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Chalmé RL, Frankot MA, Anderson KG. Discriminative-stimulus effects of cannabidiol oil in Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:36-46. [PMID: 38085665 PMCID: PMC10922827 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major centrally active phytocannabinoid components of cannabis, and has been approved by the FDA only for the treatment of seizures associated with three rare disorders. It has also been touted as a potential treatment for anxiety in place of more traditional treatments like benzodiazepines. Although there is some evidence of anxiolytic effects of CBD, its suitability as a substitute for benzodiazepines is unknown. This experiment was designed to assess the extent to which CBD shares interoceptive discriminative-stimulus properties with the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide (CDP), a benzodiazepine. In the present experiment, a range of doses (0-1569 mg/kg) of over-the-counter CBD oil was administered (i.g.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate 5.6 mg/kg CDP from saline. Due to the long time-course effects of CBD, generalization tests were conducted at 90 and 120 min post-CBD administration. The two highest doses of CBD tested (1064 and 1569 mg/kg) were found to partially substitute for 5.6 mg/kg CDP, with mean percent responding on the CDP-associated lever reaching above 20% at time 2 (120 min post-CBD administration), suggesting that high doses of the over-the-counter CBD oils used in this experiment share interoceptive discriminative-stimulus properties to some degree with CDP. These results are novel in comparison to existing research into stimulus effects of CBD, in which substitution for benzodiazepines has not previously been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Chalmé
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York
| | - Michelle A. Frankot
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Karen G. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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2
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Drugs for anxiety disorders. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2023; 65:121-8. [PMID: 37516898 DOI: 10.58347/tml.2023.1682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
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3
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Lech A, Garbacz P, Sikorski A, Gazda M, Wesolowski M. New Saccharin Salt of Chlordiazepoxide: Structural and Physicochemical Examination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912050. [PMID: 36233346 PMCID: PMC9570060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the formation of organic salts can improve the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the aim of this work was to prepare an organic salt of chlordiazepoxide with saccharin. To achieve this goal, the saccharin salt of chlordiazepoxide was obtained from a physical mixture of both components by grinding them with a small volume of solvent and by crystallizing them with complete evaporation of the solvent. The resulting salt was examined by methods such as Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of the studies proved that saccharin salt of chlordiazepoxide crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group with one chlordiazepoxide cation and one saccharin anion in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal of the title compound, the chlordiazepoxide cation and the saccharin anion interact through strong N–H···O hydrogen bonds and weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds. The disappearance of the N–H band in the FT-IR spectrum of saccharin may indicate a shift of this proton towards chlordiazepoxide, while the disappearance of the aromatic bond band in the chlordiazepoxide ring in the Raman spectrum may suggest the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between chlordiazepoxide molecules. The melting point of the salts differs from that of the starting compounds. Thermal decomposition of the salt begins above 200 °C and shows at least two overlapping stages of mass loss. In summary, the results of the research showed that the crystalline salt of the saccharin and chlordiazepoxide can be obtained by various methods: grinding with the addition of acetonitrile and crystallization from acetonitrile or a mixture of methanol with methylene chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lech
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Garbacz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria Gazda
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wesolowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-15-25
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Laffafchi F, Tajbakhsh M, Sarrafi Y, Ghani M, Maleki B. Creatine@SiO 2 @Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of escitalopram and chlordiazepoxide from urine samples through quantitation via HPLC-UV. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3005-3013. [PMID: 35754157 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, cost-effective, and fast-synthesis method is presented in the current study to prepare magnetic nanoparticles covered by cheap and nitrogen-rich creatine. The hydrothermal method was used for the synthesis of the magnetic core. The prepared magnetic core was then covered by SiO2 and subsequently functionalized using creatine. The prepared creatine@SiO2 @Fe3 O4 was utilized as a sorbent in the magnetic solid-phase extraction of the selected antidepressants including escitalopram and chlordiazepoxide as the model drugs. The extracted drugs were desorbed by a suitable organic solvent and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detection system. The influence of different variables on the magnetic solid-phase extraction method was examined by the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs for screening and optimization, respectively. Under the obtained optimum conditions, the linear ranges of the method were found to be in the range of 1-500 µg L-1 . The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.27-0.63 µg L-1 and 0.89-1.93 µg L-1 for the selected analytes, respectively. Furthermore, the enrichment factors were found to be 79.8 and 92.7 for chlordiazepoxide and escitalopram, respectively. The method was successfully employed for the analysis of selected drugs in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farin Laffafchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Milad Ghani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Behrooz Maleki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Langford JS, Batchelder SR, Haste DA, Thuman EP, Pitts RC, Hughes CE. Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich-to-lean transitions. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 116:3-20. [PMID: 34144632 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extended pausing during discriminable transitions from rich-to-lean conditions can be viewed as escape (i.e., rich-to-lean transitions function aversively). Thus, an anxiolytic drug would be predicted to mitigate the aversiveness and decrease pausing. In the current experiment, pigeons' key pecking was maintained by a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-ratio schedule of rich (i.e., larger) or lean (i.e., smaller) reinforcers. Intermediate doses (3.0-10.0 mg/kg) of chlordiazepoxide differentially decreased median pauses during rich-to-lean transitions. Relatively small decreases in pauses occurred during lean-to-lean and rich-to-rich transitions. Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing occurred without appreciable effects on run rates. These findings suggest that signaled rich-to-lean transitions function aversively.
