1
|
Kremer LJ, Smith A, Tahitahi KA, Mapusua T, Anwar M, Rutherford G, Cho H, Guy W. Ko au tēnei: This is me - Exploring the lived experience of underrepresented groups with pharmacy services to inform the development of pharmacy case-based learning. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:167-173. [PMID: 38331625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demographic and social characteristics of underrepresented groups are often poorly described in pharmacy case-based learning, leading to poor representation of these groups in the pharmacy curriculum. This research project aimed to understand the lived experience of underrepresented groups with pharmacy services and to use this to inform the development of pharmacy case-based student learning materials. METHODS This was a single centre, grounded theory, qualitative study. Focus groups were undertaken with six underrepresented groups: Māori, Pacific, Asian, LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual), disability, and refugee. These focus groups were conducted in Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand from July to August 2022. Focus group sessions were recorded and analysed to identify beliefs, ideas, and themes shared between participants and groups. FINDINGS Participants in all focus groups had a strong desire to be seen and represented in pharmacy cases, however this was conditional on the learning being delivered in a way that upholds their beliefs, values, and voices. From these lived experiences, cultural, environmental, personal, and social factors were identified as being critical for inclusion in pharmacy case-based learning materials. CONCLUSIONS The lived experience of underrepresented populations provides critical insights that will enhance pharmacy case-based learning. The key factors that could be included in case-based learning are: ethnicity, personal beliefs, language, disability, gender identity, sexual identity, and family. To achieve health equity and improve cultural awareness and intelligence of our future pharmacy workforce, these experiences need to become more present in curricula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kremer
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alesha Smith
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Kelly-Ann Tahitahi
- University of Otago Office of Māori Development, 87 Saint David Street, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Talai Mapusua
- University of Otago Centre for Pacific Health (Va'a o Tautai), 71 Frederick Street, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Mudassir Anwar
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Gill Rutherford
- University of Otago College of Education, 145 Union Street East, Central Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Hyunah Cho
- University of Otago College of Education, 145 Union Street East, Central Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - William Guy
- University of Otago School of Pharmacy, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dhital R, Sakulwach S, Robert G, Vasilikou C, Sin J. Systematic review on the effects of the physical and social aspects of community pharmacy spaces on service users and staff. Perspect Public Health 2022; 142:77-93. [PMID: 35274562 PMCID: PMC8918882 DOI: 10.1177/17579139221080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This systematic review aimed to provide new insights into how pharmacy spaces, or the architecture of pharmacies, are experienced by pharmacy service users and staff. The review sought to identify environmental factors which may influence service users’ and staff participation in community-based pharmacy health services. Method: Ten databases were searched for English language publications, using a combination of search terms relating to pharmacy service users and staff; pharmacy spaces; and health and social care outcomes. Data from the final selected studies were extracted, thematically analysed using a narrative approach and the quality of each study assessed using the Integrated quality Criteria for the Review of Multiple Study designs (ICROMS). Results: 80 articles reporting 80 studies published between 1994 and 2020 were identified; they were from 28 countries, involving around 3234 community pharmacies, 13,615 pharmacy service users, 5056 pharmacists and 78 pharmacy health staff. Most studies (94%) met the ICROMS minimum score, and half did not meet the mandatory quality criteria. Four themes likely to influence service users’ and staff experiences of pharmacy health services were identified: (1) privacy; (2) experience of the physical environment; (3) professional image; and (4) risk of error. Conclusion: To optimise the delivery and experience of pharmacy health services, these spaces should be made more engaging. Future applied research could focus on optimising inclusive pharmacy design features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dhital
- Arts and Sciences Department, University College London, 33-35 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7LA, UK
| | | | - G Robert
- King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - J Sin
- University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duyster T, McMillan SS, Whately E, Kelly FS. What Do Young Adults Think about the Safety of Over-the-Counter Analgesics? Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey. PHARMACY 2021; 9:54. [PMID: 33807954 PMCID: PMC8005976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analgesics are commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) medicines readily available for purchase, sometimes without advice of a health professional. However, analgesics can cause harm even when taken according to dosing recommendations. Young adults may be more vulnerable to harm if they perceive low risk with OTC analgesic use, or struggle to interpret dosing instructions. This study aimed to explore factors affecting how young adults use OTC analgesics and associated perceptions of safety. An online survey was distributed to school-leavers and university students (17 to 25 years), in South-East Queensland, Australia, in the period November-December 2019. Most of the 302 respondents (school-leavers n = 147, university students n = 155) did not use analgesics frequently. School-leavers deferred to parents for analgesic information, while university students preferred the internet. The majority of respondents appeared safety conscious and did not take outside indicated use or instructions. However, a small proportion reported taking analgesics for an inappropriate indication. The difference in preferred source of analgesic information may reflect experience with analgesic use, increasing autonomy or decreased parental influence. Whilst it is encouraging that the majority of young adults appeared safety conscious, greater insight is needed into factors influencing decision making on OTC use, e.g., medicines knowledge, and changes with increasing age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia Duyster
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4215, Australia; (T.D.); (S.S.M.); (E.W.)
