab and trastuzumab, the only human antibodies reported binding to canine cancer cells. Results Activated canine non-B, non-T NK cells (CD3−CD21−CD5−TCRαβ−TCRγδ−) for 13~17 days ex vivo showed ADCC ability against trastuzumab- or cetuximab-coated target tumor cells expressing various levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Trastuzumab and cetuximab induced significant ADCC responses of canine NK cells even in CMT-U334 and CF41.Mg cells expressing low levels of HER-2 and/or EGFR, as well as in SKBR3 and DU145 cells overexpressing HER-2 and/or EGFR. The trastuzumab-mediated ADCC activity of NK cells was significantly enhanced by treatment with rcIL-21. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that canine non-B, non-T NK lymphocytes have a potential ADCC function and that combinational strategies of monoclonal antibodies with either cytokines, which activate NK cells in vivo, or adoptive transfer of NK cells may be a feasible method for amplifying the efficacy of immunotherapy against malignant cancers even with very low expression of target molecules in dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2068-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseop Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea.,Present Address: Research Institute, Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jellanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Present Address: CHABiolab Co.,Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hemotology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Shin
- Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Integrated Life Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kaszak I, Ruszczak A, Kanafa S, Kacprzak K, Król M, Jurka P. Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:66. [PMID: 30373614 PMCID: PMC6206704 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the second most common neoplasia in dogs. Due to the high similarity of canine mammary tumors (CMT) to human breast cancers (HBC), human biomarkers of HBC are also detectable in cases of CMT. The evaluation of biomarkers enables clinical diagnoses, treatment options and prognosis for bitches suffering from this disease. The aim of this article is to give a short summary of the biomarkers of CMT based on current literature. Very promising biomarkers are miRNAs, cancer stem cells, and circulating tumor cells, as well as mutations of the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2). Until now, the most studied and reliable biomarkers of CMT have remained antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67), endothelial growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-2), which can be detected in both serum and tissue samples using different molecular methods. However, carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), while poorly studied, seem to be good biomarkers, especially for the early detection and prognosis of CMT. We will also mention the following: proliferative cell nuclear antigen, tumor protein p53 (p53), E-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor, microRNAs, cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells, which can also be useful biomarkers. Although many studies have been conducted so far, the estimation of biomarkers in cases of CMT is still not a common practice, and more detailed research should be done.
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23
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Caswell JL, Bassel LL, Rothenburger JL, Gröne A, Sargeant JM, Beck AP, Ekman S, Gibson-Corley KN, Kuiken T, LaDouceur EEB, Meyerholz DK, Origgi FC, Posthaus H, Priestnall SL, Ressel L, Sharkey L, Teixeira LBC, Uchida K, Ward JM, Webster JD, Yamate J. Observational Study Design in Veterinary Pathology, Part 2: Methodology. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:774-785. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies are a basis for much of our knowledge of veterinary pathology, yet considerations for conducting pathology-based observational studies are not readily available. In part 1 of this series, we offered advice on planning and carrying out an observational study. Part 2 of the series focuses on methodology. Our general recommendations are to consider using already-validated methods, published guidelines, data from primary sources, and quantitative analyses. We discuss 3 common methods in pathology research—histopathologic scoring, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction—to illustrate principles of method validation. Some aspects of quality control include use of clear objective grading criteria, validation of key reagents, assessing sample quality, determining specificity and sensitivity, use of technical and biologic negative and positive controls, blinding of investigators, approaches to minimizing operator-dependent variation, measuring technical variation, and consistency in analysis of the different study groups. We close by discussing approaches to increasing the rigor of observational studies by corroborating results with complementary methods, using sufficiently large numbers of study subjects, consideration of the data in light of similar published studies, replicating the results in a second study population, and critical analysis of the study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura L. Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie L. Rothenburger
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David K. Meyerholz