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In Brief: New benzodiazepine warnings. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2020; 62:175. [PMID: 33429404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Volney GS, Scatena R. Continuous Intravenous Flumazenil Infusion Used in Iatrogenic Chlordiazepoxide Overdose in the Setting of Alcoholic Withdrawal Syndrome Management. Cureus 2020; 12:e10648. [PMID: 33133818 PMCID: PMC7586353 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine that is widely used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Flumazenil is a competitive antagonist at the benzodiazepine receptor site and is the drug of choice for the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. Reversal of benzodiazepine overdose is usually achieved by the use of a flumazenil bolus; however, the continuous infusion has been used when concomitant medical conditions may lead to delayed metabolism of the benzodiazepine involved. We present a patient with AWS, with inadvertent chlordiazepoxide overdose treated effectively with a prolonged flumazenil infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Scatena
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, USA
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Garbacz P, Paukszta D, Sikorski A, Wesolowski M. Structural Characterization of Co-Crystals of Chlordiazepoxide with p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Lorazepam with Nicotinamide by DSC, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E648. [PMID: 32659986 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low water solubility of benzodiazepines seriously affects their bioavailability and, in consequence, their biological activity. Since co-crystallization has been found to be a promising way to modify undesirable properties in active pharmaceutical ingredients, the objective of this study was to prepare co-crystals of two benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. Using different co-crystallization procedures, slurry evaporation and liquid-assisted grinding, co-crystals of chlordiazepoxide with p-aminobenzoic acid and lorazepam with nicotinamide were prepared for the first time. Confirmation that co-crystals were obtained was achieved through a comparison of the data acquired for both co-crystals using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, with comparisons acquired for the physical mixtures of both benzodiazepines and coformers. The compatibility of PXRD patterns of both benzodiazepines co-crystals with those contained in the base Powder Diffraction File (PDF-4+) suggests that new crystal structures were indeed created under the co-crystallization procedure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that a chlordiazepoxide co-crystal with p-aminobenzoic acid and a lorazepam co-crystal with nicotinamide crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n and P21/c space group, respectively, with one molecule of benzodiazepine and one of coformer in the asymmetric unit. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy corroborated that benzodiazepine and coformer are linked by a hydrogen bond without proton exchange. Furthermore, a DSC study revealed that single endothermic DSC peaks assigned to the melting of co-crystals differ slightly depending on the co-crystallization procedures and solvent used, as well as differing from those of starting components.