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport 4215, Australia
| | - Sara S. McMillan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4215, Australia; (T.D.); (S.S.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Ella Whately
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4215, Australia; (T.D.); (S.S.M.); (E.W.)
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport 4215, Australia
| | - Fiona S. Kelly
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport 4215, Australia; (T.D.); (S.S.M.); (E.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Azh N, Nahidi F, Ozgoli G, Ardalan G. Adolescents Confusion in Receiving Health Services: A Qualitative Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:LC01-LC06. [PMID: 28658809 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23393.9761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Providing health services for adolescents requires exploration of hidden factors from the perspective of adolescents, providers, and key individuals. Understanding the process of providing health services from adolescents point of view will help receiving and continuation of services. Although many studies have been conducted in Iran on adolescents health needs, few studies have dealt with provision of these services to adolescents. AIM The present study aimed to explain the adolescents and key informants' perception of healthcare provision. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present qualitative study was conducted according to grounded theory. Data were collected using deep semi-structured individual interviews and group discussion. Participants were selected through purposive sampling followed by theoretical sampling. Participants in present study were 65 adolescents, nine youths (19-24-year-old), and 19 parents and key people involved in providing health services. Adolescents and their parents were selected from different parts of Tehran. Data collection continued until data saturation, and was analysed using Corbin-Strauss (2008) method. RESULTS Issues relating to adolescents perception of the process of providing services included health concerns, society's inappropriate behaviours, and weakness of the health services system in responding to adolescents needs, which as underlying factors contributed to adolescents confusion in receiving services and their proper coping with puberty. CONCLUSION Due to lack of education on how to manage puberty by parents, schools, society, and the health system, participating adolescents from Tehran were confused about receiving information and unable to manage puberty problems. Solving this problem requires continuity of services and interaction of family, school and community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nezal Azh
- PhD Student, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nahidi
- Associate Professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giti Ozgoli
- Associate Professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Pediatrician, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malm D, Bishop L, Gustafsson P, Waenerlund AK, Goicolea I. Validation of a questionnaire to measure youth-friendliness of Swedish youth clinics. Scand J Public Health 2017; 45:366-372. [PMID: 28385109 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817699479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study presents the validation process of a tool to assess the youth-friendliness of Swedish youth clinics, based on the Youth-Friendly Health Services - World Health Organization Plus (YFHS-WHO+) questionnaire but adapted to the specific context of differentiated services catering only for young people in this country. METHODS The validation process followed five steps: (1) translation, (2) revision by professionals, (3) pretests with young people, (4) back-translation and discussion with the developers of the original YFHS-WHO+ questionnaire and (5) internal consistency and test-retest reliability testing. RESULTS The final Swedish version, titled Youth-Friendly Health Services-Sweden (YFHS-Swe), differs from the original in terms of adjustments in language and in changes to make it better correspond to the reality of the Swedish youth clinics, while maintaining the meaning and intention of the original questionnaire. The YFHS-Swe questionnaire generated reproducible responses (test-retest coefficient of 0.79 for the total score) and can be considered a measure of a cohesive construct (Cronbach alpha of 0.95 for the total score). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the YFHS-Swe questionnaire is a reliable instrument that can be an asset for youth clinics to evaluate their work and make regional and national comparisons between clinics. The YFHS-Swe could also serve as a basis for validating instruments to assess youth-friendliness of differentiated services for young people in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desire Malm
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Linn Bishop
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Per Gustafsson
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Waenerlund
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Isabel Goicolea
