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Shaban SM, Hassan RA, Hassanin AAI, Fathy A, El Nabtiti AAS. Mammary fat globules as a source of mRNA to model alterations in the expression of some milk component genes during lactation in bovines. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:286. [PMID: 38961471 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The milk's nutritional value is determined by its constituents, including fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals. The mammary gland's ability to produce milk is controlled by a complex network of genes. Thereby, the fat, protein, and lactose synthesis must be boost in milk to increase milk production efficiency. This can be accomplished by fusing genetic advancements with proper management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), kappa casein CSN3, and Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) genes expression levels and such milk components as fat, protein, and lactose in different dairy breeds during different stages of lactation. METHODS To achieve such a purpose, 94 milk samples were collected (72 samples from 36 multiparous black-white and red-white Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows and 22 milk samples from 11 Egyptian buffaloes) during the early and peak lactation stages. The milk samples were utilized for milk analysis and genes expressions analyses using non- invasive approach in obtaining milk fat globules (MFGs) as a source of Ribonucleic acid (RNA). RESULTS LPL and CSN3 genes expressions levels were found to be significantly higher in Egyptian buffalo than Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows as well as fat and protein percentages. On the other hand, GLUT1 gene expression level was shown to be significantly higher during peak lactation than early lactation. Moreover, lactose % showed a significant difference in peak lactation phase compared to early lactation phase. Also, fat and protein percentages were significantly higher in early lactation period than peak lactation period but lactose% showed the opposite pattern of Egyptian buffalo. CONCLUSION Total RNA can be successfully obtained from MFGs. The results suggest that these genes play a role in glucose absorption and lactose synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Also, these results provide light on the differential expression of these genes among distinct Holstein-Friesian cow breeds and Egyptian buffalo subspecies throughout various lactation phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Shaban
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Animal Production Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Rania A Hassan
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Animal Production Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abeer A I Hassanin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Genetics and Genetic Engineering Branch), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fathy
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Biostatistics Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Adel A S El Nabtiti
- Department of Animal Wealth Development (Animal Production Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Choupani M, Riasi A, Alikhani M, Samadian MR. Effect of sustained-release antioxidant bolus on body condition score, blood parameters, uterine health, and some reproductive parameters in transition dairy cows under heat stress condition. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:424. [PMID: 38017224 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The transition period for dairy cows is stressful, and if this occurs during heat stress conditions, it will become more challenging for them. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sustained-release bolus (Each bolus consisted of a mixture of mineral salts including copper sulfate (8 g), sodium selenite (0.17 g), manganese sulfate (3.9 g), zinc sulfate (2.4 g), and vitamin A (0.47 g) on body condition score (BCS) change, serum metabolites, uterine health, and some reproductive parameters in transition cows with moderate or high pre-calving BCS. Four experimental treatments were (1) moderate BCS without bolus consumption (MB-Bo, n = 35), (2) moderate BCS with bolus consumption (MB + Bo, n = 35), (3) high BCS without bolus consumption (HB-Bo, n = 35), and (4) high BCS with bolus consumption (HB + Bo, n = 35). Results showed that after calving, negative energy balance occurred in all experimental groups. However, cows with high BCS (HB-Bo and HB + Bo) had greater (P = 0.02) BCS change during the postpartum period (0-40 days). Bolus administration decreased white blood cells count 14 days after calving (P = 0.02). Cows with moderate BCS (MB-BO and MB + Bo) had higher (P < 0.01) red blood cell count than cows with high BCS (HB-Bo and HB + Bo) on 14 days after calving. The cows in MB + Bo group had higher (P < 0.05) serum glucose and albumin and lower (P < 0.01) non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Moreover, this group of cows had higher (P < 0.05) serum total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and lower malondialdehyde (P = 0.03) than other groups. In this regard, the increase in antioxidant capacity with the consumption of blues caused the HB-Bo group to have more incidence of metritis (P = 0.08) and endometritis (P = 0.08). The HB-Bo group had about 12 days longer (P < 0.01) days open than MB + Bo group. It was concluded that consumption of slow-release bolus containing antioxidant elements had positive effect on the metabolic and reproductive status of high-producing dairy cows under heat stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Choupani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Riasi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samadian
