Solvatochromic behavior of the electronic absorption spectra of gallic acid and some of its azo derivatives

Absorption Spectra and the Electronic Structure of Gallic Acid in Water at Different pH: Experimental Data and Theoretical Cluster Models

Gallic acid (GA) has been characterized in terms of its optical properties in aqueous solutions at varying pH in experiments and in theoretical calculations by analyzing the protonated and deprotonated forms of GA. This work is part of a series of studies of the optical properties of different carboxylic acids in aqueous media. The experimental electronic spectra of GA exhibit two strong well-separated absorption peaks (B- and C-bands), which agree with previous studies. However, in the current study, an additional well-defined low-energy shoulder band (A-band) in the optical spectra of GA was identified. It is likely that the A-band occurs for other carboxylic acids in solution, but because it can overlap with the B-band, it is difficult to discern. The theoretical calculations based on density functional theory were used to simulate the optical absorption spectra of GA in water at different pH to prove the existence of this newly found shoulder band and to describe and characterize the full experimental optical spectra of GA. Different cluster models were tested: (i) all water molecules are coordinated near the carboxy-group and (ii) additional water molecules near the hydroxy-groups of the phenyl ring were included. In this study, we found that both the polarizable continuum model (dielectric property of a medium) and neighboring water molecules (hydrogen-bonding) play significant roles in the optical spectrum. The results showed that only an extended cluster model with water molecules near carboxy- and hydroxy-groups together with the polarizable continuum model allowed us to fully reproduce the experimental data and capture all three absorption bands (A, B, and C). The oscillator strengths of the absorption bands were obtained from the experimental data and compared with theoretical results. Additionally, our work provides a detailed interpretation of the pH effects observed in the experimental absorption spectra.

Crystal structure, vibrational and optic properties of 2-N-methylamino-3-methylpyridine N-oxide - Its X-ray and spectroscopic studies as well as DFT quantum chemical calculations

The crystal and molecular structure and physicochemical properties of 2-N-methylamino-3-methylpyridine N-oxide (MA3MPO) have been studied. MA3MPO was synthesized from 2-amino-3-methylpyridine by several steps to form colorless crystals suitable for crystallographic analysis. The data reveal that MA3MPO crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The studied compound contains a nearly flat triply substituted pyridine skeleton whose structure is stabilized by an intramolecular N-H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond. The N-oxide molecules are connected together by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, an acceptor of which is the oxygen atom from the N-oxide group. This leads to creation of two-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds. Its IR, Raman, UV-Vis and luminescence spectra have been measured and analyzed on the basis of DFT and NBO quantum chemical calculations in which the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) approach was applied. The distribution of the electron levels in the studied compound has been analyzed in terms of the possibility of its participation in the ligand-to-lanthanide ion energy transfer.

Solvation and equilibrium studies of some compounds containing azo and nitroso chromophores

The stability studies of biologically active phenylazo-dinitroso resorsinol and o-hydroxy phenyl azo-dinitroso resorsinol compounds were studied. The dissociation constants and the thermodynamic parameters of dissociation were evaluated and determined potentiometrically. Regression analysis is applied for correlating the different parameters by using the SPSS program. The results help to assign the solute-solvent interactions and the solvatochromic potential of the investigated compounds.

Physicochemical studies of the reaction of (99m)Tc with 5,5'-diethyl barbituric acid, adenine, d-glucose and thiobarbituric acid at different temperatures

The reaction of (99m)Tc pertechnetate with 5,5'-diethyl barbituric acid, adenine, d-glucose and thiobarbituric acid at different temperatures was studied. The solvent effect on the electronic absorption spectra of the reactions was recorded. The reaction mixtures have been analyzed at different times using TLC and a radiodetctor to show the peaks at the plates. (99m)Tc pertechnetate is obtained from the Mo generators. It is difficult to separate the complexes in the solid state. The percentage of (99m)Tc involved in the complexes can be determined. Characterization of the (99m)Tc complexes as well as the determination of the extent of radiolabeling was done by thin layer chromatography using 0.9% NaCl solution as a solvent. The Rf value of (99m)TcO4(-) is (≈1). The solvatochromism for the reaction of (99m)Tc with d-glucose was mainly affected by solute permanent dipole-solvent permanent dipole interaction, the dipolar interaction for the reaction of (99m)Tc with of 5,5'-diethyl barbituric acid and for the reaction of (99m)Tc with adenine and thiobarbituric was solute-solvent hydrogen bonding.

Quantum chemical density functional theory studies on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of Gallic acid imprinted polymers

Gallic acid (GA) is known by its antioxidant, anticarcinogenic properties and scavenger activity against several types of harmful free radicals. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used in separation of a pure compound from complex matrices. A stable template-monomer complex generates the MIPs with the highest affinity and selectivity for the template. The quantum chemical computations based on density functional theory (DFT) was used on the template Gallic acid (GA), monomer acrylic acid (AA) and GA-AA complex to study the nature of interactions involved in the GA-AA complex. B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p) model chemistry was used to optimize their structures and frequency calculations. The effect of porogen acetonitrile (ACN) on complex formation was included by using polarizable continuum model (PCM). The results demonstrated the formation of a stable GA-AA complex through the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acid groups of GA and AA. The Mulliken atomic charge analysis and simulated vibrational spectra also supported the stable hydrogen bonding interaction between the carboxylic acid groups of GA and AA with minimal interference of porogen ACN. Further, simulations on GA-AA mole ratio revealed that 1:4 GA-AA was optimum for synthesis of MIP for GA.