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Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu W, Xie S, Ren X, Yan L, Liang D, Gao T, Fu T, Zhang Z, Huang H. Genetic Background of Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate Acid Concentrations in Early-Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows Based on Genome-Wide Association Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:412. [PMID: 38674346 PMCID: PMC11049649 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in the early lactation of dairy cows. It is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood. This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of blood BHB and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the estimated breeding value. Phenotypic data were collected from December 2019 to August 2023, comprising blood BHB concentrations in 45,617 Holstein cows during the three weeks post-calving across seven dairy farms. Genotypic data were obtained using the Neogen Geneseek Genomic Profiler (GGP) Bovine 100 K SNP Chip and GGP Bovine SNP50 v3 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) for genotyping. The estimated heritability and repeatability values for blood BHB levels were 0.167 and 0.175, respectively. The GWAS result detected a total of ten genome-wide significant associations with blood BHB. Significant SNPs were distributed in Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, and 23, with 48 annotated candidate genes. These potential genes included those associated with insulin regulation, such as INSIG2, and those linked to fatty acid metabolism, such as HADHB, HADHA, and PANK2. Enrichment analysis of the candidate genes for blood BHB revealed the molecular functions and biological processes involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism in dairy cattle. The identification of novel genomic regions in this study contributes to the characterization of key genes and pathways that elucidate susceptibility to ketosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuoqi Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yan
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tengyun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Hetian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Rodriguez Z, Picasso-Risso C, Gaire TN, Nakagawa K, Noyes N, Cramer G, Caixeta L. Evaluating variations in metabolic profiles during the dry period related to the time of hyperketonemia onset in dairy cows. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289165. [PMID: 37561770 PMCID: PMC10414630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperketonemia (HYK) in early lactation can have a different impact on health and productivity depending on the timing of HYK onset. While specific metabolites measured during the dry period may serve as biomarkers of HYK, the correlations between metabolites represent a challenge for the use of metabolic profiles dataset, and little has been explored on HYK. This exploratory cohort study aimed a) to characterize the correlations among metabolites measured during the late dry period in dairy cows, and b) to identify biomarkers in the late dry period associated with the onset of HYK at the first (wk1) and second (wk2) week of lactation. Individual blood samples from 440 Holstein dairy cows were collected at 21 ± 3 days before expected parturition. From each sample, 36 different metabolites were measured in serum and plasma. Hyperketonemia was diagnosed in wk1 and wk2 of lactation based on the blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB > 1.2 mmol/L). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce metabolites to a smaller number of uncorrelated components. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations between principal components (PC) and HYK at wk1 only (HYK+ wk1), wk2 only (HYK+ wk2), or both weeks (HYK+ wk1-2). The incidence of HYK was 16.2% in the first week, 13.0% in the second week, and 21.2% within the first two weeks of lactation. The results of PCA highlighted 10 PCs from which two were associated with HYK+ wk1 as compared with cows without HYK during the first two weeks of lactation (non-HYK); the PC a2 led by bilirubin and non-esterified fatty acids (OR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02-1.68), and the PC a5 led by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (OR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.61-4.97). There was no evidence of an association between any PC and HYK+ wk2 (vs. non-HYK cows). Cows with elevated PC a5 (led by ALP and GGT) in the dry period were 3.18 times more likely to be HYK+ wk1 than HYK+ wk2 (OR: 3.18, 95%CI: 1.34-8.73; P = 0.013). Overall, the main hypothesis generated by our exploratory study suggests that cows with biomarkers of liver dysfunction (ALP, GGT, bilirubin) assessed by PCA at 3 weeks before calving are more likely to develop HYK during the first week of lactation compared to the second week. In addition, results suggest that cows with HYK in both of the first two weeks of lactation had an overall metabolic disbalance during the onset of the late dry period, which based on PCs, encompass biomarkers related to glucogenic and ketogenic metabolic pathways as well as liver dysfunction and fatty liver. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms associated with the different adaptations between cows that develop HYK during the first and second week of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelmar Rodriguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Tara N. Gaire
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | | | - Noelle Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Gerard Cramer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Luciano Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Ning M, Zhao Y, Dai D, Yao C, Liu H, Fang L, Wang B, Zhang Y, Cao J. Gene co-expression network and differential expression analyses of subcutaneous white adipose tissue reveal novel insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00303-X. [PMID: 37268588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a common nutritional metabolic disease during the perinatal period in dairy cows. Although various risk factors have been identified, the molecular mechanism underlying ketosis remains elusive. In this study, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was biopsied for transcriptome sequencing on 10 Holstein cows with type II ketosis [blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) >1.4 mmol/L; Ket group] and another 10 cows without type II ketosis (BHB ≤1.4 mmol/L; Nket group) at d 10 after calving. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and BHB, as indicators of excessive fat mobilization and circulating ketone bodies, respectively, were significantly higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL), as indicators of liver damage, were higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the sWAT transcriptome revealed modules significantly correlated with serum BHB, NEFA, AST, TBIL, and total cholesterol. The genes in these modules were enriched in the regulation of the lipid biosynthesis process. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) was identified as the key hub gene by intramodular connectivity, gene significance, and module membership. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses for these samples, as well as a set of independent samples, validated the downregulation of NTRK2 expression in the sWAT of dairy cows with type II ketosis. NTRK2 encodes tyrosine protein kinase receptor B (TrkB), which is a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting that abnormal lipid mobilization in cows with type II ketosis might be associated with impaired central nervous system regulation of adipose tissue metabolism, providing a novel insight into the pathogenesis underlying type II ketosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huatao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- The Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics (QGG), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Chen YH, Chen YM, Tu PA, Lee KH, Chen JY, Hsu JT. Effect of Supplementing Vitamin E, Selenium, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese during the Transition Period on Dairy Cow Reproductive Performance and Immune Function. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030225. [PMID: 36977264 PMCID: PMC10059820 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition dairy cows are challenged by various stresses such as decreased dry matter intake, liver dysfunction, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress, particularly in subtropical regions. These might increase the requirement for vitamin E and trace elements. To examine whether supplementation of vitamin E, selenium or copper, zinc, and manganese complex would help transition dairy cows to achieve greater reproduction performance by overcoming the immune function and postpartum disorders in subtropical Taiwan. A total of 24 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups (n = 8 cows/group): treatment 1 supplemented with organic selenium and vitamin E (SeE), treatment 2 supplemented with organic copper, zinc, and manganese complex (CZM) and control (CON). The results showed SeE supplementation improved immune function, reproductive performance, and milk yield, but not negative energy balance status. Supplementation of CZM improved milk yield and energy regulation through antioxidative capacity and immune function, but had no influence on reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Taipei Zoo, No. 30, Sec. 2, Xinguang Road., Wenshan Dist., Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Miaoli Animal Care and Health Office, No. 382-1, Yuqing Road., Miaoli City 360, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Tu
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 368, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 368, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Yi Chen
- Hsinchu Branch, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung City 368, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Tay Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-33664153
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Malledevarahalli Chandrappa S, Pascottini OB, Opsomer G, Meineri G, Martino NA, Banchi P, Vincenti L, Ricci A. Circulating and endometrial cell oxidative stress in dairy cows diagnosed with metritis. Theriogenology 2023; 198:217-223. [PMID: 36610371 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows diagnosed with metritis may experience a greater degree of oxidative stress (OS) and a deficit in the antioxidative capacity compared to healthy cows. We aimed to assess circulating OS markers and endometrial cell mitochondrial function, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mean endometrial nuclear cell area in postpartum cows diagnosed with metritis or as healthy. From an initial pool of 121 Holstein cows, we retrospectively selected 34 cows and balanced for metritis (n = 17) or healthy (n = 17). Metritis was defined as an enlarged uterus with red-brown watery or thick off-white purulent discharge occurring within 21 days postpartum. Cows with no signs of clinical disease (including dystocia or retained placenta) were referred to as healthy. Blood samples for serum reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM), antioxidants (OXY), and oxidative status index (OSI) tests, evaluated via photometric determination of plasma thiols, were performed at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days postpartum. Furthermore, from the initial pool, a random subset of 5 cows diagnosed with metritis and 6 diagnosed as healthy we collected (at the same time points as for the blood samples) endometrial cytology samples using the cytobrush technique. From the uterine samples, we evaluated the endometrial cell mitochondrial function, intracellular ROS levels, and the endometrial cell nuclear area using MitoTracker Orange, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and Hoechst 33258, respectively. Mixed linear regression models, accounting for repeated measurements, were fitted to assess the effect of metritis versus healthy on circulating and endometrial cell OS parameters and endometrial cell size. The effect of days postpartum and its interaction with uterine health status were forced into each model. Serum concentrations of d-ROMs and OSI were greater in metritis at 7, 14, and 35 days postpartum than in healthy cows. Interestingly, the mean endometrial cell nuclear area was lower in metritis than healthy cows at 14 and 21 days postpartum. We found no differences between metritis and healthy for endometrial cell mitochondrial function and intracellular ROS production. In conclusion, cows diagnosed with metritis experienced greater systemic OS levels than healthy cows, but their OS was not higher in the uterine milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Malledevarahalli Chandrappa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Martino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies & Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Penelope Banchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leila Vincenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
