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Xiouras C, Cameli F, Quilló GL, Kavousanakis ME, Vlachos DG, Stefanidis GD. Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms to Crystallization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13006-13042. [PMID: 35759465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence and specifically machine learning applications are nowadays used in a variety of scientific applications and cutting-edge technologies, where they have a transformative impact. Such an assembly of statistical and linear algebra methods making use of large data sets is becoming more and more integrated into chemistry and crystallization research workflows. This review aims to present, for the first time, a holistic overview of machine learning and cheminformatics applications as a novel, powerful means to accelerate the discovery of new crystal structures, predict key properties of organic crystalline materials, simulate, understand, and control the dynamics of complex crystallization process systems, as well as contribute to high throughput automation of chemical process development involving crystalline materials. We critically review the advances in these new, rapidly emerging research areas, raising awareness in issues such as the bridging of machine learning models with first-principles mechanistic models, data set size, structure, and quality, as well as the selection of appropriate descriptors. At the same time, we propose future research at the interface of applied mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography. Overall, this review aims to increase the adoption of such methods and tools by chemists and scientists across industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Xiouras
- Chemical Process R&D, Crystallization Technology Unit, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fabio Cameli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Gustavo Lunardon Quilló
- Chemical Process R&D, Crystallization Technology Unit, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.,Chemical and BioProcess Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mihail E Kavousanakis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Georgios D Stefanidis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece.,Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University; Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Mazivila SJ, Santos JL. A review on multivariate curve resolution applied to spectroscopic and chromatographic data acquired during the real-time monitoring of evolving multi-component processes: From process analytical chemistry (PAC) to process analytical technology (PAT). Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
With an increasing interest in cocrystals due to various advantages, demand for large-scale cocrystallization techniques is rising. Solution cocrystallization is a solvent-based approach that utilizes several single-component crystallization concepts as well as equipment for generating cocrystals. Solution-based techniques can produce cocrystals with reasonable control on purity, size distribution, morphology, and polymorphic form. Many of them also offer a scalable solution for the industrial production of cocrystals. However, the complexity of the thermodynamic landscape and the kinetics of cocrystallization offers fresh challenges which are not encountered in single component crystallization. This review focuses on the recent developments in different solution cocrystallization techniques for the production of pharmaceutically relevant cocrystals. The review consists of two sections. The first section describes the various solution cocrystallization methods, highlighting their benefits and limitations. The second section emphasizes the challenges in developing these techniques to an industrial scale and identifies the major thrust areas where further research is required.
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Queiroz ALP, Rodrigues M, Zeglinski J, Crean AM, Sarraguça MC, Vucen S. Determination of co-crystal phase purity by mid infrared spectroscopy and multiple curve resolution. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120246. [PMID: 33482224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) was used to determine the phase purity of pharmaceutical co-crystals from mid infrared spectra. An in-silico coformer screening was used to choose one of ten potential coformers. This analysis used quantum chemistry simulation to predict which coformers are thermodynamically inclined to form cocrystals with the model drug, hydrochlorothiazide. The coformer chosen was nicotinamide. An experimental solvent screening by ultrasound assisted slurry co-crystallization was performed to evaluate the capacity of the method to determine phase purity. Afterwards, slurry and slow evaporation co-crystallizations were performed at 10, 25, and 40 °C using 7 solvent systems, and two levels of agitation for the evaporation co-crystallization (on and off). Mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) analysis of the products of these co-crystallizations was used to develop an MCR model to determine co-crystal phase purity. The MCR results were compared with a reference co-crystal. Experimental design (DoE) was used to investigate the effect of solvents, temperature, and agitation on the purity of co-crystals produced by slurry and evaporation co-crystallization. DoE revealed that evaporation co-crystallization with agitating at 65 rpm formed co-crystals with greater phase purity. The optimal temperature varied with the solvent used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza P Queiroz
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Ltd., Building 11, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Dublin D18 DH50, Ireland
| | - Marisa Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jacek Zeglinski
- APC Ltd., Building 11, Cherrywood Business Park, Loughlinstown, Dublin D18 DH50, Ireland
| | - Abina M Crean
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mafalda Cruz Sarraguça
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sonja Vucen
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and imaging and image analysis were applied to the study of the multicomponent co-crystallization process involving S-valsartan and sacubitril in which LCZ696 crystals were formed. LCZ696 is a combination drug for use in heart failure that was approved by the FDA in 2015 following development by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Though much work was reported on LCZ696 about its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in the evaluation and clinical testing, less attention was paid to study on the co-crystallization process. LCZ696 crystals have shown difficulties in filtration mainly due to the small particle size. In this work, LCZ696 crystals were prepared successfully by S-valsartan and sacubitril, and characterized by SEM, XRPD, TG-DSC and ATR-FTIR. ATR-FTIR and imaging and image analysis were used to monitoring solution concentration and investigating the co-crystallization mechanism. It revealed that the nucleation process was very slow compared with the transformation process, which is indication that the co-crystallization was controlled by nucleation. LCZ696 crystals are composed of very thin hexagonal plates, which seems indicating that LCZ696 crystals grow mainly in two size dimensions. Stirrer speed and crystal seeds were found to have noticeable effect on the induction time, transformation time and crystal size distribution. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation was found to be able to describe the co-crystallization process.
