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Shanker EM, Beck AP. If you give a mouse a mutation: comparing the therapeutic utility of renowned mouse models of human cancers. J Comp Pathol 2023; 203:26-30. [PMID: 37236009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the breast, prostate and intestinal tract account for most cancer-associated deaths in humans and represent several of the highest incidence human neoplasms. Therefore, understanding the underlying pathophysiology, including the formation and propagation of these cancers, is key to designing potential treatments. Over the last 50 years or more, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been instrumental platforms to our discovery of neoplastic disease as many follow near-identical molecular and histological progression as human tumours. In this mini review, we summarize three key preclinical models and focus on some of the major findings in relation to clinical care. We discuss the MMTV-PyMT (polyomavirus middle T antigen) mouse, TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) mouse and APCMin (multiple intestinal neoplasm mutation of APC gene) mouse, which mimic breast, prostate and intestinal cancers, respectively. We aim to describe the significant contributions these GEMMs have made to our collective understanding of high-incidence cancers as well as briefly discuss the limitations of each model as a device for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayna M Shanker
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Rd, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Rd, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Tosti E, Almeida AS, Tran TT, Barbachan e Silva M, Broin PÓ, Dubin R, Chen K, Beck AP, Mclellan AS, Vilar E, Golden A, O’Toole PW, Edelmann W. Loss of MMR and TGFBR2 Increases the Susceptibility to Microbiota-Dependent Inflammation-Associated Colon Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:693-717. [PMID: 35688320 PMCID: PMC9421583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes are causative in Lynch syndrome and a significant proportion of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs). MMR-deficient (dMMR) CRCs display increased mutation rates, with mutations frequently accumulating at short repetitive DNA sequences throughout the genome (microsatellite instability). The TGFBR2 gene is one of the most frequently mutated genes in dMMR CRCs. Therefore, we generated an animal model to study how the loss of both TGFBR2 signaling impacts dMMR-driven intestinal tumorigenesis in vivo and explore the impact of the gut microbiota. METHODS We generated VCMsh2/Tgfbr2 mice in which Msh2loxP and Tgfbr2loxP alleles are inactivated by Villin-Cre recombinase in the intestinal epithelium. VCMsh2/Tgfbr2 mice were analyzed for their rate of intestinal cancer development and for the mutational spectra and gene expression profiles of tumors. In addition, we assessed the impact of chemically induced chronic inflammation and gut microbiota composition on colorectal tumorigenesis. RESULTS VCMsh2/Tgfbr2 mice developed small intestinal adenocarcinomas and CRCs with histopathological features highly similar to CRCs in Lynch syndrome patients. The CRCs in VCMsh2/Tgfbr2 mice were associated with the presence of colitis and displayed genetic and histological features that resembled inflammation-associated CRCs in human patients. The development of CRCs in VCMsh2/Tgfbr2 mice was strongly modulated by the gut microbiota composition, which in turn was impacted by the TGFBR2 status of the tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a synergistic interaction between MMR and TGFBR2 inactivation in inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis and highlight the crucial impact of the gut microbiota on modulating the incidence of inflammation-associated CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tosti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Elena Tosti, PhD, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. fax: 718-430-8574
| | - Ana S. Almeida
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tam T.T. Tran
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mariel Barbachan e Silva
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pilib Ó. Broin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert Dubin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Andrew S. Mclellan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron Golden
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York,Winfried Edelmann, PhD, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. fax: 718-430-8574.
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Meyerholz DK, Adissu HA, Carvalho T, Atkins HM, Rissi DR, Beck AP, Ward JM, Piersigilli A. Exclusion of Expert Contributors From Authorship Limits the Quality of Scientific Articles. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:650-654. [PMID: 33906549 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211011943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pathologists are key contributors to multidisciplinary biomedical research. However, they are occasionally excluded from authorship in published articles despite their substantial intellectual and data contributions. To better understand the potential origins and implications of this practice, we identified and analyzed 29 scientific publications where the contributing pathologist was excluded as an author. The amount of pathologist-generated data contributions were similar to the calculated average contributions for authors, suggesting that the amount of data contributed by the pathologist was not a valid factor for their exclusion from authorship. We then studied publications with pathologist-generated contributions to compare the effects of inclusion or exclusion of the pathologist as an author. Exclusion of the pathologist from authorship was associated with significantly lower markers of rigor and reproducibility compared to articles in which the pathologist was included as author. Although this study did not find justification for the exclusion of pathologists from authorship, potential consequences of their exclusion on data quality were readily detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Current address:Alessandra Piersigilli, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Animal models have critical roles in biomedical research in promoting understanding of human disease and facilitating development of new therapies and diagnostic techniques to improve human and animal health. In the study of myriad human conditions, each model requires in-depth characterization of its assets and limitations in order for it to be used to greatest advantage. Veterinary pathology expertise is critical in understanding the relevance and translational validity of animal models to conditions under study, assessing morbidity and mortality, and validating outcomes as relevant or not to the study interventions. Clear communication with investigators and education of research personnel on the use and interpretation of pathology endpoints in animal models are critical to the success of any research program. The veterinary pathologist is underutilized in biomedical research due to many factors including misconceptions about high fiscal costs, lack of perceived value, limited recognition of their expertise, and the generally low number of veterinary pathologists currently employed in biomedical research. As members of the multidisciplinary research team, veterinary pathologists have an important role to educate scientists, ensure accurate interpretation of pathology data, maximize rigor, and ensure reproducibility to provide the most reliable data for animal models in biomedical research.