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Mõtus K, Niine T. Cow culling patterns in eight commercial Estonian dairy herds and farmers' behaviour in reporting culling reasons. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:190-206. [PMID: 35988344 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the culling-related metrics, identify the culling reason patterns for cows by developing and implementing the cow culling form (CCF), and analyse the concordance of farmers' stated culling reasons with those identified based on the CCF. A CCF was developed to register the disease history and conditions of cows that were related to culling. CCFs were completed by farm managers and veterinarians in eight dairy herds over a one-year period for slaughtered (n = 686) and dead (n = 250) cows. Completed CCFs were interpreted by the study authors to identify underlying, intermediate, influential, and immediate culling reasons. The identified culling reasons were compared to those reported by producers. The mean annual cow culling rate of the study farms was 31.8%, and the average on-farm mortality was 9.3%. Of the 250 cows that died on the farms, 43.6% were euthanised. Only 2% of the cows were slaughtered due to low milk yield. In total, 260 and 119 unique three-reason culling codes were created for slaughtered and dead cows, respectively. Single disease or condition causing slaughter or death of cows was identified in 44.8% and 52.0% of the cases, respectively. Producers' reported culling reasons concurred with the underlying culling reason in 72.6% and 63.6% of slaughtered and dead cows, respectively. A high variety of agreements between the farmers' reported and CCF-based culling codes was identified across single culling reasons. Improved registration of culling reasons is required to support informed herd-based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerli Mõtus
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Niine
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia
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Mohsin MA, Yu H, He R, Wang P, Gan L, Du Y, Huang Y, Abro MB, Sohaib S, Pierzchala M, Sobiech P, Miętkiewska K, Pareek CS, He BX. Differentiation of Subclinical Ketosis and Liver Function Test Indices in Adipose Tissues Associated With Hyperketonemia in Postpartum Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:796494. [PMID: 35187139 PMCID: PMC8850981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.796494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Past studies suggested that during early lactation and the transition period, higher plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in subclinical ketosis (SCK) might involve the initiation of body adipose tissues mobilization, resulting in metabolic disorders in ruminants particularly hyperketonemia. The upregulated GH mRNA expression in adipose tissue may take part in the adipolysis process in SCK-affected cows that paves a way for study further. This study aimed to characterize the plasma levels of GH, β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose (GLu) in ketotic cows and healthy control (CON) cows; to measure the liver function test (LFT) indices in ketotic and healthy CON cows, and finally the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay of candidate genes expressed in adipose tissues of ketotic and healthy CON cows during 0 to 7 week postpartum. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment-1 involved 21 Holstein cows weighing 500–600 kg with 2–5 parities. Results showed that GH, BHBA, and NEFA levels in ketotic cows were significantly higher and the GLu level significantly lower. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of GH with BHBA, NEFA, and GLu in ketotic and healthy CON cows. In experiment-2, dynamic monitoring of LFT indices namely, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and albumin/globulin (A/G) were examined. The TBIL, DBIL, and GGT indices were significantly higher in ketotic cows and TP was significantly lower. In experiment-3, mRNA expression levels of GHR and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) genes in adipose tissue were significantly upregulated in ketotic cows. However, the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) genes in adipose tissue were downregulated in ketotic cows. Our study concluded that during postpartum, higher plasma GH levels in SCK cows might involve the initiation of body adipose tissue mobilization, resulting in hyperketonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Mohsin
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiru Yu
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongze He
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yulan Du
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunfei Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Bakhsh Abro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Sarmad Sohaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Mariusz Pierzchala
- Department of Genomics and Biodiversity, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sobiech
- Internal Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Klaudia Miętkiewska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Research, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Chandra S. Pareek
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Division of Functional Genomics in Biological and Biomedical Research, Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Bao Xiang He
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Bao Xiang He
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Global prevalence of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2022; 144:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Accuracy of Subclinical Ketosis Detection with Rapid Test Methods for BHBA in Blood in Commercial Dairy Farms. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study gives an overview of the performance and accuracy of devices used for the fast measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood for the on-farm indication of subclinical ketosis. Data were collected on ten dairy farms. In each farm, blood samples were taken from ten cows on four test days (2, 4, 9 and 11), resulting in 400 samples. The reference method was the BHBA concentration in blood serum (BHBALAB). Four different devices that measure BHBA in whole blood were tested. The thresholds applied for identifying subclinical ketosis were ≥1.0, ≥1.2 and ≥1.4 mmol/L in blood serum. The BHBALAB was assigned in three classes: low—≤0.9 mmol/L; high—>0.9 mmol/L; and total—all values unclassified. Due to initial negative effects on the health and performance of cows with BHBA levels ≥0.9 mmol/L, this cut-off was chosen. The Passing–Bablok regression revealed different constant as well as absolute biases for each device in the aforementioned classes. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve indicated highly accurate results, with 94–97% accuracy levels. As an overall conclusion, the performance of the devices was good and supports their use by farmers for the detection of subclinical ketotic cows in their herds.