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Heymann AK, Schnabel K, Billenkamp F, Bühler S, Frahm J, Kersten S, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Dänicke S. Influences of glyphosate residues and different concentrate feed proportions in dairy cow rations during early gestation on performance, blood parameters, functional properties and DNA damage of blood cells in cows and their offspring. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286995. [PMID: 37294795 PMCID: PMC10256144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure to various stimuli can influence pre- and postnatal development of the offspring. This potential has been discussed for glyphosate (GLY), active substance in some non-selective herbicides. Accordingly, present study investigated putative effects of GLY residues in rations on cows and their offspring. Dams received either GLY-contaminated (GLY groups) or control (CON groups) rations combined with low (LC groups) or high (HC groups) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) for 16 weeks during mid- and late lactation and early gestation (59±4 days at beginning of GLY exposure; mean±SE). During this feeding trial, average daily GLY exposures of dams were 1.2 (CONLC), 1.1 (CONHC), 112.5 (GLYLC) and 130.3 (GLYHC) μg/kg body weight/d. After a depletion period (107±4 days; mean±SE) and calving, blood samples of dams and their calves were collected (5-345 min after birth) before calves were fed colostrum and analyzed for hematological and clinical-chemical traits, redox parameters, functional properties of leukocytes and DNA damage in leukocytes. No evidence for malformations of newborn calves could be collected. At parturition, most analyzed blood parameters were not affected by dietary treatment of dams during gestation. Significant GLY effects were observed for some traits, e.g. blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in calves. These deviations of GLY groups from CON groups likely resulted from strong time-dependent responses of NEFA levels within the first 105 minutes after birth and before colostrum intake (Spearman´s rank correlation R = 0.76, p<0.001). Additionally, significant GLY effects did not result in differences in measures that were beyond normally observed ranges questioning a pathological relevance. In summary, no evidence for teratogenic or other clear effects of GLY or CFP on analyzed parameters of dams and their newborn calves could be collected under applied conditions. However, detailed studies including GLY exposure during late and complete gestation period would be needed to rule out teratogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karina Schnabel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abduch NG, Pires BV, Souza LL, Vicentini RR, Zadra LEF, Fragomeni BO, Silva RMO, Baldi F, Paz CCP, Stafuzza NB. Effect of Thermal Stress on Thermoregulation, Hematological and Hormonal Characteristics of Caracu Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243473. [PMID: 36552393 PMCID: PMC9774310 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of environmental temperature on thermoregulation, hormonal, and hematological characteristics in Caracu cattle. Blood samples, hair length, coat and muzzle colors, rectal (RT), and surface temperatures were collected from 48 males and 43 females before (morning) and after sun exposure for eight hours (afternoon). Infrared thermography (IRT) was used to identify superficial temperature that exhibits a high correlation with RT. Hematological parameters, hormone concentrations, RT, and the superficial temperature obtained by IRT that exhibited the highest correlation with RT were evaluated by variance analysis. Regarding IRT, the lower left side of the body (LS) showed the highest correlation with the RT. Interaction between period and sex was observed for LS, cortisol, and eosinophils. Cortisone, progesterone, and RT were influenced by period and sex. Neutrophils and segmented neutrophils were influenced by the period, which showed the highest concentrations after sun exposure. Platelets, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes were influenced by sex. Heat stress changes several physiological characteristics where males and females exhibited differences in their responses to heat stress. Furthermore, most characteristics evaluated remained within the regular values observed for taurine Creole breeds, showing that Caracu is adapted to tropical climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya G Abduch
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Sertãozinho 14174-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Pires
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana L Souza
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio R Vicentini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Lenira El Faro Zadra
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Sertãozinho 14174-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno O Fragomeni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Fernando Baldi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia C P Paz
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Sertãozinho 14174-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Nedenia B Stafuzza
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Sertãozinho 14174-000, SP, Brazil
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Sharma A, Mani V, Pal RP, Sarkar S, Sharma H, Yadav S, Datt C. Effect of Boron Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Productive Performance of Peripartum Murrah Buffaloes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4303-4315. [PMID: 34826054 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Boron (B) has been established as a beneficial micronutrient for some farm animals. However, its impact on coping negative energy balance during transition and subsequent production performance needs critical perusal. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of B supplementation on productive performance, apparent nitrogen (N), and mineral utilization in peripartum Murrah buffaloes. Thirty advanced pregnant buffaloes (60 days prior to expected date of calving) were allocated into three groups, i.e. control, B-200, and B-400, and supplemented with pharmacological concentration of B at 0, 200, and 400 ppm, respectively, from 45 days prior to expected date of calving till 120 days post calving. Two metabolism trials were conducted (with animals having similar expected date of calving), one during prepartum (30 days prior to the expected date of calving) and another during postpartum (90 days post calving) phase to evaluate nutrient utilization and balance of N as well as minerals. Results revealed that B supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) overall plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), whereas plasma level of β-hydroxybutyric acid, insulin, triglyceride, and glucose did not differ (P > 0.05) among the groups. Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and N balance remained unaffected with B supplementation. Higher (P < 0.05) apparent absorption coefficient for magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) was observed in pregnant animals, while during lactation, absorption coefficient of calcium, Mg, and Zn was increased (P < 0.05) in B-supplemented groups. Hence, it can be concluded that alteration in NEFA concentration and variation in apparent absorption coefficient of minerals with B supplementation suggest its role in energy and mineral metabolism. However, further investigations are required to determine the underlying mechanism of action for the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Veena Mani
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Pal
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 1410014, India
| | - Srobana Sarkar
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, 304501, India
| | - Hunny Sharma
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Shimala Yadav
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chander Datt
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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Giuliotti L, Benvenuti M, Martini A, Accorsi P, Lotti C, Cappucci A, Conte G. Assessment of blood and productive parameters in mid-lactation dairy cows fed different diets: replacement of corn silage with triticale silage. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:223-229. [PMID: 35693298 PMCID: PMC9175660 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-223-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn crops require large amounts of resources that affect the
environmental sustainability of dairy cow farming systems. The aim of the
study was thus to investigate the effects of the replacement of corn silage
(CS) with triticale silage (TS) by evaluating blood and productive
parameters. The study lasted 7 weeks and involved two groups of 20
Italian Holstein Friesian dairy cows that were homogeneous in terms of
parity (3±1.5), days in milk (DIM) (150±85.0), and daily
milk production (26±4.6 kg). Chemical analysis of feeds was carried out weekly. Dry-matter intake was
estimated daily. At the beginning and end of the trial, haematological,
metabolic, and immunological parameters were analysed. At the same, time
body weight and body condition score were measured. Milk characteristics
were also analysed weekly. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA on data of the second sampling, and a non-parametric test was performed to analyse BCS. Regarding the haematological parameters in the two groups, only lymphocyte
values were not in the normal range (2.86 and 2.50×109 L
for CS and TS, respectively). Metabolic parameters were in the normal range
except for blood ureic nitrogen (BUN; 13.65 and 14.04 mgdL-1), non-esterified
fatty acids (NEFAs; 21.40 and 31.93 µmolL-1), and Cl (91.99 and 93.50 mmolL-1). Hair cortisol was low (0.94 and 0.91 pgmg-1), indicating the absence of stress signs, as confirmed by the results
of other immunological parameters (serum
lysozyme (SL), bactericidal activity (SBA), haptoglobin (HP), and oxygen free radicals (OFRs)). Statistical differences were not found either for haematological or
biochemical parameters. The total replacement of CS with TS did not affect
milk yield and composition. In conclusion, the replacement of CS by TS did not give rise to significant
modifications in the parameters investigated and did not alter the health
status of the animals, thus suggesting the feasibility of its introduction
into the diet of mid-lactation dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Giuliotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, University of Firenze, Florence 50144, Italy
| | - Pier Attilio Accorsi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) 40064, Italy
| | - Claudia Lotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, University of Firenze, Florence 50144, Italy
| | - Alice Cappucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Lee DU, Fan GH, Hastie DJ, Addonizio EA, Prakasam VN, Ahern RR, Seog KJ, Karagozian R. The Impact of Malnutrition on the Hospital and Infectious Outcomes of Patients Admitted With Alcoholic Hepatitis: 2011 to 2017 Analysis of US Hospitals. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:349-359. [PMID: 33769393 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
GOALS We specifically evaluate the effect of malnutrition on the infection risks of patients admitted with alcoholic hepatitis using a national registry of hospitalized patients in the United States. BACKGROUND Malnutrition is a common manifestation of alcoholic hepatitis that affects patient outcomes. STUDY 2011 to 2017 National Inpatient Sample was used to isolated patients with alcoholic hepatitis, stratified using malnutrition (protein-calorie malnutrition, sarcopenia, and weight loss/cachexia) and matched using age, gender, and race with 1:1 nearest neighbor matching method. Endpoints included mortality and infectious endpoints. RESULTS After matching, there were 10,520 with malnutrition and 10,520 malnutrition-absent controls. Mortality was higher in the malnutrition cohort [5.02 vs. 2.29%, P<0.001, odds ratio (OR): 2.