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dosea AS, Brito GC, Santos LMC, Marques TC, Balisa-Rocha B, Pimentel D, Bueno D, Lyra DP. Establishment, Implementation, and Consolidation of Clinical Pharmacy Services in Community Pharmacies: Perceptions of a Group of Pharmacists. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:363-373. [PMID: 26658232 DOI: 10.1177/1049732315614294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When pharmacists incorporate clinical practice into their routine, barriers and facilitators influence the implementation of patient care services. Three focus groups were conducted with 11 pharmacists who were working for the Farmácia Popular do Brasil program on the establishment, implementation, and consolidation of clinical pharmacy services. The perception of the pharmacists in Brazil about the program was that it facilitated access to health care and medication. The distance between neighboring cities made it difficult for patients to return for services. Lack of staff training created a lack of communication skills and knowledge. The pharmacists wanted to have increased technical support, skill development opportunities, and monitoring of researchers who assessed progress of the service. Pharmacists overcame many of their insecurities and felt more proactive and committed to quality service. Positive experiences in service implementations have shown that it is possible to develop a model of clinical services in community pharmacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline S Dosea
- 1 Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Brito
- 1 Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
- 2 Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Denise Bueno
- 4 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alsaleh F, Smith FJ, Rigby E, Gray NJ. Applying the ‘You're Welcome’ youth-friendly service criteria to community pharmacy in the UK. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Rigby
- Association for Young People's Health; London UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Could community pharmacies help to improve youth health? Service availability and views of pharmacy personnel in New Zealand. Int J Public Health 2014; 59:789-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Whitty JA, Kendall E, Sav A, Kelly F, McMillan SS, King MA, Wheeler AJ. Preferences for the delivery of community pharmacy services to help manage chronic conditions. Res Social Adm Pharm 2014; 11:197-215. [PMID: 25116938 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To optimize positive outcomes, the design of new pharmacy services should consider the preferences of consumers with chronic condition(s) and their carers. OBJECTIVES (i) To evaluate the relative importance of community pharmacy service characteristics, from the perspective of consumers with chronic condition(s) and carers; (ii) To compare consumer and carer preferences to health professional beliefs about ideal service characteristics for consumers. METHOD A discrete choice experiment was completed by consumers with chronic condition(s) and/or carers (n = 602) and health professionals (n = 297), recruited from four regions in Australia. Participants were each randomized to one survey version containing four (from a total 72) different choices between two new pharmacy services. Consumer and carer participants were also given an 'opt out' alternative of current service. Each service was described using six attributes related to pharmacy service characteristics: continued medicines supply, continuity and coordinated care, location, medication management, education and information, and cost. RESULTS Consumers and carers placed highest priority on continued medicines supply by a pharmacist for regular and symptom flare up medicines (100 priority points), a pharmacy located within a 'one-stop' health center (61 points) and home delivery of medicines (52 points). Although continued medicines supply was most important for consumers and carers, pharmacy location was perceived by health professionals to be the most important characteristic for consumers. Participants were less inclined to choose new services if their current pharmacy offered high quality services that were person-centered, easy to access and responsive to their needs. Younger, more highly educated and employed participants, and those with established condition(s) were more likely to choose new services. CONCLUSIONS Person-centered care is a fundamental tenet for pharmacy services. The provision of continued medicines supply (e.g. through pharmacist prescribing), convenient and coordinated care delivered through a one stop health centre, and home delivery of medicines, should be prioritized when planning pharmacy services to best assist consumers to manage chronic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Whitty
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Health Institute and Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kendall
- Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation Medicine, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adem Sav
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Kelly
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle A King
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|