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Suthar VS, Patil DB. Diagnostic performance of the BHBCheck β-hydroxybutyrate meter for hyperketonaemia in Indian cows and buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:501. [PMID: 34613489 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the electronic handheld BHBCheck meter (BHM) (PortaCheck, Inc., USA) to determine whole blood, plasma and serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) against serum BHB determined using reference laboratory method of Randox D-3 Hydroxybutyrate Ranbut assay (RSM) in Indian dairy cows and buffaloes. Blood samples were collected by puncturing coccygeal vessels for determining whole blood, serum and plasma BHB using BHM and serum BHB using RSM from 217 cows (Gir breed; median 42 DIM and 3rd lactation) and 223 buffaloes (non-descript; median 39 DIM and 3rd lactation) from nearby herds. The Pearson's correlation between whole blood (0.988; 0.987), plasma (0.985; 0.983) and serum (0.985; 0.983) BHB determined using the BHM and serum BHB determined with the RSM in Indian cows and buffaloes, respectively, were significant. Bland-Altman plot demonstrated an excellent agreement between whole blood, plasma and serum BHB determined with BHM, against the serum BHB determined with RSM in Indian cows and buffaloes, respectively. For hyperketonaemia with reference serum BHB cut-off values ≥ 1.2 and 1.4 mmol/L determined with RSM, it recorded optimized BHB thresholds, sensitivity and specificity for whole blood (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 91 to 95% and 88 to 98%), plasma (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 91 and 100%) and serum (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 92 to 100% and 85 to 94%) with BHM in cows and buffaloes, respectively. In conclusion, BHB determined with BHM demonstrated an excellent correlation, agreement and test characteristics with BHB determined with RSM and hence can accurately determine whole blood, plasma and serum BHB in cows and buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Suthar
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| | - D B Patil
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
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Shi Z, Song Y, Gao X, Loor JJ, Aboragah A, Yu H, Fang Z, Zhu Y, Du X, Li X, Gao W, Liu G. Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis exacerbates liver injury in clinically ketotic cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9130-9141. [PMID: 34001360 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, a condition termed "ER stress," contributes to the development of liver injury in nonruminants. Because liver injury is a prominent pathological feature associated with overproduction of ketone bodies in dairy cows with ketosis, understanding the ER stress state and its functional consequences on liver injury is of particular interest. Here, 30 multiparous cows (within 3 wk postpartum) classified based on blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as healthy (n = 15, BHB <0.6 mM) or clinically ketotic (n = 15, BHB >3.0 mM) were used. Compared with healthy cows, ketotic cows had greater levels of serum fatty acids and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase but lower serum glucose. Furthermore, dairy cows with ketosis had greater protein abundance of ER stress markers in liver tissue, including protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring protein-1α (IRE1α), and cleaved activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6). Cows with ketosis also had higher mRNA levels of hepatic 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1). These data confirmed an enhanced ER stress state in clinically ketotic cows. To explore whether enhanced hepatic ER stress was induced by elevated ketone bodies and the possible contribution of ER stress to liver injury, in vitro experiments were then performed using isolated primary calf hepatocytes treated with incremental concentrations of BHB (0, 0.6, 1.2, 3.0, and 4.8 mM) for 12 h with or without overexpression of GRP78 (the master regulator of unfolded protein response). Phosphorylation levels of PERK and IRE1α proteins, level of cleaved ATF6 protein, and mRNA abundance of GRP78 and sXBP1 in hepatocytes increased after treatment with high (3.0 and 4.8 mM) BHB, indicating a mechanistic link between excessive BHB and enhanced hepatic ER stress. Furthermore, treatment with 3.0 and 4.8 mM BHB markedly elevated activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in cell supernatant, indicating exacerbated hepatocyte damage after ER stress was enhanced. Overexpression of GRP78 attenuated both BHB-induced ER stress and the ensuing cellular damage, suggesting that hepatocyte damage caused by excessive BHB can be mediated via enhanced ER stress. Overall, the present study revealed that ER stress may exacerbate liver injury development in clinically ketotic cows, underscoring the biological relevance of this pathway in the context of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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12