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Momtazan F, Khodadoust S, Zeraatpisheh F, Behbahani M. Synthesis of mesoporous silica for adsorption of chlordiazepoxide and its determination by HPLC: Experimental design. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3253-3260. [PMID: 31461204 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, mesoporous silica (SBA-15-NH2 ) was used as an efficient adsorbent for extraction of chlordiazepoxide from different samples based on dispersive nanomaterial-ultrasound assisted microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The prepared sorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, low-angle X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and N2 adsorption-desorption surface area measurement. Several variables affecting the extraction efficiency of the chlordiazepoxide, including the amounts of adsorbent, time of adsorption, pH and volume of desorption solvent were optimized by central composite design combined with desirability function. The values of variables were set as 10 mg of SBA-15-NH2 , 15 min adsorption time, pH = 7.3 and 1 mL methanol. The linear response (0.998) was obtained in the range of 0.006-10 µgmL-1 with detection limit 0.0014 µg/mL and extraction recovery was in the range of 91-96% with relative standard deviation < 6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momtazan
- Department of Chemistry, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Saeid Khodadoust
- Department of Chemistry, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zeraatpisheh
- Department of Chemistry, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behbahani
- Faculty of Engineering, Shohadaye Hoveizeh University of Technology, Dasht-e Azadegan, Susangerd, Iran
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Drugs for anxiety disorders. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2019; 61:121-6. [PMID: 31386647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Abstract
Objective: To report a case of chlordiazepoxide-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Case Summary: This case provides insight into a serious adverse drug reaction secondary to a drug not commonly associated with SJS. A 29-year-old female presented with a 4-day history of rash and pruritus. The rash started on her arms and spread all over her body. The patient was started on chlordiazepoxide 3½ weeks ago. On examination, there were multiple, raised, round erythematous lesions in various stages of healing. Skin erosions were noted on her lips and buccal mucosa. However, the rash did not involve the conjunctiva, inner ears, or genitalia. The patient was discharged home with a follow-up appointment with dermatology and instructions to discontinue chlordiazepoxide. Two days after her initial presentation, the patient's rash spread to her eyes and genitalia. A painful, white film developed on her tongue, and she was unable to tolerate oral intake. She was emergently sent back to hospital and transferred to a Burn Unit. The biopsy report revealed full-thickness necrotizing keratinocytes in the epidermis consistent with SJS. Discussion: To our knowledge, there is only one other case report of chlordiazepoxide-associated SJS. Chlordiazepoxide is thought to be the cause of this patient's biopsy-confirmed SJS and overall presentation. SJS is a rare but serious condition that is usually a result of drug exposure. Conclusions: The close temporal relationship between chlordiazepoxide initiation and onset of SJS provides a convincing theory as to the etiology of SJS in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Jawaro
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ayan Kumar
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Pistun
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Deepali Dixit
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Baclofen shows potential for rapidly reducing symptoms of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in people with alcoholism. Treatment with baclofen is easy to manage and rarely produces euphoria or other pleasant effects, or craving for the drug. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in 2015, Issue 4. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of baclofen for people with AWS. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to March 2017: the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL. We also searched registers of ongoing trials. We handsearched the references quoted in the identified trials, and sought information from researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and relevant trial authors about unpublished or uncompleted trials. We placed no restrictions on language. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating baclofen versus placebo or any other treatment for people with AWS. We excluded uncontrolled, non-randomised, or quasi-randomised trials. We included both parallel group and cross-over studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included three RCTs with 141 randomised participants. We did not perform meta-analyses due to the different control interventions. For the comparison of baclofen and placebo (1 study, 31 participants), there was no significant difference in Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) scores (very low quality evidence). For the comparison of baclofen and diazepam (1 study, 37 participants), there was no significant difference in CIWA-Ar scores (very low quality evidence), adverse events (risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10 to 0.10; very low quality evidence), dropouts (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.10; very low quality evidence), and dropouts due to adverse events (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.10; very low quality evidence). For the comparison of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide (1 study, 60 participants), there was no significant difference in CIWA-Ar scores (mean difference (MD) 1.00, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.30; very low quality evidence), global improvement (MD 0.10, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.23; very low quality evidence), adverse events (RD 2.50, 95% CI 0.88 to 7.10; very low quality of evidence), dropouts (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06; very low quality evidence), and dropouts due to adverse events (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06; very low quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy and safety of baclofen for the management of alcohol withdrawal because we found insufficient and very low quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityDepartment of NeurologyChangchun Street 45BeijingChina100053
| | - Lu‐Ning Wang
- Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Geriatric NeurologyFuxing Road 28Haidian DistrictBeijingChina100853
