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Walker KE, Pasternak JA, Jones A, Mulligan MK, Van Goor A, Harding JCS, Lunney JK. Gene expression in heart, kidney, and liver identifies possible mechanisms underpinning fetal resistance and susceptibility to in utero PRRSV infection. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110154. [PMID: 38959808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the costliest diseases to pork producers worldwide. We tested samples from the pregnant gilt model (PGM) to better understand the fetal response to in-utero PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Our goal was to identify critical tissues and genes associated with fetal resilience or susceptibility. Pregnant gilts (N=22) were infected with PRRSV on day 86 of gestation. At 21 days post maternal infection, the gilts and fetuses were euthanized, and fetal tissues collected. Fetuses were characterized for PRRS viral load in fetal serum and thymus, and preservation status (viable or meconium stained: VIA or MEC). Fetuses (N=10 per group) were compared: uninfected (UNIF; <1 log/µL PRRSV RNA), resilient (HV_VIA, >5 log virus/µL but viable), and susceptible (HV_MEC, >5 log virus/µL with MEC). Gene expression in fetal heart, kidney, and liver was investigated using NanoString transcriptomics. Gene categories investigated were hypothesized to be involved in fetal response to PRRSV infection: renin- angiotensin-aldosterone, inflammatory, transporter and metabolic systems. Following PRRSV infection, CCL5 increased expression in heart and kidney, and ACE2 decreased expression in kidney, each associated with fetal PRRS susceptibility. Liver revealed the most significant differential gene expression: CXCL10 decreased and IL10 increased indicative of immune suppression. Increased liver gene expression indicated potential associations with fetal PRRS susceptibility on several systems including blood pressure regulation (AGTR1), energy metabolism (SLC16A1 and SLC16A7), tissue specific responses (KL) and growth modulation (TGFB1). Overall, analyses of non-lymphoid tissues provided clues to mechanisms of fetal compromise following maternal PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J A Pasternak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A Jones
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine program, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - M K Mulligan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A Van Goor
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - J C S Harding
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States.
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Mo G, Hu B, Wei P, Luo Q, Zhang X. The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900041. [PMID: 35910654 PMCID: PMC9331192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) exhibit important roles in the immune system maintenance. In poultry, PRL mainly plays its roles in nesting, hatching, and reproduction, while GH is primarily responding to body weight, fat formation and feed conversion. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the relationship between PRL and GH, PRLR and GHR, and the immune response of poultry. We also propose a hypothesis that PRL, GH and their receptors might be used by viruses as viral receptors. This may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of viral infection and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingbin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266524. [PMID: 35511825 PMCID: PMC9070874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.
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Wang G, Yu Y, Cai X, Zhou EM, Zimmerman JJ. Effects of PRRSV Infection on the Porcine Thymus. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:212-223. [PMID: 31744664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) dramatically affects the thymus and its ability to carry out its normal functions. In particular, infection incapacitates PRRSV-susceptible CD14pos antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus and throughout the body. PRRSV-induced autophagy in thymic epithelial cells modulates the development of T cells, and PRRSV-induced apoptosis in CD4posCD8pos thymocytes modulates cellular immunity against PRRSV and other pathogens. Pigs are less able to resist and/or eliminate secondary infectious agents due the effect of PRRSV on the thymus, and this susceptibility phenomenon is long recognized as a primary characteristic of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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