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Abstract
Animal models are a significant component of biomedical research and play an important role in translational studies. Traditionally, rodent models have been the mainstay and principal choice of researchers but in recent years, there have been significant changes in the landscape of animal modeling. For example, newer techniques have greatly expanded the use and successful application of large animal models such as pigs for translational studies. The evolving types and species of animal models can influence the research landscape in terms of facilities, expertise, reproducibility and funding streams, which creates new challenges for research studies. It is also important that investigators are prepared to address the necessity of their animal model research and capable to educate the public regarding its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Cao W, Kayama H, Chen ML, Delmas A, Sun A, Kim SY, Rangarajan ES, McKevitt K, Beck AP, Jackson CB, Crynen G, Oikonomopoulos A, Lacey PN, Martinez GJ, Izard T, Lorenz RG, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Abreu MT, Hommes DW, Koralov SB, Takeda K, Sundrud MS. The Xenobiotic Transporter Mdr1 Enforces T Cell Homeostasis in the Presence of Intestinal Bile Acids. Immunity 2020; 52:571. [PMID: 32187521 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Emergent coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Lung infection is a common clinical feature and contributes to disease severity as well as viral transmission. Animal models are often required to study viral infections and therapies, especially during an initial outbreak. Histopathology studies allow for identification of lesions and affected cell types to better understand viral pathogenesis and clarify effective therapies. Use of immunostaining allows detection of presumed viral receptors and viral tropism for cells can be evaluated to correlate with lesions. In the lung, lesions and immunostaining can be qualitatively described to define the cell types, microanatomic location, and type of changes seen. These features are important and necessary, but this approach can have limitations when comparing treatment groups. Semiquantitative and quantitative tissue scores are more rigorous as these provide the ability to statistically compare groups and increase the reproducibility and rigor of the study. This review describes principles, approaches, and resources that can be useful to evaluate coronavirus lung infection, focusing on MER-CoV infection as the principal example.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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11
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Zeiss CJ, Shin D, Vander Wyk B, Beck AP, Zatz N, Sneiderman CA, Kilicoglu H. Menagerie: A text-mining tool to support animal-human translation in neurodegeneration research. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226176. [PMID: 31846471 PMCID: PMC6917268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery studies in animals constitute a cornerstone of biomedical research, but suffer from lack of generalizability to human populations. We propose that large-scale interrogation of these data could reveal patterns of animal use that could narrow the translational divide. We describe a text-mining approach that extracts translationally useful data from PubMed abstracts. These comprise six modules: species, model, genes, interventions/disease modifiers, overall outcome and functional outcome measures. Existing National Library of Medicine natural language processing tools (SemRep, GNormPlus and the Chemical annotator) underpin the program and are further augmented by various rules, term lists, and machine learning models. Evaluation of the program using a 98-abstract test set achieved F1 scores ranging from 0.75-0.95 across all modules, and exceeded F1 scores obtained from comparable baseline programs. Next, the program was applied to a larger 14,481 abstract data set (2008-2017). Expected and previously identified patterns of species and model use for the field were obtained. As previously noted, the majority of studies reported promising outcomes. Longitudinal patterns of intervention type or gene mentions were demonstrated, and patterns of animal model use characteristic of the Parkinson's disease field were confirmed. The primary function of the program is to overcome low external validity of animal model systems by aggregating evidence across a diversity of models that capture different aspects of a multifaceted cellular process. Some aspects of the tool are generalizable, whereas others are field-specific. In the initial version presented here, we demonstrate proof of concept within a single disease area, Parkinson's disease. However, the program can be expanded in modular fashion to support a wider range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dongwook Shin
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brent Vander Wyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalie Zatz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Sneiderman
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Halil Kilicoglu
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Abstract
Failure to reproduce results from some scientific studies has raised awareness of the critical need for reproducibility in translational studies. Macroscopic and microscopic examination is a common approach to determine changes in tissues, but text descriptions and visual images have limitations for group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring is a way of transforming qualitative tissue data into numerical data that allow more robust group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring has broad uses in preclinical and clinical studies for evaluation of tissue lesions. Reproducibility can be improved by constraining bias through appropriate experimental design, randomization of tissues, effective use of multidisciplinary collaborations, and valid masking procedures. Scoring can be applied to tissue lesions (eg, size, distribution, characteristics) and also to tissues through evaluation of staining distribution and intensity. Semiquantitative scores should be validated to demonstrate relevance to biological data and to demonstrate observer reproducibility. Statistical analysis should make use of appropriate tests to give robust confidence in the results and interpretations. Following key principles of semiquantitative scoring will not only enhance descriptive tissue evaluation but also improve quality, reproducibility, and rigor of tissue studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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13
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Barahman M, Zhang W, Harris HY, Aiyer A, Kabarriti R, Kinkhabwala M, Roy-Chowdhury N, Beck AP, Scanlan TS, Roy-Chowdhury J, Asp P, Guha C. Radiation-primed hepatocyte transplantation in murine monogeneic dyslipidemia normalizes cholesterol and prevents atherosclerosis. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1170-1179. [PMID: 30654068 PMCID: PMC6986679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inherited abnormalities in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) function result in early onset cardiovascular disease and death. Currently, the only curative therapy available is liver transplantation. Hepatocyte transplantation is a potential alternative; however, physiological levels of hepatocyte engraftment and repopulation require transplanted cells to have a competitive proliferative advantage of over host hepatocytes. Herein, we aimed to test the efficacy and safety of a novel preparative regimen for hepatocyte transplantation. METHODS Herein, we used an ApoE-deficient mouse model to test the efficacy of a new regimen for hepatocyte transplantation. We used image-guided external-beam hepatic irradiation targeting the median and right lobes of the liver to enhance cell transplant engraftment. This was combined with administration of the hepatic mitogen GC-1, a thyroid hormone receptor-β agonist mimetic, which was used to promote repopulation. RESULTS The non-invasive preparative regimen of hepatic irradiation and GC-1 was well-tolerated in ApoE-/- mice. This regimen led to robust liver repopulation by transplanted hepatocytes, which was associated with significant reductions in serum cholesterol levels after transplantation. Additionally, in mice receiving this regimen, ApoE was detected in the circulation 4 weeks after treatment and did not induce an immunological response. Importantly, the normalization of serum cholesterol prevented the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in this model. CONCLUSIONS Significant hepatic repopulation and the cure of dyslipidemia in this model, using a novel and well-tolerated preparative regimen, demonstrate the clinical potential of applying this method to the treatment of inherited metabolic diseases of the liver. LAY SUMMARY Hepatocyte transplantation is a promising alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases. However, it is inefficient, as restricted growth of transplanted cells in the liver limits its therapeutic benefits. Preparative treatments improve the efficiency of this procedure, but no clinically-feasible options are currently available. In this study we develop a novel well-tolerated preparative treatment to improve growth of cells in the liver and then demonstrate that this treatment completely cures an inherited lipid disorder in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Barahman