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.93-2.63], as were sepsis (14.2 vs. 5.46, P<0.001, OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.60-3.18), pneumonia (10.9 vs. 4.63%, P<0.001, OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.25-2.81), urinary tract infection (14.8 vs. 9.01%, P<0.001, OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.61-1.91), cellulitis (3.17 vs. 2.18%, P<0.001, OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.24-1.74), cholangitis (0.52 vs. 0.20%, P<0.001, OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.59-4.35), and Clostridium difficile infection (1.67 vs. 0.91%, P<0.001, OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.44-2.37). In multivariate models, malnutrition was associated with mortality [P<0.001, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.61, 95% CI: 1.37-1.90] and infectious endpoints: sepsis (P<0.001, aOR: 2.42, 95% CI: 2.18-2.69), pneumonia (P<0.001, aOR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.96-2.46), urinary tract infection (P<0.001, aOR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.53-1.84), cellulitis (P<0.001, aOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22-1.74), cholangitis (P=0.002, aOR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.36-3.80), and C. difficile infection (P<0.001, aOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.46-2.44). CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of malnutrition is an independent risk factor of mortality and local/systemic infections in patients admitted with alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Lee
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Washington Street, Boston, MA
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Khan MZ, Ma Y, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Liu S, Wang Y, Khan A, Alugongo GM, Cao Z. Role of Selenium and Vitamins E and B9 in the Alleviation of Bovine Mastitis during the Periparturient Period. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040657. [PMID: 35453342 PMCID: PMC9032172 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) commonly occurs in dairy cattle during the periparturient period (transition period), in which dairy cattle experience physiological and hormonal changes and severe negative energy balance, followed by oxidative stress. To maintain successful lactation and combat negative energy balance (NEB), excessive fat mobilization occurs, leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive fat mobilization also increases the concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) during the periparturient period. In addition, the excessive utilization of oxygen by cellular respiration in the mammary causes abnormal production of oxidative stress (OS). OS impairs the immunity and anti-inflammatory efficiency of periparturient dairy cattle, increasing their susceptibility to mastitis. To alleviate oxidative stress and subsequent mastitis, antioxidants are supplemented to dairy cattle from an external source. Extensive studies have been conducted on the supplementation of selenium (Se) and vitamins E and B9 to mitigate mastitis during the transition period in dairy cattle. Altogether, in the current review, we discuss the research development on bovine mastitis and its major causes, with special emphasis on oxidative stress during the transition period. Moreover, we discuss the antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties of Se and vitamins E and B9 and their role in the control of bovine mastitis in periparturient dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Yulin Ma
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Jiaying Ma
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Shuai Liu
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China;
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (Y.M.); (J.X.); (T.C.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (G.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-3746
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Masia F, Molina G, Vissio C, Balzarini M, de la Sota R, Piccardi M. Quantifying the negative impact of clinical diseases on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows in central Argentina. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Schilde M, von Soosten D, Hüther L, Meyer U, Zeyner A, Dänicke S. Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and varying concentrate feed proportions in the ration on methane emission, rumen fermentation and performance of periparturient dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2021; 75:79-104. [PMID: 33641544 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The climate-relevant enteric methane (CH4) formation represents a loss of feed energy that is potentially meaningful for energetically undersupplied peripartal dairy cows. Higher concentrate feed proportions (CFP) are known to reduce CH4 emissions in cows. The same applies to the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), albeit through different mechanisms. It was hypothesised that the hydrogen not utilised for CH4 formation through the inhibition by 3-NOP would be sequestered by propionate formation triggered by higher CFP so that it could thereby give rise to a synergistically reduced CH4 emission. In a 2 × 2-factorial design, low (LC) or high (HC) CFP were either tested without supplements (CONLC, CONHC) or combined with 3-NOP (NOPLC, 48.4 mg/kg dry matter (DM); NOPHC, 51.2 mg 3-NOP/kg DM). These four rations were fed to a total of 55 Holstein cows from d 28 ante partum until d 120 post partum. DM intake (DMI) was not affected by 3-NOP but increased with CFP (CFP; p < 0.001). CH4/DMI and CH4/energy-corrected milk (ECM) were mitigated by 3-NOP (23% NOPLC, 33% NOPHC) (p < 0.001) and high CFP (12% CON, 22% 3-NOP groups) (CFP × TIME p < 0.001). Under the conditions of the present experiment, the CH4 emissions of NOPLC increased to the level of the CON groups from week 8 until the end of trial (3-NOP × CFP × TIME; p < 0.01). CO2 yield decreased by 3-NOP and high CFP (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). The reduced body weight loss and feed efficiency in HC groups paralleled a more positive energy balance being most obvious in NOPHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.001). ECM was lower for NOPHC compared to CONHC (3-NOP × CFP; p < 0.05), whereas LC groups did not differ. A decreased fat to protein ratio was observed in HC groups and, until week 6 post partum, in NOPLC. Milk lactose and urea increased by 3-NOP (3-NOP; p < 0.05). 3-NOP and high CFP changed rumen fermentation to a more propionic-metabolic profile (3-NOP; CFP; p < 0.01) but did not affect rumen pH. In conclusion, CH4 emission was synergistically reduced when high CFP was combined with 3-NOP while the CH4 mitigating 3-NOP effect decreased with progressing time when the supplement was added to the high-forage ration. The nature of these interactions needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schilde