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Yazlık MO, Çolakoğlu HE, Pekcan M, Kaya U, Küplülü Ş, Kaçar C, Polat M, Vural MR. Effects of injectable trace element and vitamin supplementation during the gestational, peri-parturient, or early lactational periods on neutrophil functions and pregnancy rate in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 225:106686. [PMID: 33450436 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of injectable trace element and vitamin combination on phagocytic, oxidative burst activity of neutrophils and reproductive outcomes in dairy cows. Cows were to assigned to the following groups: (1) injectable trace element supplementation (ITES, n = 44, containing zinc, manganese, copper, selenium); (2) injectable vitamin supplementation (VIT, n = 48, containing vitamins A, D3, E); (3) ITES + VIT (n = 46); and (4) control (CON, n = 44). Cows were administered four injections between 230 and 260 days of the gestational period, on day of parturition, and 30 days postpartum. Neutrophil function was assessed at 10 days before and after calving. Phagocytosis was greater in cows of the ITES + VIT group at 10 days prepartum (P < 0.05) while oxidative burst was similar among groups. There were greater non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in cows of the ITES+VIT group at 10 days prepartum (P < 0.05). Cows supplemented with ITES+ VIT had less SOD activity than those supplemented with ITES or vitamin during the pre- to post-partum transition period (P < 0.05). The total odds of pregnancy were greater in cows supplemented with trace element and/or vitamin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of ITES and/or VIT resulted in an increased total pregnancy rate. Vitamin or trace element supplementation did not differ with the control group in both the prepartum and postpartum period for immune variables. There, however, was greater phagocytosis in cows supplemented with vitamin and trace elements during the prepartum period that might be related to metabolic-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Onur Yazlık
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Esra Çolakoğlu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, 31070, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Şükrü Küplülü
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Kaçar
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 36300, Kars, Turkey.
| | - Mert Polat
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 71450, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Rıfat Vural
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
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Shareef ABO, Luaibi OK. Clinical and Biochemical Profile of Iraqi Local Breed Cows During Pregnancy and Early Lactation. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i(e0).1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in Al-Alam region, which is located in Salah Al-Din Governorate, on first month pregnant Iraqi local cows (n-10). The follow up extended from the first month of pregnancy up to the end of the first month post-parturition during that some clinical and biochemical parameters were measured in the serum. Blood samples from the jugular vein of cows were collected monthly for the whole period of experiment and divided into four stages: early pregnancy, mid pregnancy, late pregnancy, and early lactation immediately after birth. It was observed that the temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate increased gradually and significantly (P≤0.05) with the progress of pregnancy reaching to its highest value in the last period of pregnancy and decreased after birth. The last trimester of pregnancy and the early lactation were also showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) of the phosphorus, calcium, iron, and copper concentrations compared to the first and second trimesters of the pregnancy however, significant increases in other biochemical values (P≤0.05) were observed in urea and creatinine concentrations in the last trimester of pregnancy and early lactation. In addition to a significant decrease (P≤0.05) of the ratios of concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, and globulin in the last period of pregnancy compared to other periods. The decrease in the value of globulin continued until the early birth period while the study did not show any significant difference in the concentration of bilirubin between durations. Finally, values of the ALT, AST and ALP enzymes showed significant increases (P≤0.05) in their concentrations in the last period of pregnancy. It is concluded that possible changes in the biochemical parameters of the local Iraqi cows’ blood during pregnancy and early lactation are existed
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Dervishi E, Plastow G, Hoff B, Colazo M. Common and specific mineral and metabolic features in dairy cows with clinical metritis, hypocalcaemia or ketosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:335-342. [PMID: 33153762 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate differences in serum concentration of metabolites, macro minerals and hepatic enzymes at pre and postpartum time-points in dairy cows diagnosed with clinical metritis, hypocalcaemia or ketosis postpartum. A total of 144 Holstein cows from 11 commercial dairy herds in Alberta, (Western Canada) were enrolled in this study. Cows with clinical metritis had lower serum concentrations of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) at pre and postpartum and lower total Ca, albumin, urea, and cholesterol at postpartum when compared to control cows. Cows with hypocalcaemia had greater serum concentrations of Na, Cl, and calculated osmolarity (CalOsmo) at prepartum and lower concentration of total serum Ca, glucose, cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), GLDH, total protein and albumin at postpartum. Prepartum serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), Cl, albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), Na, K and sum of Na and K were greater in ketotic cows when compared with control cows. Cows with ketosis had also greater postpartum serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB, GGT and aspartate transaminase (AST) when compared with control cows. Prepartum serum Na and Cl concentrations and CalOsmo were greater in cows diagnosed with hypocalcaemia or ketosis when compared with control cows. Furthermore, postpartum serum concentrations of total Ca, cholesterol, albumin and GLDH were significantly affected by hypocalcaemia or clinical metritis and concentrations of GGT by hypocalcaemia or ketosis. Finally, postpartum serum concentrations of haptoglobin increased in all disease groups when compared with control cows. These results suggest common metabolic features for clinical metritis, hypocalcaemia and ketosis in dairy cows in addition to the specific ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Dervishi