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Hillary Yaffe Harris
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Anita Aiyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rafi Kabarriti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Milan Kinkhabwala
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,Department of Genetics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,Department of Genetics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Patrik Asp
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; The Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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14
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Wahezi SE, Mohamed SE, Lederman A, Beck AP. Aggregation properties of triamcinolone acetonide injection in human serum: considerations when performing epidural steroid injections. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1033-1039. [PMID: 30936741 PMCID: PMC6430988 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s181038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morbidity has been reported as a sequelae of crystalline steroid epidural steroid injections (ESIs), and particulate steroid size, aggregation, and embolization in brain and spinal cord may be the mechanism related to these neurologic effects. Objective The objective of the study was to examine the aggregation properties of triamcinolone acetonide in commonly used local anesthetics with and without human serum. Setting This study was conducted in an academic tertiary care center. Hypothesis Triamcinolone acetonide shows different aggregation characteristics in serum compared to a non-physiologic solution. Design Triamcinolone acetonide was mixed with lidocaine 1% (first group) and bupivacaine 0.5% (second group) in a 1:1 ratio and then mixed with either distilled water (control group) or serum ex vivo. A pathologist blinded to our hypothesis inspected all solutions under light microscopy with 100× and 400× magnifications. Total number of particulate steroid aggregates and the number of particles forming each aggregate (recorded as single,1 double,2 triple,3 quadruple,4 or large [>4} crystals) were counted. Particle size and aggregate size were measured (in μm). The ratios of quadruple to total aggregates, large to total, and quadruple with large to total aggregates were calculated. Steroid-serum solutions and steroid-sterile water were then compared. Results Triamcinolone aggregates showed an increased crystal and aggregate size when compared with other steroids. Within the triamcinolone subgroup, the mixture of lidocaine 1% and serum resulted in the largest crystal aggregates. Limitations Whole blood analysis may have provided a more physiologically accurate model but was not chosen due to poor microscopic analysis. Serum donor variability may also have affected particle characteristics. Conclusion Fewer large triamcinolone aggregates were noted in the presence of serum when compared to the non-serum control groups. However, when compared to previously studied particulate steroids, it had the largest aggregates when added to serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed E Wahezi
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,
| | - Salah Eldin Mohamed
- Burke Rehabilitation Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Lederman
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Meyerholz DK, Beck AP. Airway Caliber is Linked to Wall Thickness in Mice: Implications for Morphometry. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Goeken JA, Leidinger MR, Ofori-Amanfo GK, Brown HC, Businga TR, Stoltz DA, Reznikov LR, Flaherty HA. Glycogen depletion can increase the specificity of mucin detection in airway tissues. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:763. [PMID: 30359291 PMCID: PMC6203197 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mucin is an important parameter for detection and assessment in studies of airway disease including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Histochemical techniques are often used to evaluate mucin in tissues sections. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) is a common technique to detect neutral mucins in tissue, but this technique also detects other tissue components including cellular glycogen. We tested whether depletion of glycogen, a common cellular constituent, could impact the detection of mucin in the surface epithelium of the trachea. Results Normal tissues stained by PAS had significantly more staining than serial sections of glycogen-depleted tissue with PAS staining (i.e. dPAS technique) based on both quantitative analysis and semiquantitative scores. Most of the excess stain by the PAS technique was detected in ciliated cells adjacent to goblet cells. We also compared normal tissues using the Alcian blue technique, which does not have reported glycogen staining, with the dPAS technique. These groups had similar amounts of staining consistent with a high degree of mucin specificity. Our results suggest that when using PAS techniques to stain airways, the dPAS approach is preferred as it enhances the specificity for airway mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mariah R Leidinger
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Georgina K Ofori-Amanfo
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hannah C Brown
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Thomas R Businga
- Department of Pathology, 1165ML, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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17
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Caswell JL, Bassel LL, Rothenburger JL, Gröne A, Sargeant JM, Beck AP, Ekman S, Gibson-Corley KN, Kuiken T, LaDouceur EEB, Meyerholz DK, Origgi FC, Posthaus H, Priestnall SL, Ressel L, Sharkey L, Teixeira LBC, Uchida K, Ward JM, Webster JD, Yamate J. Observational Study Design in Veterinary Pathology, Part 2: Methodology. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:774-785. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies are a basis for much of our knowledge of veterinary pathology, yet considerations for conducting pathology-based observational studies are not readily available. In part 1 of this series, we offered advice on planning and carrying out an observational study. Part 2 of the series focuses on methodology. Our general recommendations are to consider using already-validated methods, published guidelines, data from primary sources, and quantitative analyses. We discuss 3 common methods in pathology research—histopathologic scoring, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction—to illustrate principles of method validation. Some aspects of quality control include use of clear objective grading criteria, validation of key reagents, assessing sample quality, determining specificity and sensitivity, use of technical and biologic negative and positive controls, blinding of investigators, approaches to minimizing operator-dependent variation, measuring technical variation, and consistency in analysis of the different study groups. We close by discussing approaches to increasing the rigor of observational studies by corroborating results with complementary methods, using sufficiently large numbers of study subjects, consideration of the data in light of similar published studies, replicating the results in a second study population, and critical analysis of the study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura L. Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie L. Rothenburger
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David K. Meyerholz