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Brunswick, Germany
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Bünemann K, Frahm J, Kersten S, Hüther L, Meyer U, Sauerwein H, Hummel J, Zeyner A, Dänicke S. Effects of Pre-Calving Body Condition and Different post partum Concentrate Feed Proportions on Immune-Associated and Hematological Parameters in Pluriparous Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122251. [PMID: 33266165 PMCID: PMC7761514 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cows have to cope with physiological, metabolic and endocrine challenges during the transition from late gestation to lactation. This period is characterized by a negative energy balance. Concentrate feed proportion of the rations is often increased to compensate the energy deficit. This can lead to acidotic conditions in the rumen, which might trigger the release of lipopolysaccharides from bacteria and result in inflammatory responses. An unfavorable pre-calving body condition is known to cause health problems after calving. Cows with a higher body condition (expressed as score, BCS, at a five-point scale) prior to calving might respond differently to either low or high concentrate feed proportions after calving with regard to hematological traits as indicators for possible interactions between nutritional status and immune system. For testing this hypothesis, cows were split into two classes (higher and adequate BCS) six weeks prior to calving according to their actual BCS and fed either a low- or high-energy-dense diet after calving. Neither BCS class nor dietary energy concentration influenced markedly hematological traits, including immune cell phenotypes, and inflammatory markers, such as haptoglobin. The overall covered individual BCS range and the post partum concentrate feed challenge did not overstress physiological adaptability. Abstract The present study aimed at evaluating the influences of different concentrate feed proportions in the ration offered to dairy cows post partum with different body condition scores (BCS) before calving. Therefore, 60 pluriparous cows were divided 42 days before expected calving into two groups with a higher or an adequate BCS. After calving, both groups were further subdivided into a group fed a ration with either a low concentrate feed proportion (C, 35% at dry matter basis) or a high (60% at dry matter basis) one. It was hypothesized that different BCS would lead to different reactions concerning varying concentrate feed proportions. Isolated BCS effects were detected in the white blood profile only before calving. Neither low nor high concentrate feed proportions affected hematological, blood immune cell phenotypes and inflammatory markers consistently irrespective of BCS group. It was concluded, that the assessed BCS span covered a range in which the capability of cows to cope with different dietary post partum energy supply remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bünemann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-58044-142
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7–9, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (S.K.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
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12
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Challenges and Directions in Zoo and Aquarium Food Presentation Research: A Review. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From its foundations in agricultural science, zoo animal nutrition has developed into a biologically informed, evidence-based discipline. However, some facets of nutrition still make use of a more traditional approach, such as the field of zoo presentation. For example, it is common practice to prepare animal diets by chopping them into bite-size chunks, yet there is limited peer-reviewed evidence that explains the benefits and welfare implications of this practice. The chopping and placement of foods can alter desiccation rates, nutrient breakdown, and food contamination, so it is important to evaluate the implications of current practices. Here, the published literature on the behavioral impacts of different food presentation formats (such as clumped and scattered, and chopped and whole) is reviewed, with reference to a range of taxa. The current state of knowledge of the nutritional and microbiological effects of food presentation practices are also reviewed. Relevant research is available on the behavioral effects of some forms of zoo food presentation; however, relatively little research has been conducted on their nutrient composition effects or desiccation rates. Similarly, there are gaps in terms of the species that have been investigated, with a few mammalian taxa dominating the food presentation literature. Future research projects covering social, behavioral, and welfare impacts, and the nutritional and microbiological consequences of food presentation would further evidence-based zoo and aquarium management practices. Similarly, qualitative research surrounding keeper perception of food presentation formats would help to identify challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Khan MZ, Khan A, Xiao J, Dou J, Liu L, Yu Y. Overview of Folic Acid Supplementation Alone or in Combination with Vitamin B12 in Dairy Cattle during Periparturient Period. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060263. [PMID: 32630405 PMCID: PMC7344520 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The periparturient period is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks post-calving. This period is important in terms of health, productivity and profitability, and is fundamental to successful lactation. During this period, the animal experiences stress because of hormonal changes due to pregnancy and the significant rise in milk production. In addition, a negative energy balance usually occurs, because the demand for nutrients to sustain milk production increases by more than the nutrient supply during the periparturient period. The immunity of dairy cattle is suppressed around parturition, which increases their susceptibility to infections. Special care regarding nutrition can reduce the risks of metabolism and immunity depression, which dairy cattle face during the periparturient span. Folic acid is relevant in this regard because of its critical role in the metabolism to maintain lactational performance and to improve health. Being a donor of one-carbon units, folic acid has a vital role in DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Generally, the folic acid requirements of dairy cattle can be met by the microbial synthesis in the rumen; however, in special cases, such as during the periparturient period, the requirement for this vitamin strictly increases. Vitamin B12 also has a critical role in the metabolism as a coenzyme of the enzyme methionine synthase for the transfer of a methyl group from folic acid to homocysteine for the regeneration of methionine. In the current review, we highlight the issues facing periparturient dairy cattle, and relevant knowledge and practices, and point out future research directions for utilization of the associated vitamins in ruminants, especially during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research, Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-627324611
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14
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Wu J, Liu J, Wang D. Effects of body condition on the insulin resistance, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 32228618 PMCID: PMC7106888 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconditioned dairy cows are prone to greater insulin resistance in transition to successfully adapt to negative energy balance. The associations among body condition score (BCS), insulin resistance, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in cows during late lactation with positive energy balance remain to be elucidated. METHODS The objectives of this study were to investigate insulin sensitivity and oxidative status in late lactating dairy cows with different BCS but similar milk production, parity and days in milk. Forty-two multiparous Holstein cows were fed the same diet under the same management and divided into three groups based on BCS: low BCS (LBCS; BCS ≤ 2.75; n = 12), medium BCS (MBCS; 3.0 ≤ BCS ≤ 3.5; n = 15) or high BCS (HBCS; BCS ≥ 3.75; n = 15). Blood samples used for analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters were collected from the coccygeal vein at the end of experiment. RESULTS The concentrations of insulin and nonesterified fatty acid were higher and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) was lower in HBCS cows than in LBCS and MBCS cows. These results suggest that insulin resistance exacerbates lipolysis in HBCS cows. Serum concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I, and apolipoprotein B were lower in HBCS cows than in LBCS or MBCS cows. Although LBCS and MBCS cows had higher reactive oxygen species levels than did HBCS cows, the malondialdehyde concentration was not different among cows with different BCS. Ceruloplasmin activity was higher in MBCS and HBCS cows than in LBCS cows, but superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and paraoxonase activities were not different among cows with different BCS. Despite the higher percentage of granulocytes in MBCS cows than in HBCS cows, no differences were found in leukocyte counts, red blood cell profiles and platelet profiles among the cows in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study showed that compared with MBCS and LBCS cows, HBCS cows at late lactation stage may have accumulated more hepatic triacylglycerol and lower antioxidant potential due to greater insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to identify the main influencing factors related to dairy cow health as it impacts the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions considering known data presented in the literature. For this study, we define the emission intensity as CO2 equivalents per kilogram of milk. In dairy cows, a high dry matter (DM) intake (25 kg/d) leads to an higher absolute methane emission compared to a lower DM intake (10 kg/d). However, the emission intensity is decreased at a high performance level. The emissions caused by DM intake to cover the energy requirement for maintenance are distributed over a higher milk yield. Therefore, the emission intensity per kilogram of product is decreased for high-yielding animals with a high DM intake. Apart from that, animal diseases as well as poor environmental or nutritional conditions are responsible for a decreased DM intake and a compromised performance. As a result, animal diseases not only mean reduced productivity, but also increased emission intensity. The productive life-span of a dairy cow is closely related to animal health, and the impact on emission intensity is enormous. A model calculation shows that cows with five to eight lactations could have a reduced emission intensity of up to 40% compared to animals that have left the herd after their first lactation. This supports the general efforts to increase longevity of dairy cows by an improved health management including all measures to prevent diseases.