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brent Hoff
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Marcos Colazo
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Macmillan K, Gobikrushanth M, Behrouzi A, López-Helguera I, Cook N, Hoff B, Colazo M. The association of circulating prepartum metabolites, minerals, cytokines and hormones with postpartum health status in dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Karapinar T, Tumer KC, Buczinski S. Evaluation of the Freestyle Optium Neo H point-of-care device for measuring blood glucose concentrations in sick calves. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1650-1656. [PMID: 32420677 PMCID: PMC7379022 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on the performance of a glucometer in calves with different diseases are currently lacking. Objective The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a point of care glucometer in calves affected by different diseases relative to a traditional bench‐top autoanalyzer. Animals One hundred ninety‐six calves with different disorders in a referral hospital. Methods Prospective study. Venous blood samples were used for the determination of glucose concentrations in blood and plasma using the Freestyle Optium Neo H and autoanalyzer, respectively. Data were subjected to Passing‐Bablok regression and Bland‐Altman plots. The Freestyle Optium Neo H was the test method and the autoanalyzer was the reference method. The diagnostic performance of the glucometer relative to the autoanalyzer was assessed using 3 different plasma glucose concentrations. Results The Passing‐Bablok regression for the glucometer against the reference method revealed the presence of both proportional bias (1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07‐1.18) and constant bias (−11.25; 95% CI, −16.0 to −7.70). The glucometer yielded 92.2%‐100% sensitivity and 86.4%‐96% specificity for the assessing glucose concentration based on different concentration thresholds. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The Freestyle Optium Neo H showed proportional and constant biases relative to the reference method. The glucometer showed poor performance according to criteria recommended by the International Standards Organization and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. However, the glucometer determined hypoglycemia with high sensitivity and specificity therefore it might be used to diagnose hypoglycemia in calves with different diseases until calf‐specific POC glucometers are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Karapinar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cagri Tumer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Araújo CASC, Minervino AHH, Sousa RS, Oliveira FLC, Rodrigues FAML, Mori CS, Ortolani EL. Validation of a handheld β-hydroxybutyrate acid meter to identify hyperketonaemia in ewes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8933. [PMID: 32309049 PMCID: PMC7153552 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The end of pregnancy is the period with the highest risk of occurrences of ketosis and pregnancy toxemia due to fat mobilization and increasing non-esterified fatty acids in the liver which are converted in ketone bodies, mainly β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHB). This ketone body may also become elevated in the bloodstream. The present study validates the use of a handheld meter for determining the blood concentration of BHB and ascertaining the predictive value and accuracy of BHB measurements in diagnosing hyperketonaemia in ewes. Methods A total of 19, non-pregnant, crossbred ewes were subjected to 2 h of intravenous infusion of a saturated BHB solution. Over 6 h of evaluation, 247 blood samples were obtained in 13 sampling moments. The BHB concentration was measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method in an automated biochemical analyzer (gold-standard) and by a handheld meter using an electrochemical enzyme technique. Results There was a high correlation between both methods (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). Considering the blood BHB concentrations range 0.8–1.6 mmol/L for moderate ketosis the handheld meter presented sensitivity and specificity of 0.98 and 0.81, respectively. For severe ketosis (BHB ≥ 1.6 mmol/L) sensitivity and specificity were 0.99 and 0.75, respectively. Thus, the handheld device can be useful for diagnoses of cases of mild or severe pregnancy toxemia at field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rejane Santos Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Leonardo Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Satsuki Mori
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enrico Lippi Ortolani