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 1165 Medical Laboratories, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Histopathology remains an important source of descriptive biological data in biomedical research. Recent petitions for enhanced reproducibility in scientific studies have elevated the role of tissue scoring (semiquantitative and quantitative) in research studies. Effective tissue scoring requires appropriate statistical analysis to help validate the group comparisons and give the pathologist confidence in interpreting the data. Each statistical test is typically founded on underlying assumptions regarding the data. If the underlying assumptions of a statistical test do not match the data, then these tests can lead to increased risk of erroneous interpretations of the data. The choice of appropriate statistical test is influenced by the study's experimental design and resultant data (eg, paired vs unpaired, normality, number of groups, etc). Here, we identify 3 common pitfalls in the analysis of tissue scores: shopping for significance, overuse of paired t-tests, and misguided analysis of multiple groups. Finally, we encourage pathologists to use the full breadth of resources available to them, such as using statistical software, reading key publications about statistical approaches, and identifying a statistician to serve as a collaborator on the multidisciplinary research team. These collective resources can be helpful in choosing the appropriate statistical test for tissue-scoring data to provide the most valid interpretation for the pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- 2 Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Dordt College, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- 3 Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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19
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Caswell JL, Bassel LL, Rothenburger JL, Gröne A, Sargeant JM, Beck AP, Ekman S, Gibson-Corley KN, Kuiken T, LaDouceur EEB, Meyerholz DK, Origgi FC, Posthaus H, Priestnall SL, Ressel L, Sharkey L, Teixeira LBC, Uchida K, Ward JM, Webster JD, Yamate J. Observational Study Design in Veterinary Pathology, Part 1: Study Design. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:607-621. [PMID: 30071806 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818785705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies are the basis for much of our knowledge of veterinary pathology and are highly relevant to the daily practice of pathology. However, recommendations for conducting pathology-based observational studies are not readily available. In part 1 of this series, we offer advice on planning and conducting an observational study with examples from the veterinary pathology literature. Investigators should recognize the importance of creativity, insight, and innovation in devising studies that solve problems and fill important gaps in knowledge. Studies should focus on specific and testable hypotheses, questions, or objectives. The methodology is developed to support these goals. We consider the merits and limitations of different types of analytic and descriptive studies, as well as of prospective vs retrospective enrollment. Investigators should define clear inclusion and exclusion criteria and select adequate numbers of study subjects, including careful selection of the most appropriate controls. Studies of causality must consider the temporal relationships between variables and the advantages of measuring incident cases rather than prevalent cases. Investigators must consider unique aspects of studies based on archived laboratory case material and take particular care to consider and mitigate the potential for selection bias and information bias. We close by discussing approaches to adding value and impact to observational studies. Part 2 of the series focuses on methodology and validation of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Caswell
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura L Bassel
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- 2 Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Gröne
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- 4 Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda P Beck
- 5 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stina Ekman
- 6 Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- 7 Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- 8 Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David K Meyerholz
- 10 University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Francesco C Origgi
- 11 Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- 12 Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- 13 Deparment Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- 14 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- 15 Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, N. Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- 16 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- 17 Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jyoji Yamate
- 20 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Cao W, Kayama H, Chen ML, Delmas A, Sun A, Kim SY, Rangarajan ES, McKevitt K, Beck AP, Jackson CB, Crynen G, Oikonomopoulos A, Lacey PN, Martinez GJ, Izard T, Lorenz RG, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Abreu MT, Hommes DW, Koralov SB, Takeda K, Sundrud MS. The Xenobiotic Transporter Mdr1 Enforces T Cell Homeostasis in the Presence of Intestinal Bile Acids. Immunity 2017; 47:1182-1196.e10. [PMID: 29262351 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are tightly regulated by microbiota in the intestine, but whether intestinal T cells interface with host-derived metabolites is less clear. Here, we show that CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells upregulated the xenobiotic transporter, Mdr1, in the ileum to maintain homeostasis in the presence of bile acids. Whereas wild-type Teff cells upregulated Mdr1 in the ileum, those lacking Mdr1 displayed mucosal dysfunction and induced Crohn's disease-like ileitis following transfer into Rag1-/- hosts. Mdr1 mitigated oxidative stress and enforced homeostasis in Teff cells exposed to conjugated bile acids (CBAs), a class of liver-derived emulsifying agents that actively circulate through the ileal mucosa. Blocking ileal CBA reabsorption in transferred Rag1-/- mice restored Mdr1-deficient Teff cell homeostasis and attenuated ileitis. Further, a subset of ileal Crohn's disease patients displayed MDR1 loss of function. Together, these results suggest that coordinated interaction between mucosal Teff cells and CBAs in the ileum regulate intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mei Lan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amber Delmas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amy Sun
- Department of Pathology , New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Rodent Genetic Engineering Core , New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kelly McKevitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Cody B Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Precious N Lacey
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Tina Izard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Robin G Lorenz
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel W Hommes
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology , New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature in several types of lung disease and is a frequent end point to validate lung disease models, evaluate genetic or environmental impact on disease severity, or test the efficacy of new therapies. Questions relevant to a study should be defined during experimental design and techniques selected to specifically address these scientific queries. In this review, the authors focus primarily on the breadth of techniques to evaluate lung inflammation that have both clinical and preclinical applications. Stratification of approaches to assess lung inflammation can diminish weaknesses inherent to each technique, provide data validation, and increase the reproducibility of a study. Specialized techniques (eg, imaging, pathology) often require experienced personnel to collect, evaluate, and interpret the data; these experts should be active contributors to the research team through reporting of the data. Scoring of tissue lesions is a useful method to transform observational pathologic data into semiquantitative or quantitative data for statistical analysis and enhanced rigor. Each technique to evaluate lung inflammation has advantages and limitations; understanding these parameters can help identify approaches that best complement one another to increase the rigor and translational significance of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Meyerholz
- 1 Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jessica C Sieren
- 2 Department of Radiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- 4 Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- 5 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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22