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Reddy VK, Girish K, Lakshmi P, Vijendra R, Kumar A, Harsha R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide in uncomplicated alcohol-withdrawal syndrome. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:372-7. [PMID: 25097273 PMCID: PMC4118528 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.135947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the first-line drugs in alcohol-withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) agonist, controls withdrawal symptoms without causing significant adverse effects. The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide in the management of uncomplicated AWS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, open label, standard controlled, parallel group study of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide in 60 participants with uncomplicated AWS. Clinical efficacy was measured by the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for alcohol (CIWA-Ar) scores. Lorazepam was used as supplement medication if withdrawal symptoms could not be controlled effectively by the study drugs alone. Both direct and indirect medical costs were considered and the CEA was analyzed in both patient's perspective and third-party perspective. RESULTS The average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) in patient's perspective of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide was Rs. 5,308.61 and Rs. 2,951.95 per symptom-free day, respectively. The ACER in third-party perspective of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide was Rs. 895.01 and Rs. 476.29 per symptom-free day, respectively. Participants on chlordiazepoxide had more number of symptom-free days when compared with the baclofen group on analysis by Mann-Whitney test (U = 253.50, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Both study drugs provided relief of withdrawal symptoms. Chlordiazepoxide was more cost-effective than baclofen. Baclofen was relatively less effective and more expensive than chlordiazepoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K. Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K. Girish
- Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pandit Lakshmi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Vijendra
- Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Harsha
- Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Response rate can influence the behavioral effects of many drugs. Reinforcement magnitude may also influence drug effects. Further, reinforcement magnitude can influence rate-dependent effects. For example, in an earlier report, we showed that rate-dependent effects of two antidepressants depended on reinforcement magnitude. The ability of reinforcement magnitude to interact with rate-dependency has not been well characterized. It is not known whether our previous results are specific to antidepressants or generalize to other drug classes. Here, we further examine rate-magnitude interactions by studying effects of two stimulants (d-amphetamine [0.32-5.6 mg/kg] and cocaine [0.32-10 mg/kg]) and two sedatives (chlordiazepoxide [1.78-32 mg/kg] and pentobarbital [1.0-17.8 mg/kg]) in pigeons responding under a 3-component multiple fixed-interval (FI) 300-s schedule maintained by 2-, 4-, or 8-s of food access. We also examine the effects of d-amphetamine [0.32-3.2 mg/kg] and pentobarbital [1.8-10 mg/kg] in rats responding under a similar multiple FI300-s schedule maintained by 2- or 10- food pellet (45 mg) delivery. In pigeons, cocaine and, to a lesser extent, chlordiazepoxide exerted rate-dependent effects that were diminished by increasing durations of food access. The relationship was less apparent for pentobarbital, and not present for d-amphetamine. In rats, rate-dependent effects of pentobarbital and d-amphetamine were not modulated by reinforcement magnitude. In conclusion, some drugs appear to exert rate-dependent effect which are diminished when reinforcement magnitude is relatively high. Subsequent analysis of the rate-dependency data suggest the effects of reinforcement magnitude may be due to a diminution of drug-induced increases in low-rate behavior that occurs early in the fixed-interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | | | - R. J. Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
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Patel S, Patel NJ, Patel SA. Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of imipramine hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide in tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 71:468-72. [PMID: 20502561 PMCID: PMC2865827 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.57304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary mixture of imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide was determined by three different spectrophotometric methods. The first method involved determination of imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide using the simultaneous equations and the second method involved absorbance ratio method. Imipramine has absorbance maxima at 251 nm, chlordiazepoxide has absorbance maxima at 264.5 nm and isoabsorptive point is at 220 nm in methanol. Linearity was obtained in the concentration ranges of 1-25 and 1-10 μg/ml for Imipramine HCL and Chlordiazepoxide, respectively. The third method involved determination of these two drugs using the first-derivative spectrophotometric technique at 219 and 231.5 nm over the concentration ranges of 1-20 and 2-24 μg/ml with mean accuracies 99.46±0.78 and 101.43±1.20%, respectively. These methods were successively applied to pharmaceutical formulations because no interferences from the tablet excipients were found. The suitability of these methods for the quantitative determination of the compounds was proved by validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana-382 711, India
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Patel S, Patel NJ. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic simultaneous estimation of amitriptyline hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide in tablet dosage forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 71:472-6. [PMID: 20502562 PMCID: PMC2865828 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.57305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary mixture of amitriptyline HCl and chlordiazepoxide was determined by three different methods. The first method involved determination of amitriptyline HCl and chlordiazepoxide using the first derivative spectrophotometric technique at 219 and 230 nm over the concentration ranges of 1-20 and 2-24 mug/ml with mean accuracies 100.9+/-0.87 and 99.2+/-1.0%, respectively. The second method was reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using methanol: acetonitrile: 0.065 M ammonium acetate buffer (50:20:30, v/v/v), final pH adjust to 5.5 +/- 0.02 with ortho phosphoric acid as the mobile phase and was pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Quantification