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Gobikrushanth M, Macmillan K, Behrouzi A, López-Helguera I, Hoff B, Colazo M. Circulating Ca and its relationship with serum minerals, metabolic and nutritional profiles, health disorders, and productive and reproductive outcomes in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Daros RR, Eriksson HK, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. The relationship between transition period diseases and lameness, feeding time, and body condition during the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:649-665. [PMID: 31704020 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this longitudinal study, we tested the hypothesis that cows that are lame around dry-off are at increased risk of transition diseases (TD), including metritis, subclinical ketosis (SCK), retained fetal membranes, hypocalcemia, or displaced abomasum. We also hypothesized that the relationship between lameness and TD would be mediated through reduced feeding time. We enrolled 461 cows at 9 wk before their expected calving date on 6 commercial freestall farms in the lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Cows were gait-scored weekly using a scale of 1 to 5. Lameness status was classified based on consecutive gait scores as lame (2 consecutive gait scores = 3 or 1 score ≥4) or sound (2 consecutive gait scores ≤2). Lameness status was summarized as (1) lameness at dry-off (sound or lame); (2) lameness group (always sound = sound on all visits, chronically lame = lame on all visits, and other = changed from sound to lame or vice versa); and (3) proportion of weeks lame during the dry period. Body condition scores were recorded at dry-off and at calving and collectively used to calculate change in body condition for each cow. A subsample of cows (n = 159) was evaluated for feeding time once a week during the dry period. All cows were evaluated for SCK (positive = β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L) and metritis (positive = foul smell, red/brown watery vaginal discharge) every 3 to 4 d between d 3 and 17 after calving. We retrieved data on treatment of retained fetal membranes, hypocalcemia, and displaced abomasum during the first 17 d after calving, cow parity, and milk production in the previous lactation from farm records. We created a binary variable, TD (any of SCK, metritis, retained fetal membranes, hypocalcemia, or displaced abomasum), to differentiate between healthy cows and cows that developed TD. Lameness at dry-off was associated with the occurrence of metritis and TD, but not with SCK. Cows that were chronically lame and cows that had an increased proportion of weeks lame during the dry period had higher occurrence of metritis and TD. Lameness was also associated with reduced feeding time, which in turn was associated with increased likelihood of SCK and TD, but not with metritis. Lameness was not associated with change in body condition; however, cows that lost body condition score during the dry period had increased odds of developing SCK, metritis, and TD. Change in body condition was highly associated with body condition score at dry-off. These results suggest that association between lameness and TD is partially mediated through reduced feeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan R Daros
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hanna K Eriksson
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Lopes RB, Valldecabres A, Silva-Del-Río N. Technical note: Glucose concentration in dairy cows measured using 6 handheld meters designed for human use. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9401-9408. [PMID: 31378495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of 6 handheld glucose meters, designed for human use [Accu-Chek Aviva Plus (AC), Roche Diabetes Care, Mannheim, Germany; Aga Matrix (AM), AgaMatrix Inc., Salem, NH; Contour Next (CT), Bayer HealthCare LLC, Leverkusen, Germany; FreeStyle Precision Neo (FS), Abbott Diabetes Care Ltd., Alameda, CA; Nova Max Plus (NM), Nova Biomedical Corporation, Waltham, MA; and Precision Xtra (PX), Abbott Diabetes Care Ltd., Witney, UK] to measure blood glucose concentration in dairy cows. Blood samples from Jersey and Jersey × Holstein crossbreed cows (n = 97 for all; except CT, n = 71) were collected and analyzed in triplicate using the 6 handheld glucose meters evaluated. Plasma glucose was also measured with the laboratory reference method (hexokinase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Based on the intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV), precision varied across handheld glucose meters: AC (2.2%), CT (4.0%), PX (4.7%), FS (5.6%), AM (6.2%), and NM (6.7%). Lin's concordance correlation coefficients between handheld glucose meters and the reference method were 0.75 for FS, 0.74 for PX, 0.62 for AC, 0.55 for CT, 0.53 for NM, and 0.48 for AM. Based on Passing-Bablok regression, the AM and PX meters showed bias in the measurements of blood glucose. Bland-Altman plots indicated a negative bias (FS = -0.25 mmol/L; CT = -0.60 mmol/L) or a positive bias (AM = 0.29 mmol/L; PX = 0.33 mmol/L; NM = 0.52 mmol/L; AC = 0.65 mmol/L) between handheld glucose meters and the reference method. All handheld glucose meters evaluated had wide limits of agreement (LoA) ranging from -0.18 to 1.47 mmol/L (AC, narrowest LoA) to -1.25 to 1.82 mmol/L (AM, widest LoA). Bias was the major contributor to the total observed error (TEobs), accounting for 81.5% of the TEobs in AC, 72.0% in CT, 64.9% in AM, 61.1% in NM, 57.8% in PX, and 56.2% in FS. Overall, although some handheld meters (AC, CT, and PX) showed satisfactory precision, none were accurate measuring glucose. Future studies should evaluate whether incorporating algorithms designed for cattle can improve accuracy and precision of handheld glucose meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Lopes