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Tabrizian T, Wang D, Guan F, Hu Z, Beck AP, Delahaye F, Huffman DM. Apc inactivation, but not obesity, synergizes with Pten deficiency to drive intestinal stem cell-derived tumorigenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:253-265. [PMID: 28351943 PMCID: PMC5505256 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer and can accelerate Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell (ISC)-derived tumorigenesis after the inactivation of Apc However, whether non-canonical pathways involving PI3K-Akt signaling in ISCs can lead to tumor formation, and if this can be further exacerbated by obesity is unknown. Despite the synergy between Pten and Apc inactivation in epithelial cells on intestinal tumor formation, their combined role in Lgr5+-ISCs, which are the most rapidly dividing ISC population in the intestine, is unknown. Lgr5+-GFP mice were provided low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 months, and the transcriptome was evaluated in Lgr5+-ISCs. For tumor studies, Lgr5+-GFP and Lgr5+-GFP-Ptenflox/flox mice were tamoxifen treated to inactivate Pten in ISCs and provided LFD or HFD until 14-15 months of age. Finally, various combinations of Lgr5+-ISC-specific, Apc- and Pten-deleted mice were generated and evaluated for histopathology and survival. HFD did not overtly alter Akt signaling in ISCs, but did increase other metabolic pathways. Pten deficiency, but not HFD, increased BrdU-positive cells in the small intestine (P < 0.05). However, combining Pten and Apc deficiency synergistically increased proliferative markers, tumor pathology and mortality, in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.05). In summary, we show that HFD alone fails to drive Akt signaling in ISCs and that Pten deficiency is dispensable as a tumor suppressor in Lgr5+-ISCs. However, combining Pten and Apc deficiency in ISCs synergistically increases proliferation, tumor formation and mortality. Thus, aberrant Wnt/β-catenin, rather than PI3K-Akt signaling, is requisite for obesity to drive Lgr5+ ISC-derived tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Tabrizian
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Fangxia Guan
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Zunju Hu
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's HealthAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of PathologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Institute for Aging ResearchAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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23
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Opoku-Acheampong AB, Henningson JN, Beck AP, Lindshield BL. 5α-reductase 1 mRNA levels are positively correlated with TRAMP mouse prostate most severe lesion scores. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175874. [PMID: 28493878 PMCID: PMC5426600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The contribution of 5α-reductase 1 and 5α-reductase 2 to prostate cancer development and progression is not clearly understood. TRAMP mice are a common prostate cancer model, in which 5α-reductase 1 and 5α-reductase 2 expression levels, along with prostate lesions scores, have not been investigated at different time points to further understand prostate carcinogenesis. Method/Principal findings To this end, 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-week-old male C57BL/6TRAMP x FVB mice prostate most severe and most common lesion scores, 5α-reductase 1 and 5α-reductase 2 in situ hybridization expression, and Ki-67, androgen receptor, and apoptosis immunohistochemistry levels were measured. Levels of these markers were quantified in prostate epithelium, hyperplasia, and tumors sections. Mice developed low- to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia at 8 weeks as the most severe and most common lesions, and moderate- and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia at 12 and 16 weeks as the most severe lesion in all lobes. Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was observed at 20 weeks in all lobes. Poorly differentiated carcinoma was not observed in any lobe until 12-weeks-old. 5α-reductase 1 and 5α-reductase 2 were not significantly decreased in tumors compared to prostate epithelium and hyperplasia in all groups, while proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen receptor were either notably or significantly decreased in tumors compared with prostate epithelium and hyperplasia in most or all groups. Prostate 5αR1 levels were positively correlated with adjusted prostate most severe lesion scores. Conclusion Downregulation of androgen receptor and 5α-reductase 2, along with upregulation of 5α-reductase 1 in tumors may promote prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer development in TRAMP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Opoku-Acheampong
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Jamie N. Henningson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Lindshield
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Sundrud MS, Cao W, Kayama H, Chen ML, Delmas A, Sun A, Kim SY, McKevitt K, Rangarajan ES, Beck AP, Oikonomopoulos A, Lacey PN, Martinez GJ, Izard T, Lorenz RG, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Abreu MT, Hommes DW, Koralov SB, Takeda K. The xenobiotic transporter Mdr1 permits T cell adaptation to mucosa-associated bile acids in the ileum. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.65.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal CD4+ T helper (TH) cells are subject to extensive regulation by microbiota. By contrast, it is not known whether or how TH cells interface with other, host-derived intestinal metabolites. Here we show that bile acids directly regulate mucosal TH cell function in the distal small intestine (i.e., ileum) via the xenobiotic transporter, Mdr1. Using both Mdr1-dependent dye efflux and a novel CRISPR-generated Mdr1 reporter mouse, we show that wild type RORγt+IL-17A+ (Th17) and RORγt-IFNγ+ (Th1) cells upregulate Mdr1 expression upon migration into the ileum. By contrast, germline ablation or shRNAmir-mediated knockdown of Mdr1 in Th17 and Th1 cells results in local dysfunction in the ileum, and these cells transfer Crohn’s disease-like ileitis in Rag1−/− hosts. Mdr1 enforces Th17 and Th1 cell survival and limits pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα, IFNγ) expression in the presence of conjugated bile acids (CBAs), which are actively reabsorbed through the ileal mucosa as a function of enterohepatic bile acid circulation. Accordingly, genetic or pharmacologic blockade of ileal CBA reabsorption restores Mdr1-deficient Th17 and Th1 cell homeostasis in ilea of transferred Rag1−/− hosts and rescues ileitis. In addition, MDR1 loss-of-function is evident in both ileitis-prone (SAMP1/YitFc) mice, and a subset of ileal Crohn’s disease patients. These data indicate that coordinated, local and druggable interactions between mucosal TH cells and mucosa-associated bile acids in the ileum contribute to intestinal immune homeostasis.
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25
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Beck AP, Shima AL, Bennett MD, Johnson LK. Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Northern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus). Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010010. [PMID: 29056669 PMCID: PMC5606615 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from a handful of notable exceptions, neoplasia is not reported as a major cause of mortality in wild animal populations and often goes undetected. For northern brown bandicoots specifically, there are few reported tumors in the literature and on file in the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health. This report describes a case of squamous cell carcinoma in a northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus), with metastases to the draining lymph nodes and lung. This neoplasm consisted predominantly of well-differentiated squamous cells and multifocal keratin pearls, with areas possibly consistent with epithelial to mesenchymal transition, as identified by positive immunohistochemical staining by both pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and vimentin. Additional investigations were negative for bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Amy L Shima
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Mark D Bennett
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street Campus, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Linda K Johnson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia.