was achieved with ultraviolet detection at 240 nm over concentration ranges of 0.25-4 and 0.1-1.6 mug/ml; mean accuracies were 100.55+/-0.62 and 100.71+/-0.81%, respectively. The third method utilized high performance thin layer chromatography method in tablet dosage form. The method was based on separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 240 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck thin layer chromatographic aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using carbon tetrachloride: acetone: triethylamine (6:3:0.2, v/v/v) as mobile phase. The linearity was found to be in the range of 50-600 and 20-240 ng/spot for amitriptyline hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide, respectively. The methods were successively applied to pharmaceutical formulation because no chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were found. The suitability of these methods for the quantitative determination of the compounds was proved by validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana-382711, Gujarat, India
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Smith KS, Meloni EG, Myers KM, Van't Veer A, Carlezon WA, Rudolph U. Reduction of fear-potentiated startle by benzodiazepines in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:697-706. [PMID: 20922362 PMCID: PMC3056161 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anxiety disorders affect 18% of the United States adult population annually. Recent surges in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from combat-exposed veterans have prompted an urgent need to understand the pathophysiology underlying this debilitating condition. OBJECTIVES Anxiety and fear responses are partly modulated by gamma aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition; benzodiazepines potentiate GABAergic inhibition and are effective anxiolytics. Many genetically modified mouse lines are generated and/or maintained on the C57BL/6J background, a strain where manipulation of anxiety-like behavior using benzodiazepines is difficult. Fear-potentiated startle (FPS), a test of conditioned fear, is a useful preclinical tool to study PTSD-like responses but has been difficult to establish in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS We modified several FPS experimental parameters and developed a paradigm to assess conditioned fear in C57BL/6J mice. The 6-day protocol consisted of three startle Acclimation days, a Pre-Test day followed by Training and Testing for FPS. Subject responses to the effects of three benzodiazepines were also examined. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice had low levels of unconditioned fear assessed during Pre-Test (15-18%) but showed robust FPS (80-120%) during the Test session. Conditioned fear responses extinguished over repeated test sessions. Administration of the benzodiazepines alprazolam (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), chlordiazepoxide (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), and diazepam (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced FPS to Pre-Test levels. CONCLUSIONS We used a modified and pharmacologically-validated paradigm to assess FPS in mice thereby providing a powerful tool to examine the neurobiology of PTSD in genetic models of anxiety generated on the C57BL/6J background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Patel SK, Patel NJ. Simultaneous RP-HPLC Estimation of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Tablet Dosage Forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 71:545-7. [PMID: 20502574 PMCID: PMC2866347 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.58192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary mixture of trifluoperazine HCl and chlordiazepoxide was determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography method using methanol:water (97:03, v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Quantification was achieved with ultraviolet detection at 262 nm over concentration ranges of 0.1-1 and 0.5-5 mug/ml; mean accuracies were 101.05+/-0.47 and 98.97+/-0.33 %, respectively. The method was successively applied to tablet dosage forms as no chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were observed. The method retained its accuracy and precision when the standard addition technique was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal K Patel
- S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana-382 711, India
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Abstract
Different alpha subunits of human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors were transiently expressed together with beta(3) and gamma(2) subunits in Xenopus oocytes to examine the interactions of various GABA(A) agonists and representative allosteric modulators. Chloride currents elicited by agonists were measured using two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology. Where compounds behaved as full agonists, i.e. GABA on all subtypes and 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) on alpha2beta(3)gamma(2) GABA(A) receptors, agonist concentration-response curves were shifted to the left by the benzodiazepine full agonist chlordiazepoxide and the anticonvulsant loreclezole, or to the right by the inverse agonist 6, 7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (DMCM), with no effect on the maximal currents (I(max)). In contrast, maximal responses for different partial GABA(A) agonists on all benzodiazepine-sensitive alpha(x)beta(3)gamma(2) GABA(A) receptors were enhanced by chlordiazepoxide. I(max) values for piperidine-4-sulphonic acid (P4S) on alpha(1)beta(3)gamma(2), THIP on alpha(3)beta(3)gamma(2), and 5-(4-piperidyl)isothiazol-3-ol (thio-4-PIOL) on alpha(2)beta(3)gamma(2) and alpha(5)beta(3)gamma(2) GABA(A) receptors were increased by chlordiazepoxide, while that for P4S on alpha(1)beta(3)gamma(2) receptors was decreased by DMCM. The I(max) values for partial agonists were also enhanced by pentobarbitone, the neurosteroid allopregnanolone and loreclezole irrespective of receptor subtype or the nature of the partial agonist. In the light of models of ligand-gated ion channel receptor activation we suggest two possible mechanisms of action for the effects of allosteric modulators on partial agonist receptor activation: either selective modulation of agonist affinity for the open/closed state, or direct modulation of the gating process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maksay
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Institute, Chemical Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, POB 17, Hungary
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Sellers EM. Treatment of the Acute Alcohol Withdrawal State: A Comparison of Four Drugs. Alcohol Health Res World 1995; 19:34-35. [PMID: 31798083 PMCID: PMC6875791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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