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 1165 Medical Laboratories, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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Sobczyńska-Rak A, Żylińska B, Polkowska I, Szponder T. Elevated EGF Levels in the Blood Serum of Dogs with Periodontal Diseases and Oral Tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:507-515. [PMID: 29695553 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Paradontopathy and neoplasms of the oral cavity represent one of the greatest challenges in human and animal dentistry. EGF plays a key role in maintaining the integrity and proper rate of cell proliferation in normal oral epithelium. The aim of the present study was to study serum levels of EGF in dogs diagnosed with periodontal diseases and oral cavity tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples comprised of cancerous tissue sections and serum obtained from dogs of various breeds, aged between 5-13 years. Serum EGF concentrations were measured by an immunoenzymatic method. RESULTS The median for EGF concentration in serum of dogs suffered from severe periodontal diseases was greater when compared to the control group. EGF concentration in dogs with malignant tumours was significantly higher than in those with non-malignant growths. A positive correlation between EGF concentration and tumour size was also observed. EGF level in dogs diagnosed with benign tumours was comparable to the control group. CONCLUSION The blood serum level of EGF increases significantly in patients with malignant oral tumours and advanced periodontal disease. In malignant tumours, the high level of EGF correlates with the size and invasiveness of the neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Żylińska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szponder
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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25
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Abadie J, Nguyen F, Loussouarn D, Peña L, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Bemelmans I, Jaillardon L, Ibisch C, Campone M. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 2: immunophenotypes and prognostic significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 167:459-468. [PMID: 29063312 PMCID: PMC5790838 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relevant animal models of human breast cancer are currently needed, especially for the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Recent studies and our results (Part 1) indicate that spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas (CMCs) resemble human breast cancer by clinics and pathology as well as behavior and prognostic indicators. We hypothesized that the current molecular classifications of human breast cancer, used for therapeutic decision, could be relevant to dogs. METHODS Three hundred and fifty female dogs with spontaneous CMC and a 2-year follow-up were retrospectively included. By immunohistochemistry, CMCs were classified according to Nielsen (Clin Cancer Res 10:5367-5374, 2004) and Blows (PlosOne doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000279, 2010) into the subtypes of human breast cancer. RESULTS Four immunophenotypes were defined either according to Nielsen classification (luminal A 14.3%, luminal B 9.4%, triple-negative basal-like 58.6%, and triple-negative nonbasal-like 17.7% CMCs); or to Blows classification (luminal 1-: 11.4%, luminal 1+: 12.3%, Core basal phenotype: 58.6%, and five-negative phenotype: 17.7%). No HER2-overexpressing CMC as defined by a 3 + immunohistochemical score was observed in our cohort. By univariate and multivariate analyses, both immunophenotypical classifications applied to CMCs showed strong prognostic significance: luminal A or luminal 1+ CMCs showed a significantly longer disease-free interval (HR = 0.46), Overall (HR = 0.47), and Specific Survival (HR = 0.56) compared to triple-negative carcinomas, after adjustment for stage. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, triple-negative CMCs largely predominated (76%), were much more prevalent than in human beings, and showed an aggressive natural behavior after mastectomy. Dogs are thus potent valuable spontaneous models to test new therapeutic strategies for this particular subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Pathology, University hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laëtitia Jaillardon
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, LDHVet, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
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Nguyen F, Peña L, Ibisch C, Loussouarn D, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Campone M, Abadie J. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 1: natural history and prognostic factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 167:635-648. [PMID: 29086231 PMCID: PMC5807494 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dogs have been proposed as spontaneous animal models of human breast cancer, based on clinicopathologic similarities between canine and human mammary carcinomas. We hypothesized that a better knowledge of the natural history and prognostic factors of canine invasive mammary carcinomas would favor the design of preclinical trials using dogs as models of breast cancer. Methods The 2-year outcome of 350 female dogs with spontaneous invasive mammary carcinoma was studied. The investigated prognostic factors included age at diagnosis, pathologic tumor size, pathologic nodal stage, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade, and expression of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα), Progesterone Receptor, Ki-67, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, basal cytokeratins 5/6, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results The overall survival after mastectomy was 11 months. Within 1 year post mastectomy, 41.5% of dogs (145/350) died from their mammary carcinoma. By multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors for overall survival included a pathologic tumor size larger than 20 mm [HR 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.15–1.89)], a positive nodal stage [pN+, HR 1.89 (1.43–2.48)], a histological grade III [HR 1.32 (1.02–1.69)], ERα negativity [HR 1.39 (1.01–1.89)], a high Ki-67 proliferation index [HR 1.32 (1.04–1.67)], and EGFR absence [HR 1.33 (1.04–1.69)]. Conclusion The short natural history of spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas and high rate of cancer-related death allow for rapid termination of preclinical investigations. The prognostic factors of invasive mammary carcinomas are remarkably similar in dogs and humans, highlighting the similarities in cancer biology between both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France. .,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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27