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16
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Bünemann K, Johannes M, Schmitz R, Hartwiger J, von Soosten D, Hüther L, Meyer U, Westendarp H, Hummel J, Zeyner A, Dänicke S. Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020267. [PMID: 32046256 PMCID: PMC7070337 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into groups offered rations with a lower (35% on dry matter basis, n = 7) or a higher (60% on dry matter basis, n = 6) concentrate feed proportion. Ruminal pH parameters were assessed continuously by using intraruminal probes. Nutrient flows, nutrient digestibility and microbial efficiency were determined for duodenally cannulated cows. For most ruminal pH parameters it seemed that individual variability was higher than the treatment effect. However, a positive relationship between actual concentrate intake and diurnal pH fluctuations was found. Besides, the effect of individually different microbial efficiencies was assessed. Again, there were no group differences for pH parameters. However, nutrient flows were significantly higher in more efficient cows, whereas digestibilities were lower in in more efficient cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bünemann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Maren Johannes
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Rolf Schmitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Julia Hartwiger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-58044-136
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.B.); (M.J.); (R.S.); (J.H.); (L.H.); (U.M.); (S.D.)
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Esposito G, Raffrenato E, Lukamba SD, Adnane M, Irons PC, Cormican P, Tasara T, Chapwanya A. Characterization of metabolic and inflammatory profiles of transition dairy cows fed an energy-restricted diet. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skz391. [PMID: 31917830 PMCID: PMC6984754 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases of dairy cows are caused by disproportionate energy metabolism, mineral imbalance, and perturbed immune function. The aim of the present study was to characterize metabolism, innate immune endometrial gene expression, and uterine microbial populations of transition animals receiving normal or restricted energy diets. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments from 20 d prepartum until 35 d postpartum (DPP). One group was fed a diet providing 100% energy requirements (NE), whereas the other received an energy-restricted diet providing 80% energy requirements (RE). Feed intake, milk yield, body weight, body condition score, temperature, respiratory, and pulse rate were recorded. After calving, blood was collected weekly to analyze nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and total cholesterol (TC). Endometrial cytobrushes were collected for gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers, microbial populations determination, and cytological evaluation. The restricted energy diet did not alter feed intake or milk yield but changed energy balance and metabolites levels (P < 0.05). In fact, RE animals had high NEFA and BHB levels, and low TC concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, RE animals had upregulated gene expression of serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) at 35 DPP (P < 0.05) and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) at 14 DPP (P < 0.01). Interleukin (IL) 1 and IL8 genes were downregulated 14 DPP but upregulated 35 DPP in RE animals, whereas IL6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) genes were upregulated at 14 DPP (P ≤ 0.05). The most abundant phyla in RE animals (n = 3) were Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, whereas Proteobacteria was the least abundant at both 14 and 35 DPP. In conclusion, it can be speculated that energy balance is one of the main drivers for uterine inflammation by affecting metabolism, immune function, and uterine microbiota. However, these findings should be validated in a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Esposito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emiliano Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Somwe D Lukamba
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mounir Adnane
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Ibn-Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Pete C Irons
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Cormican
- Department of Animal and Grassland Research, Animal Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Ireland
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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18