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Zeiss CJ, Allore HG, Beck AP. Established patterns of animal study design undermine translation of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171790. [PMID: 28182759 PMCID: PMC5300282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative disease has been disappointing. Parkinson's disease (PD) was used to compare patterns of preclinical study design for symptomatic and potentially disease-modifying interventions. We examined the relationship of model, intervention type and timing, outcomes and outcome measures in 543 animal and human studies (1973-2015) across a contemporary cohort of animal and human interventional studies (n = 445), animal studies for approved interventions (n = 28), animal and human studies for those that failed to translate (n = 70). Detailed study design data were collected for 216 studies in non-human primate (NHP) and rodent toxin-induced models. Species-specific patterns of study design prevailed regardless of whether interventions were symptomatic or potentially disease-modifying. In humans and NHPs, interventions were typically given to both sexes well after the PD phenotype was established, and clinical outcome measures were collected at single (symptomatic) or multiple (disease-modifying) time-points. In rodents, interventions often preceded induction of the model, acute toxic protocols were common, usually given to young males, clinical outcome measures were used less commonly, and outcomes were less commonly assessed at multiple time points. These patterns were more prevalent in mice than rats. In contrast, study design factors such as randomization and blinding did not differ appreciably across symptomatic and disease-modifying intervention categories. The translational gap for potentially disease-modifying interventions in PD in part results from study designs, particularly in mice, that fail to model the progressive nature and relatively late intervention characteristic of PD, or that anchor mechanistic and neuropathologic data to longitudinal clinical outcomes. Even if measures to improve reproducibility are broadly adopted, perpetuation of these norms will continue to impede effective translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Heather G. Allore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Beck AP, Magden ER, Buchl SJ, Baze WB. Malignant Neoplasia of the Sex Skin in 2 Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Comp Med 2016; 66:154-161. [PMID: 27053571 PMCID: PMC4825966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This report describes 2 cases of spontaneous malignant neoplasia within the sex skin of aged female chimpanzees. In both cases, the initial presentation resembled nonhealing traumatic wounds to the sex skin, with different degrees of infection, ulceration, and tissue necrosis. Histopathology of the lesions confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in one case and of adenocarcinoma with metastasis in the other. Advanced age and previous trauma likely contributed to the development of the neoplasias in both cases; long-term sun exposure may also have contributed to the development of the squamous cell carcinoma. To our knowledge, these 2 cases represent the first reports of sex skin neoplasia in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Michaele E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Magden
- Michaele E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie J Buchl
- Michaele E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Wallace B Baze
- Michaele E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
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28
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Chaffee BK, Beck AP, Owston MA, Kumar S, Baze WB, Magden ER, Dick EJ, Lammey M, Abee CR. Spontaneous Reproductive Tract Lesions in Aged Captive Chimpanzees. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:425-35. [PMID: 26823448 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815620654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have served as an important model for studies of reproductive diseases and aging-related disorders in humans. However, limited information is available about spontaneously occurring reproductive tract lesions in aging chimpanzees. In this article, the authors present histopathologic descriptions of lesions identified in the reproductive tract, including the mammary gland, of 33 female and 34 male aged chimpanzees from 3 captive populations. The most common findings in female chimpanzees were ovarian atrophy, uterine leiomyoma, adenomyosis, and endometrial atrophy. The most common findings in male chimpanzees were seminiferous tubule degeneration and lymphocytic infiltrates in the prostate gland. Other less common lesions included an ovarian granulosa cell tumor, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, an endometrial polyp, uterine artery hypertrophy and mineralization, atrophic vaginitis, mammary gland inflammation, prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, dilated seminal vesicles, a sperm granuloma, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the epididymis. The findings in this study closely mimic changes described in the reproductive tract of aged humans, with the exception of a lack of malignant changes observed in the mammary gland and prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Chaffee
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - A P Beck
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - M A Owston
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S Kumar
- National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - W B Baze
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - E R Magden
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - E J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Lammey
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Alamogordo, NM, USA
| | - C R Abee
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
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29
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Beck AP, Gray SB, Chaffee BK. Disseminated Hemangiosarcoma in a Juvenile Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2016; 66:246-253. [PMID: 27298251 PMCID: PMC4907535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of vascular endothelial origin that is sporadically reported in rhesus macaques. This report describes the clinicopathologic features of a 1-y-old rhesus macaque with spontaneous disseminated hemangiosarcoma that originally presented as a focal cutaneous mass. Histopathologic examination of multiple tumor foci revealed regions in which the neoplastic cells formed diffuse sheets, as well as the well-defined vascular channels typically associated with hemangiosarcoma. Multiple endothelial cell immunomarkers were used to confirm the diagnosis in this rhesus macaque. The tumor exhibited staining properties consistent with those seen in domestic animals and humans. In addition, to our knowledge, this animal represents the youngest case of any form of spontaneous hemangiosarcoma reported in the rhesus macaque to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Stanton B Gray
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Beth K Chaffee
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
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30
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Smith PC, Zeiss CJ, Beck AP, Scholz JA. Demodex musculi Infestation in Genetically Immunomodulated Mice. Comp Med 2016; 66:278-285. [PMID: 27538858 PMCID: PMC4983169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Demodex musculi, a prostigmatid mite that has been reported infrequently in laboratory mice, has been identified with increasing frequency in contemporary colonies of immunodeficient mice. Here we describe 2 episodes of D. musculi infestation with associated clinical signs in various genetically engineered mouse strains, as well as treatment strategies and an investigation into transmissibility and host susceptibility. The first case involved D. musculi associated with clinical signs and pathologic lesions in BALB/c-Tg(DO11.10)Il13(tm) mice, which have a defect in type 2 helper T cell (Th2) immunity. Subsequent investigation revealed mite transmission to both parental strains (BALB/c-Tg[DO11.10] and BALB/c-Il13(tm)), BALB/c-Il13/Il4(tm), and wild-type BALB/c. All Tg(DO11.10)Il13(tm) mice remained infested throughout the investigation, and D. musculi were recovered from all strains when they were cohoused with BALB/c-Tg(DO11.10)Il13(tm) index mice. However, only Il13(tm) and Il13/Il4(tm) mice demonstrated persistent infestation after index mice were removed. Only BALB/c-Tg(DO11.10)Il13(tm) showed clinical signs, suggesting that the phenotypic dysfunction of Th2 immunity is sufficient for persistent infestation, whereas clinical disease associated with D. musculi appears to be genotype-specific. This pattern was further exemplified in the second case, which involved NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2r(tm1Wjl)/SzJ (NSG) and C;129S4 Rag2(tm1.1Flv) Il2rg(tm1.1Flv)/J mice with varying degrees of blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and facial pruritis. Topical amitraz decreased mite burden but did not eliminate infestation or markedly ameliorate clinical signs. Furthermore, mite burden began to increase by 1 mo posttreatment, suggesting that topical amitraz is an ineffective treatment for D. musculi. These experiences illustrate the need for vigilance regarding opportunistic and uncommon pathogens in rodent colonies, especially among mice with immunologic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Smith