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Mohr A, Lüder Ripoli F, Hammer SC, Willenbrock S, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Kiełbowicz Z, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Hormone Receptor Expression Analyses in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Canine Mammary Tissue by a Bead Based Multiplex Branched DNA Assay: A Gene Expression Study in Fresh Frozen and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163311. [PMID: 27649560 PMCID: PMC5029807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is currently considered the method of choice for steroid hormone receptor status evaluation in human breast cancer and, therefore, it is commonly utilized for assessing canine mammary tumors. In case of low hormone receptor expression, IHC is limited and thus is complemented by molecular analyses. In the present study, a multiplex bDNA assay was evaluated as a method for hormone receptor gene expression detection in canine mammary tissues. Estrogen receptor (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expressions were evaluated in neoplastic and non-neoplastic canine mammary tissues. A set of 119 fresh frozen and 180 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) was comparatively analyzed and used for assay evaluation. Furthermore, a possible association between the hormone receptor expression in different histological subtypes of canine malignant mammary tumors and the castration status, breed and invasive growth of the tumor were analyzed. The multiplex bDNA assay proved to be more sensitive for fresh frozen specimens. Hormone receptor expression found was significantly decreased in malignant mammary tumors in comparison to non-neoplastic tissue and benign mammary tumors. Among the histological subtypes the lowest gene expression levels of ESR1, PGR and PRLR were found in solid, anaplastic and ductal carcinomas. In summary, the evaluation showed that the measurement of hormone receptors with the multiplex bDNA assay represents a practicable method for obtaining detailed quantitative information about gene expression in canine mammary tissue for future studies. Still, comparison with IHC or quantitative real-time PCR is needed for further validation of the present method.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/veterinary
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/metabolism
- Dog Diseases/pathology
- Dogs
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Paraffin Embedding
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mohr
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Florenza Lüder Ripoli
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Conradine Hammer
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saskia Willenbrock
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- Department and Clinic of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Fazekas J, Fürdös I, Singer J, Jensen-Jarolim E. Why man's best friend, the dog, could also benefit from an anti-HER-2 vaccine. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2271-2276. [PMID: 27698788 PMCID: PMC5038860 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) is a well-established target for anticancer anticancerprecision medicine in humans. A HER-2 homologue with 92% amino acid identity has been described in canine mammary tumors, which whichis termed here as ‘dog epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (DER-2)’, with similar biological implications as those in human breast cancer. Both antigens can principally be immunologically targeted by anti-HER-2 antibodies, such as trastuzumab; however, the in vivo application applicationof humanized antibodies to other species would lead to specific hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, HER-2 mimotope vaccines that actively induce autologous trastuzumab-like immunoglobulins represent a novel and economic treatment option to overcome species-specific limitations. Thus, the present review proposes the implementation of clinical trials with HER-2 vaccines in canine cancer model modelpatients with spontaneous DER-2 positive mammary gland carcinomas in order to assess their safety and efficacy. This approach would not only pave the way into the veterinary oncology market, but would also similarly generate robust data for human trials and facilitate the testing of novel combinatorial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Fazekas
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Irene Fürdös
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Josef Singer