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Structural Characterization of Co-Crystals of Chlordiazepoxide with p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Lorazepam with Nicotinamide by DSC, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070648. [PMID: 32659986 PMCID: PMC7408267 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low water solubility of benzodiazepines seriously affects their bioavailability and, in consequence, their biological activity. Since co-crystallization has been found to be a promising way to modify undesirable properties in active pharmaceutical ingredients, the objective of this study was to prepare co-crystals of two benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. Using different co-crystallization procedures, slurry evaporation and liquid-assisted grinding, co-crystals of chlordiazepoxide with p-aminobenzoic acid and lorazepam with nicotinamide were prepared for the first time. Confirmation that co-crystals were obtained was achieved through a comparison of the data acquired for both co-crystals using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, with comparisons acquired for the physical mixtures of both benzodiazepines and coformers. The compatibility of PXRD patterns of both benzodiazepines co-crystals with those contained in the base Powder Diffraction File (PDF-4+) suggests that new crystal structures were indeed created under the co-crystallization procedure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that a chlordiazepoxide co-crystal with p-aminobenzoic acid and a lorazepam co-crystal with nicotinamide crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n and P21/c space group, respectively, with one molecule of benzodiazepine and one of coformer in the asymmetric unit. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy corroborated that benzodiazepine and coformer are linked by a hydrogen bond without proton exchange. Furthermore, a DSC study revealed that single endothermic DSC peaks assigned to the melting of co-crystals differ slightly depending on the co-crystallization procedures and solvent used, as well as differing from those of starting components.
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Investigation of Ternary Phase Diagrams of Carbamazepine–Nicotinamide Cocrystal in Ethanol and Ethanol/Ethyl Acetate Mixtures at 298.15 K and 313.15 K. J SOLUTION CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-019-00944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wieland K, Tauber S, Gasser C, Rettenbacher LA, Lux L, Radel S, Lendl B. In-Line Ultrasound-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Allows for Highly Sensitive Analysis with Improved Selectivity in Suspensions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14231-14238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tauber
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasser
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas A. Rettenbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurin Lux
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Radel
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Mazivila SJ, Castro RA, Leitão JM, Esteves da Silva JC. At-line green synthesis monitoring of new pharmaceutical co-crystals lamivudine:theophylline polymorph I and II, quantification of polymorph I among its APIs using FT-IR spectroscopy and MCR-ALS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:235-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chemometrics coupled to vibrational spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging for the analysis of solid-phase pharmaceutical products: A brief review on non-destructive analytical methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and partial least squares (PLS) regression in the quantitative analysis of cocrystal formulations by Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodrigues M, Baptista B, Lopes JA, Sarraguça MC. Pharmaceutical cocrystallization techniques. Advances and challenges. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:404-420. [PMID: 29890258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals are homogenous (single-phase) crystalline structures composed by two or more components in a definite stoichiometric ratio bonded together by noncovalent bonds. Pharmaceutical industry has been showing interest in cocrystals due to their ability to improve active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) properties, such as solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability and processability. The necessity for high-throughput screening methods and methods capable of producing cocrystals in an industrial scale still hinders the use of cocrystals by the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this review is to present an extensive overview of the cocrystallization methods, focusing in the specificities of each technique, its advantages and disadvantages. The review is divided into solvent-based and solvent-free methods. The most appropriate methods to the different stages of cocrystals manufacture, from the screening phase to industrial production are identified. The use of continuous and scalable methods in cocrystal production as well as the implementation of quality-by-design and process analytical technology concepts are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Baptista
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Almeida Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cruz Sarraguça
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Zeng X, Xiong X, Yang H, Tang B, Du Q, Hou Q, Suo Z, Li H. Quantitative Monitoring the Anti-Solvent Crystallization and Storage Process for Nandrolone by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1928-1936. [PMID: 29339135 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel hydrate (SH2O) of nandrolone was prepared by anti-solvent methods. The crystallization processes with 2 schemes (A and B) were monitored by in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The amounts of SH2O in powder samples obtained by the anti-solvent crystallization and storage process were quantified by NIR combined with chemometrics methods. In-line NIR spectra from 4500 to 8000 cm-1 were chosen to capture physicochemical changes during the whole crystallization process. The combination of the principal component results with offline characterization (scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, NIR) data showed that both schemes yielded high purity SH2O products, but the crystallization speed of scheme B was significantly accelerated. It was demonstrated that in-line NIR spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis can be very useful to monitor in real time and control the anti-solvent crystallization process. Moreover, the solubility and the solid-state transformation of nandrolone under different storage conditions were investigated. The apparent solubility of SH2O was 2.19-2.44 times of Form I, and SH2O was relatively stable when stored at a high relative humidity and temperature below 25°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinnuo Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiaohong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quan Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zili Suo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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