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Hartwiger J, Schären M, Frahm J, Kersten S, Hüther L, Sauerwein H, Meyer U, Breves G, Dänicke S. Effects of a Change from an Indoor-Based Total Mixed Ration to a Rotational Pasture System Combined with a Moderate Concentrate Feed Supply on Immunological Cell and Blood Parameters of Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6020047. [PMID: 31137610 PMCID: PMC6632113 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring, transition from a total mixed ration (TMR) to a full grazing ration with moderate concentrate supply influences cow's metabolism. It has been shown that feeding moderate amounts of concentrate during fulltime grazing did not prevent energy shortage and lipomobilization, alterations in energy metabolism, decreasing milk production and loss in body weight. As diet change and energy balance are closely related to immune reactivity, in this trial the effect of transition to pasture on specific immune parameters of cows was documented. Over a 12-week trial 43 dairy cows were observed during transition from confinement to pasture (PG; n = 22) and compared to cows fed TMR indoor (CG; n = 21). The CG stayed on a TMR based ration (35% corn silage, 35% grass silage, 30% concentrate; dry matter (DM) basis), whereas the PG slowly switched to a pasture -based ration (week 0 and 1 = TMR, week 2 = TMR and 3 h pasture·day-1, week 3 and 4 = TMR and 12 h pasture·day-1, and week 5 to 11 = pasture combined with 4.5 kg DM concentrate·cow-1·day-1). Inflammatory markers like blood haptoglobin or tryptophan to kynurenine ratio did not indicate acute phase reaction. Proportions of CD4+ (T-helper cells) and CD8+ cells (cytotoxic T-cells) remained uninfluenced as well. White blood cell concentration and its subpopulation of granulocytes increased over time in the PG. Stimulation ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mount an oxidative burst significantly increased during the trial, too. The endogenous antioxidant state as characterized by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in blood of the PG did not change, whereas the vitamin E concentration reached the highest level at the end of the trial. The 25-CHO metabolites of vitamin D increased as soon as the PG had pasture access, whereas the other metabolite 25-ERG decreased. The results of this study indicate that transition to pasture affects immune related parameters. However, the consequences of the observed effects on health status of the pasture group need to be clarified in further studies with a defined concurrent immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hartwiger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Melanie Schären
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science Physiology & Hygiene, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Bünemann K, von Soosten D, Frahm J, Kersten S, Meyer U, Hummel J, Zeyner A, Dänicke S. Effects of Body Condition and Concentrate Proportion of the Ration on Mobilization of Fat Depots and Energetic Condition in Dairy Cows during Early Lactation Based on Ultrasonic Measurements. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040131. [PMID: 30934917 PMCID: PMC6523702 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During early lactation, cows face metabolic challenges. They experience a negative energy balance as energy intake increases more slowly than energy output with milk rises. To compensate for that energy deficit, higher amounts of concentrate are offered. Additionally, cows are able to extract energy from body fat by lipid mobilization. Excessive body fat mobilization, however, leads to metabolic disorders. Therefore, high-conditioned cows are suggested to have a more pronounced lipid mobilization. The intention of the present study was to examine the change of various fat depots during the transition period depending on body condition and energy supply with ultrasonic measurements. Body condition loss after calving usually interpreted as mobilization of subcutaneous adipose tissue was not different between cows with a higher or lower body condition score. However, ultrasonic measurements detected a more pronounced mobilization of subcutaneous adipose tissue in higher conditioned animals. In contrast, inner fat depots were mobilized similarly between cows. Higher concentrate feed proportions led to a less pronounced negative energy balance. A less pronounced negative energy balance would have been expected to decrease lipid mobilization. However, this relation could not be verified in the present study. This demonstrates that sonography-based methods provide a clearer picture of metabolic conditions. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate energy metabolism and lipid mobilization via ultrasonic measurements (USM), considering inner fat depots, in lactating dairy cows differing in body condition score (BCS) and fed rations with low (35% at dry matter basis; C35) or high (60% at dry matter basis; C60) concentrate feed proportions postpartum. Sixty pluriparous German Holstein cows were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design from d 42 antepartum (relative to calculated calving) until d 120 postpartum. Animals were divided into a group with a lower (initial BCS = 3.1 ± 0.38 SD; BCSL) and a group with a higher (initial BCS = 3.83 ± 0.41 SD; BCSH) BCS. Due to higher dry matter intake C60 groups reached the positive energy balance earlier, whereas C35 groups had a more pronounced negative energy balance. Although this would suggest a more pronounced mobilization of C35 groups the USM revealed no differences between feeding groups. Differences in BCS between both BCS groups remained almost the same over the trial. This was not reflected in ultrasonic data, as lipid mobilization was higher in higher conditioned cows. These findings demonstrate the extended possibilities of USM to depict metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bünemann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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