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi A Scholz
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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32
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Beck AP, Brooks A, Zeiss CJ. Invasive ductular carcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2014; 64:314-322. [PMID: 25296018 PMCID: PMC4170097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, with an estimated lifetime incidence of approximately 12% in American women. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common form of breast cancer in women, accounting for approximately 60% of all breast carcinomas. Prognostic markers are used to assess aggressiveness, invasiveness, and extent of spread of a neoplasm and thus may be correlated with patient survival. Immunohistochemistry is currently widely used for this purpose, with a variety of prognostication markers available. Classic markers for breast cancer in women include estrogen and progesterone receptor steroid hormone proteins and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Many additional markers have been used in diagnosis and prognostication, including p53, p63, and E-cadherin and cell proliferation markers such as Ki67. Despite an estimated lifetime incidence of approximately 6.1%, naturally occurring mammary neoplasms in nonhuman primates are uncommonly reported, with only sporadic references over the past 75 y. The majority of reported tumors occur in rhesus macaques, although this prevalence has been suggested to be a consequence of their high frequency of usage in biomedical research. Here we present 2 cases of mammary carcinoma in adult female intact rhesus macaques, with cytology, histopathology, and extensive immunohistochemical analysis. According to current classifications for human breast tumors, both tumors were classified as invasive ductal carcinoma. The prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in human breast cancer and in reported cases in nonhuman primates is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biopsy/veterinary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/veterinary
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Macaca mulatta
- Mammary Glands, Animal/chemistry
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/surgery
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/surgery
- Mastectomy/veterinary
- Monkey Diseases/metabolism
- Monkey Diseases/pathology
- Monkey Diseases/surgery
- Predictive Value of Tests
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Amos Brooks
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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33
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Caporizzo DJ, Kwiatkowski AE, Chen MK, Beck AP, Booth CJ, Zeiss C, Smith PC, Carlson Scholz JA, Wilson SR. Use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography to aid in diagnosing intestinal adenocarcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2014; 64:211-220. [PMID: 24956213 PMCID: PMC4067585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two aged female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) presented with weight loss and intermittent inappetence. The signalment and constellation of clinical signs led clinicians to suspect the presence of intestinal adenocarcinoma. Because of each animal's advanced age and inconclusive radiographic findings, a noninvasive diagnostic tool was preferred over exploratory laparotomy to assist in determining a diagnosis. Consequently, 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-CT (FDG-PET-CT) was chosen to aid in confirming a suspicion of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in both animals. FDG is a glucose analogue labeled with fluorine-18 and is taken up by highly metabolically active cells, as observed in many cancers. Tomography revealed an annular constriction of the small intestine with focal FDG uptake in one animal, and an FDG avid transmural mass in the ascending colon of the second animal. Necropsy later confirmed both sites to be adenocarcinomas. This report supports the use of FDG-PET-CT as an adjunct to conventional radiography in the diagnosis of intestinal adenocarcinoma in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Caporizzo
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticu, USAt
| | - Anna E Kwiatkowski
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter C Smith
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jodi A Carlson Scholz
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven R Wilson
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Beck AP, Erdelyi I, Zeiss CJ. Endometrial decidualization and deciduosis in aged rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2014; 64:148-156. [PMID: 24674591 PMCID: PMC3997294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Superficial decidualization of the endometrial stroma is an essential feature of the implantation stage of pregnancy in rhesus macaques and other primates. Decidualization involves proliferation of the endometrial stromal cells, with differentiation into morphologically distinct decidual cells. Previous reports involving nonpregnant rhesus monkeys have described local- ized and widespread endometrial decidualization in response to administration of progesterone and synthetic progestogens. Ectopic decidua or 'deciduosis' describes the condition in which groups of decidual cells are located outside of the endometrium, most often in the ovaries, uterus and cervix but also in various other organs. In humans, most cases of deciduosis are associated with normal pregnancy, and ectopic decidua can be found in the ovary in nearly all term pregnancies. Here we describe pronounced endometrial decidualization in 2 rhesus macaques. Both macaques had been treated long-term with medroxyprogesterone acetate for presumed endometriosis, which was confirmed in one of the macaques at postmortem examination. In one animal, florid extrauterine and peritoneal serosal decidualization was admixed multifocally with carcinomatosis from a primary colonic adenocarcinoma. Cells constituting endometrial and serosal decidualization reactions were immunopositive for the stromal markers CD10, collagen IV, smooth muscle actin, and vimentin and immunonegative for cytokeratin. In contrast, carcinomatous foci were cytokeratin-positive. To our knowledge, this report describes the first cases of serosal peritoneal decidualization in rhesus macaques. The concurrent presentation of serosal peritoneal decidualization with carcinomatosis is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Ildiko Erdelyi
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Opoku-Acheampong AB, Unis D, Henningson JN, Beck AP, Lindshield BL. Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of finasteride and dutasteride in TRAMP mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77738. [PMID: 24204943 PMCID: PMC3799703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) and Reduction by dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial found that 5α-reductase (5αR) inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride respectively, decreased prostate cancer prevalence but also increased the incidence of high-grade tumors. 5αR2 is the main isoenzyme in normal prostate tissue; however, most prostate tumors have high 5αR1 and low 5αR2 expression. Because finasteride inhibits only 5αR2, we hypothesized that it would not be as efficacious in preventing prostate cancer development and/or progression in C57BL/6 TRAMP x FVB mice as dutasteride, which inhibits both 5αR1 and 5αR2. Method/Principal Findings Six-week-old C57BL/6 TRAMP x FVB male mice were randomized to AIN93G control or pre- and post- finasteride and dutasteride diet (83.3 mg drug/kg diet) groups (n =30–33) that began at 6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively, and were terminated at 20 weeks of age. The pre- and post- finasteride and dutasteride groups were designed to test the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs, respectively. Final body weights, genitourinary tract weights, and genitourinary tract weights as percentage of body weights were significantly decreased in the Pre- and Post-dutasteride groups compared with the control. The Post-dutasteride group showed the greatest inhibition of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia progression and prostate cancer development. Surprisingly, the Post-dutasteride group showed improved outcomes compared with the Pre-dutasteride group, which had increased incidence of high-grade carcinoma as the most common and most severe lesions in a majority of prostate lobes. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found little benefit from the finasteride diets, and they increased the incidence of high-grade carcinoma. Conclusion Our findings have commonalities with previously reported PCPT, REDUCE, and the Reduction by dutasteride of Clinical Progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) trial results. Our results may support the therapeutic use of dutasteride, but not finasteride, for therapeutic or preventive use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Unis