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Araújo M, Campos L, Damasceno K, Gamba C, Ferreira E, Cassali G. HER-2, EGFR, Cox-2 and Ki67 expression in lymph node metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas: Association with clinical-pathological parameters and overall survival. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Gray ME, Lee S, McDowell AL, Erskine M, Loh QTM, Grice O, Argyle DJ, Bergkvist GT. Dual targeting of EGFR and ERBB2 pathways produces a synergistic effect on cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:890-909. [PMID: 27229930 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB) gene family are frequently dysregulated in a range of human cancers, and therapeutics targeting these proteins are in clinical use. We hypothesized that similar pathways are involved in feline and canine tumours and that the same drugs may be of clinical use in veterinary patients. We investigated EGFR and ERBB2 targeting using a panel of feline and canine cell lines. EGFR and ERBB2 were targeted with siRNAs or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and their effect on cellular proliferation, colony formation and migration was investigated in vitro. Here we report that EGFR and ERBB2 combined siRNA targeting produced synergistic effects in feline and canine cell lines similar to that reported in human cell lines. We conclude that dual EGFR and ERBB2 targeting using TKIs should be further evaluated as a potential new therapeutic strategy in feline head and neck and mammary tumours and canine mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Lee
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A L McDowell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M Erskine
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Q T M Loh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - O Grice
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G T Bergkvist
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Diessler ME, Castellano MC, Portiansky EL, Burns S, Idiart JR. Canine mammary carcinomas: influence of histological grade, vascular invasion, proliferation, microvessel density and VEGFR2 expression on lymph node status and survival time. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:450-461. [PMID: 26833549 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous invasive non-inflammatory canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and their regional lymph nodes (LN) were analysed (n = 136). Histological grade (HG) and vascular invasion (VI) in the tumours and lymph node status were recorded. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression were estimated using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-Flk-1, respectively. Eighteen months follow-up was performed (34 bitches). Tumours of different grades showed differences regarding PI, Flk-1/integrated optical density (Flk-1/IOD) and MVD. Every feature showed significant association with LN status through bivariate analyses. From multivariate analyses, VI and Flk-1/IOD were selected to predict LN status. Data revealed that the probability of a CMC-bearing bitch to remain alive at 1, 4, 5 and 14-18 months was 0.91, 0.87, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Besides LN status, VI was the only feature positively correlated with survival time, although a trend to shorter survival of animal patients bearing high expressing VEGFR2 CMC was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Diessler
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Castellano
- Clínica de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - E L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Burns
- LISEA (Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Idiart
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial "Dr. B. Epstein", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Matos A, Santos A. Advances in the understanding of the clinically relevant genetic pathways and molecular aspects of canine mammary tumours: Part 1. Proliferation, apoptosis and DNA repair. Vet J 2015; 205:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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33
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Investigation of HER2 expression in canine mammary tumors by antibody-based, transcriptomic and mass spectrometry analysis: is the dog a suitable animal model for human breast cancer? Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9083-91. [PMID: 26088453 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share many features with human breast cancer (HBC), specifically concerning cancer-related pathways. Although the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) plays a significant role as a therapeutic and prognostic biomarker in HBC, its relevance in the pathogenesis and prognosis of CMT is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate HER2 expression in canine mammary hyperplasic and neoplastic tissues as well as to evaluate the specificity of the most commonly used polyclonal anti HER2 antibody by multiple molecular approaches. HER2 protein and RNA expression were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. A strong cell membrane associated with non-specific cytoplasmic staining was observed in 22% of carcinomas by IHC. Adenomas and carcinomas exhibited a significantly higher HER2 mRNA expression when compared to normal mammary glands, although no significant difference between benign and malignant tumors was noticed by qRT-PCR. The IHC results suggest a lack of specificity of the FDA-approved antibody in CMT samples as further demonstrated by Western immunoblotting (WB) and reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). Furthemore, HER2 was not detected by mass spectrometry (MS) in a protein-expressing carcinoma at the IHC investigation. This study highlights that caution needs to be used when trying to translate from human to veterinary medicine information concerning cancer-related biomarkers and pathways. Further investigations are necessary to carefully assess the diagnostic and biological role specifically exerted by HER2 in CMTs and the use of canine mammary tumors as a model of HER2 over-expressing breast cancer.