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A Valldecabres
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - N Silva-Del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
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21
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Macmillan K, Colazo MG, Cook NJ. Evaluation of infrared thermography compared to rectal temperature to identify illness in early postpartum dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:315-322. [PMID: 31352280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated and compared infrared thermography (IRT) and rectal temperature (RT) as screening tests to identify sick transition dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 72; 42 primiparous) had RT and IRT temperatures taken daily from 1 to 12 days in milk (DIM). Health examinations were performed daily to diagnose retained fetal membrane, milk fever and metritis, and blood was analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate at 6 and 9 DIM to diagnose ketosis. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α and serum amyloid A at 3, 6, 9 and 12 DIM were included as additional indicators of illness. Cows were categorized as true sick if clinically diagnosed with an illness, or if at least 2 blood parameters were above the normal range. Diagnostic test performances for RT and IRT variables were determined for each variable at a test referent value that provided the highest Youden's (J) index. The best performing screening test depended on the definition of true sickness. In general, the J index for RT was 0.15-0.17 whereas the highest J index for the IRT variables was 0.22 for the mean eye temperature and 0.19 for the mean cheek temperature. Infrared thermography was at least comparable to RT and some IRT variables performed better as a screening tests than RT. Future studies into the automation of IRT for surveillance of early postpartum diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Macmillan
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - M G Colazo
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - N J Cook
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada.
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22
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Gengler N. Symposium review: Challenges and opportunities for evaluating and using the genetic potential of dairy cattle in the new era of sensor data from automation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5756-5763. [PMID: 30904300 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensor data from automation are becoming available on an increasingly large scale, and associated research is slowly starting to appear. This new era of sensor data from automation leads to many challenges but also new opportunities for assessing and maximizing the genetic potential of dairy cattle. The first challenge is data quality, because all uses of sensor data require careful data quality validation, potentially using external references. The second issue is data accessibility. Indeed, sensor data generated from automation are often designed to be available on-farm in a given system. However, to make these data useful-for genetic improvement for example-the data must also be made available off-farm. By nature, sensor data often are very complex and diverse; therefore, a data consolidation and integration layer is required. Moreover, the traits we want to select have to be defined precisely when generated from these raw data. This approach is obviously also beneficial to limit the challenge of extremely high data volumes generated by sensors. An additional challenge is that sensors will always be deployed in a context of herd management; therefore, any efforts to make them useful should focus on both breeding and management. However, this challenge also leads to opportunities to use genomic predictions based on these novel data for breeding and management. Access to relevant phenotypes is crucial for every genomic evaluation system. The automatic generation of training data, on both the phenotypic and genomic levels, is a major opportunity to access novel, precise, continuously updated, and relevant data. If the challenges of bidirectional data transfer between farms and external databases can be solved, new opportunities for continuous genomic evaluations integrating genotypes and the most current local phenotypes can be expected to appear. Novel concepts such as federated learning may help to limit exchange of raw data and, therefore, data ownership issues, which is another important element limiting access to sensor data. Accurate genome-guided decision-making and genome-guided management of dairy cattle should be the ultimate way to add value to sensor data from automation. This could also be the major driving force to improve the cost-benefit relationship for sensor-based technologies, which is currently one of the major obstacles for large-scale use of available technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gengler
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research and Training Centre, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Duplessis M, Cue R, Santschi D, Lefebvre D, Girard C. Short communication: Relationships among plasma and milk vitamin B12, plasma free fatty acids, and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8559-8565. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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