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jamie N. Henningson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Lindshield
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Basel MT, Balivada S, Beck AP, Kerrigan MA, Pyle MM, Dekkers JCM, Wyatt CR, Rowland RRR, Anderson DE, Bossmann SH, Troyer DL. Human xenografts are not rejected in a naturally occurring immunodeficient porcine line: a human tumor model in pigs. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:63-8. [PMID: 23514746 PMCID: PMC3559234 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models for cancer therapy are invaluable for preclinical testing of potential cancer treatments; however, therapies tested in such models often fail to translate into clinical settings. Therefore, a better preclinical model for cancer treatment testing is needed. Here we demonstrate that an immunodeficient line of pigs can host and support the growth of xenografted human tumors and has the potential to be an effective animal model for cancer therapy. Wild-type and immunodeficient pigs were injected subcutaneously in the left ear with human melanoma cells (A375SM cells) and in the right ear with human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). All immunodeficient pigs developed tumors that were verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. Nonaffected littermates did not develop tumors. Immunodeficient pigs, which do not reject xenografted human tumors, have the potential to become an extremely useful animal model for cancer therapy because of their similarity in size, anatomy, and physiology to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Basel
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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37
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Opoku‐Acheampong AB, Unis D, Beck AP, Henningson J, Lindshield BL. The preventive and therapeutic efficacy of finasteride and dutasteride in TRAMP mice. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1104.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Unis
- Department of Human NutritionKansas State UniversityManhattanKS
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Jamie Henningson
- College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKS
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Abstract
Congenital ocular disease occurs uncommonly in cattle, with multiple abnormalities reported only sporadically in the literature. This report describes a case of anterior segment dysgenesis resulting in glaucoma in a 4-month-old Texas Longhorn steer. On clinical exam, bilateral buphthalmia was present and intraocular pressures exceeded 47 mm Hg in both eyes. On histopathologic examination, the iridocorneal angle and filtration apparatus were distorted due to collapse of the ciliary cleft and anterior displacement of the anterior portion of the ciliary body. No evidence of inflammation or other causes of glaucoma were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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39
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Beck AP, Jones ML. Chondrosarcoma of the scapula of an 8-month-old Holstein steer. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:791-3. [PMID: 22604772 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712445774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant neoplasms occur commonly in cattle, with lymphosarcoma being the most common. Chondrosarcoma rarely has been described and only in mature cattle. The present report describes a chondrosarcoma of the left scapula of an 8-month-old Holstein steer. Histologic examination of the mass revealed an unencapsulated, multilobular neoplasm composed of neoplastic spindle cells embedded in irregular islands of chondroid matrix, consistent with a diagnosis of chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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40
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Balivada S, Basel MT, Pyle M, Beck AP, Cino-Ozuna AG, Kerrigan MA, Hill JL, Wyatt CR, Rowland RRR, Troyer DL. Abstract LB-116: Immunodeficient pigs as a large animal model for human tumors. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Currently, SCID mice are the major biomedical model for the study of human cancer and other diseases; however, they can be a poor model because there is a large discrepancy in body size and physiology between rodents and humans. Since most new anticancer drugs are first evaluated in rodents, most fail in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Thus, there is a tremendous demand for more sophisticated animal models, which may improve the translation efficiency from preclinical to clinical studies. We recently identified pigs that are severely immunocompromised. Here we tested these pigs as a model for human tumors. Three immunodeficient (ID) pigs and three normal (WT) pigs, six weeks of age, were tested for their ability to allow xenotransplanted human tumors to grow. Each pig was transplanted with 4 million A375 human malignant melanoma cells subcutaneously into the left ear and 4 million PANC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells subcutaneously into the right ear on day 0. The ID pigs were euthanized 6, 14, or 23 days after cell transplantation, based on their health condition. Palpable melanoma tumors were identified on day 13 after cell transplantation in the two remaining ID pigs. After euthanasia, full necropsy was performed on all pigs; tissues were collected from ears and other organs for histopathological analysis. Melanoma and pancreatic tumor xenotransplants were identified histologically in all three ID pigs. The presence of human cancer cells in these pigs was further verified with anti-human mitochondrial immunohistochemistry. No transplanted tumors were found, grossly, histologically, or immunohistochemically, in the WT pigs. We propose that this genetic line of ID pigs may prove to be a useful large animal model for human tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-116. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-116
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Abstract
Factor analysis was used to evaluate the short form of Yalom's Curative Factors Scale with data from 372 participants in the 1986 American Group Psychotherapy Association Institute Groups. With the data randomly assigned to three subgroups, results showed 10 scale items loading on three factors across all three subgroups. When the data was organized into two self-selected subgroups corresponding to the two Institute group categories, factor analyses showed the first factor to be consistent with the previous analyses, but other factors showed differences interpreted to be characteristic of the two groups' modalities. The study suggests a framework for understanding the concept of therapeutic factors and how they work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Stone
- Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL 60610
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Abstract
This is the first phase in the design of a sociometric test for the empirical identification of four leadership roles: Task, Emotional, Scapegoat, and Defiant Leaders and one Nonleader member role. Eighteen different questions have been used in studying 273 cases in 31 closed psychotherapy groups. (1) A factor analysis identified two factors that describe an involvement/commitment dimension (Factor 1) and a positive/negative change dimension (Factor 2). (2) A discriminant function analysis showed that the five roles were differentiated at a statistically significant level. (3) Role assignments, based on weights, produced by this test were compared to clinically identified leaders with an overall hit rate of 97%, indicating a low error factor when the formulas were applied to this data base. Steps for the next phases in the construction of this test are outlined.
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Beck AP. [Nursing the aged patient. Ethics, a reflection, a choice]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 1986; 79:89-90. [PMID: 3634851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Beck AP. [The aged: the desire for and the proximity of death]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 1982:101-1. [PMID: 6281517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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