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Rasotto R, Goldschmidt MH, Castagnaro M, Carnier P, Caliari D, Zappulli V. The dog as a natural animal model for study of the mammary myoepithelial basal cell lineage and its role in mammary carcinogenesis. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:166-80. [PMID: 24975897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like tumours constitute 2-18% of all human breast cancers (HBCs). These tumours have a basal myoepithelial phenotype and it has been hypothesized that they originate from either myoepithelial cells or mammary progenitor cells. They are heterogeneous in morphology, clinical presentation, outcome and response to therapy. Canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) have epidemiological and biological similarities to HBCs, are frequently biphasic and are composed of two distinct neoplastic populations (epithelial and myoepithelial). The present study evaluates the potential of CMCs as a natural model for basal-like HBCs. Single and double immunohistochemistry was performed on serial sections of 10 normal canine mammary glands and 65 CMCs to evaluate expression of cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, CK5, CK14, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), calponin (CALP), p63 and vimentin (VIM). The tumours were also evaluated for Ki67 and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 expression. A hierarchical model of cell differentiation was established, similar to that for the human breast. We hypothesized that progenitor cells (CK5(+), CK14(+), p63(+) and VIM(+)) differentiate into terminally-differentiated luminal glandular (CK8/18(+)) and myoepithelial (CALP(+), SMA(+) and VIM(+)) cells via intermediary luminal glandular cells (CK5(+), CK14(+) and CK8/CK18(+)) and intermediary myoepithelial cells (CK5(+), CK14(+), p63(+), SMA(+), CALP(+) and VIM(+)). Neoplastic myoepithelial cells in canine complex carcinomas had labelling similar to that of terminally-differentiated myoepithelial cells, while those of carcinomas-and-malignant myoepitheliomas with a more aggressive biological behaviour (i.e. higher frequency of vascular/lymph node invasion and visceral metastases and higher risk of tumour-related death) were comparable with intermediary myoepithelial cells and had significantly higher Ki67 expression. The majority of CMCs examined were negative for expression of HER-2. The biphasic appearance of CMCs with involvement of the myoepithelial component in different stages of cell differentiation may help to define the role of myoepithelial cells in the mammary carcinogenetic process and the heterogeneous nature of basal-like HBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rasotto
- Pathology Department, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - M H Goldschmidt
- Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - P Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - D Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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EGFR, HER-2 and KRAS in canine gastric epithelial tumors: a potential human model? PLoS One 2014; 9:e85388. [PMID: 24454858 PMCID: PMC3893207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER-1) and its analog c-erbB-2 (HER-2) are protein tyrosine kinases correlated with prognosis and response to therapy in a variety of human cancers. KRAS mediates the transduction of signals between EGFR and the nucleus, and its mutation has been identified as a predictor of resistance to anti-EGFR drugs. In human oncology, the importance of the EGFR/HER-2/KRAS signalling pathway in gastric cancer is well established, and HER-2 testing is required before initiating therapy. Conversely, this pathway has never been investigated in canine gastric tumours. A total of 19 canine gastric epithelial neoplasms (5 adenomas and 14 carcinomas) were retrospectively evaluated for EGFR/HER-2 immunohistochemical expression and KRAS mutational status. Five (35.7%) carcinomas were classified as intestinal-type and 9 (64.3%) as diffuse-type. EGFR was overexpressed (≥1+) in 8 (42.1%) cases and HER-2 (3+) in 11 (57.9%) cases, regardless of tumour location or biological behaviour. The percentage of EGFR-positive tumours was significantly higher in the intestinal-type (80%) than in the diffuse-type (11.1%, p = 0.023). KRAS gene was wild type in 18 cases, whereas one mucinous carcinoma harboured a point mutation at codon 12 (G12R). EGFR and HER-2 may be promising prognostic and therapeutic targets in canine gastric epithelial neoplasms. The potential presence of KRAS mutation should be taken into account as a possible mechanism of drug resistance. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of dog as a model for human gastric cancer.
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Peña L, Gama A, Goldschmidt MH, Abadie J, Benazzi C, Castagnaro M, Díez L, Gärtner F, Hellmén E, Kiupel M, Millán Y, Miller MA, Nguyen F, Poli A, Sarli G, Zappulli V, de las Mulas JM. Canine mammary tumors: a review and consensus of standard guidelines on epithelial and myoepithelial phenotype markers, HER2, and hormone receptor assessment using immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:127-45. [PMID: 24227007 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been several studies on the use of immunohistochemical biomarkers of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), the results are difficult to compare. This article provides guidelines on the most useful immunohistochemical markers to standardize their use and understand how outcomes are measured, thus ensuring reproducibility of results. We have reviewed the biomarkers of canine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells and identified those biomarkers that are most useful and those biomarkers for invasion and lymph node micrometastatic disease. A 10% threshold for positive reaction for most of these markers is recommended. Guidelines on immunolabeling for HER2, estrogen receptors (ERs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) are provided along with the specific recommendations for interpretation of the results for each of these biomarkers in CMTs. Only 3+ HER2-positive tumors should be considered positive, as found in human breast cancer. The lack of any known response to adjuvant endocrine therapy of ER- and PR-positive CMTs prevents the use of the biological positive/negative threshold used in human breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry results of ER and PR in CMTs should be reported as the sum of the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of immunolabeling (Allred score). Incorporation of these recommendations in future studies, either prospective or retrospective, will provide a mechanism for the direct comparison of studies and will help to determine whether these biomarkers have prognostic significance. Finally, these biomarkers may ascertain the most appropriate treatment(s) for canine malignant mammary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Carretera de la Coruña s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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