1
|
Ricard-Blum S, Vivès RR, Schaefer L, Götte M, Merline R, Passi A, Heldin P, Magalhães A, Reis CA, Skandalis SS, Karamanos NK, Perez S, Nikitovic D. A biological guide to glycosaminoglycans: current perspectives and pending questions. FEBS J 2024; 291:3331-3366. [PMID: 38500384 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), except hyaluronan (HA), are sulfated polysaccharides that are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). This article summarizes key biological findings for the most widespread GAGs, namely HA, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), keratan sulfate (KS), and heparan sulfate (HS). It focuses on the major processes that remain to be deciphered to get a comprehensive view of the mechanisms mediating GAG biological functions. They include the regulation of GAG biosynthesis and postsynthetic modifications in heparin (HP) and HS, the composition, heterogeneity, and function of the tetrasaccharide linkage region and its role in disease, the functional characterization of the new PGs recently identified by glycoproteomics, the selectivity of interactions mediated by GAG chains, the display of GAG chains and PGs at the cell surface and their impact on the availability and activity of soluble ligands, and on their move through the glycocalyx layer to reach their receptors, the human GAG profile in health and disease, the roles of GAGs and particular PGs (syndecans, decorin, and biglycan) involved in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, the possible use of GAGs and PGs as disease biomarkers, and the design of inhibitors targeting GAG biosynthetic enzymes and GAG-protein interactions to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon 1, ICBMS, UMR 5246 University Lyon 1 - CNRS, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Rosetta Merline
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao B, Cao Z, Zheng Y, Nguyen P, Bowen A, Edwards RH, Stroud RM, Zhou Y, Van Lookeren Campagne M, Li F. Structural and mechanistic insights into a lysosomal membrane enzyme HGSNAT involved in Sanfilippo syndrome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5388. [PMID: 38918376 PMCID: PMC11199644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is degraded in lysosome by a series of glycosidases. Before the glycosidases can act, the terminal glucosamine of HS must be acetylated by the integral lysosomal membrane enzyme heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT). Mutations of HGSNAT cause HS accumulation and consequently mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC, a devastating lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive neurological deterioration and early death where no treatment is available. HGSNAT catalyzes a unique transmembrane acetylation reaction where the acetyl group of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is transported across the lysosomal membrane and attached to HS in one reaction. However, the reaction mechanism remains elusive. Here we report six cryo-EM structures of HGSNAT along the reaction pathway. These structures reveal a dimer arrangement and a unique structural fold, which enables the elucidation of the reaction mechanism. We find that a central pore within each monomer traverses the membrane and controls access of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to the active site at its luminal mouth where glucosamine binds. A histidine-aspartic acid catalytic dyad catalyzes the transfer reaction via a ternary complex mechanism. Furthermore, the structures allow the mapping of disease-causing variants and reveal their potential impact on the function, thus creating a framework to guide structure-based drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhao
- Amgen Research, Department of Structural biology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhongzheng Cao
- Amgen Research, Department of Inflammation, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Amgen Research, Department of Discovery Protein Science, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Laboratory for Genomics Research, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alisa Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Adanate, Alameda, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Amgen Research, Department of Inflammation, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fei Li
- Amgen Research, Department of Structural biology, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu B, Liao SM, Liu XH, Liang SJ, Huang J, Lin M, Meng L, Wang QY, Huang RB, Zhou GP. The NMR studies of CMP inhibition of polysialylation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2248411. [PMID: 37615033 PMCID: PMC10453990 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2248411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of polysialic acid (polySia) on neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) promotes hypersialylation, and thus benefits cancer cell migration and invasion. It has been proposed that the binding between the polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) and CMP-Sia needs to be inhibited in order to block the effects of hypersialylation. In this study, CMP was confirmed to be a competitive inhibitor of polysialyltransferases (polySTs) in the presence of CMP-Sia and triSia (oligosialic acid trimer) based on the interactional features between molecules. The further NMR analysis suggested that polysialylation could be partially inhibited when CMP-Sia and polySia co-exist in solution. In addition, an unexpecting finding is that CMP-Sia plays a role in reducing the gathering extent of polySia chains on the PSTD, and may benefit for the inhibition of polysialylation. The findings in this study may provide new insight into the optimal design of the drug and inhibitor for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Si-Ming Liao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Rocky Mount Life Sciences Institute, Rocky Mount, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Rocky Mount Life Sciences Institute, Rocky Mount, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Chen L, Chen J, Bai Z, Cao L. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome data and experimental identification show that solute carrier 35 member A2 (SLC35A2) is a prognostic marker of colorectal cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11554-11570. [PMID: 37889544 PMCID: PMC10637800 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a solid tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates. Accumulating evidence shows that the soluble carrier family 35 member A2 (SLC35A2), a nucleotide sugar transporter, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various tumors. However, its expression and function in CRC has not been fully elucidated. METHODS The prognosis-related gene SLC35A2 was obtained using differential analysis, prognosis correlation analysis, and LASSO regression screening. Its expression levels in CRC tissues were analyzed, and so was the relationship of this expression with clinical characteristics of patients. Subsequently, the expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological parameters using immunohistochemical analysis. Analysis based on GO/KEGG databases was used to reveal the potential mechanisms of SLC35A2. Next, we explored the relationship between SLC35A2 and immune cells in CRC tissues. A nomogram was created to help understand the prognosis of CRC patients. Finally, western blotting and qRT-PCR reaction were used to verify the expression of SLC35A2 in CRC cell lines. RESULTS SLC35A2 expression was upregulated and related to tumor pathological stage and lymph node metastasis, indicating that SLC35A2 is an independent prognostic factor and a potential diagnostic marker for CRC. We verified by IHC, WB and PCR that the expression of SLC35A2 was up-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines, and its high expression was related to the tumor pathological stage of CRC clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that SLC35A2 can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC, providing motivation for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Bai
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu L, Chen X, Zhu L, Yao R, Qi P. ChIP-seq identifies McSLC35E2 as a novel target gene of McNrf2 in Mytilus coruscus, highlighting its role in the regulation of oxidative stress response in marine mollusks. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1282900. [PMID: 37869713 PMCID: PMC10587546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1282900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial role in the oxidative regulatory process, which could trigger hundreds of antioxidant elements to confront xenobiotics. In the previous study, we identified Nrf2 from the marine mussel Mytilus coruscus, and the findings demonstrated that McNrf2 effectively protected the mussels against oxidative stress induced by benzopyrene (Bap). In order to delve deeper into the underlying mechanism, we utilized Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) technology to systematically identify potential novel target genes of McNrf2. A total of 3,465 potential target genes were screened, of which 219 owned binding sites located within the promoter region. During subsequent experimental verification, it was found that McSLC35E2, a candidate target gene of McNrf2, exhibited negative regulation by McNrf2, as confirmed through dual luciferase and qRT-PCR detection. Further, the enzyme activity tests demonstrated that McNrf2 could counteract Bap induced oxidative stress by inhibiting McSLC35E2. The current study provides valuable insights into the application of ChIP-seq technology in the research of marine mollusks, advancing our understanding of the key role of Nrf2 in antioxidant defense mechanisms, and highlighting the significance of SLC35E2 in the highly sophisticated regulation of oxidative stress response in marine invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Li Z, Pang Y, Fan Y, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Boronolectin as a Specific Red Fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc Biosensor. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2996-3003. [PMID: 37480329 PMCID: PMC10663054 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing boronolectins that are synthetic lectin mimics containing a boronic acid functional group for reversible recognition of diol-containing molecules, such as glycans and ribonucleotides. However, it remains a significant challenge to gain specificity. Here, we present a genetically encoded boronolectin which is a hybrid protein consisting of a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) p-boronophenylalanine (pBoF), natural-lectin-derived peptide sequences, and a circularly permuted red fluorescent protein (cpRFP). The genetic encodability permitted a straightforward protein engineering process to derive a red fluorescent biosensor that can specifically bind uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an important nucleotide sugar involved in metabolic sensing and cell signaling. We further characterized the resultant boronic acid- and peptide-assisted UDP-GlcNAc sensor (bapaUGAc) both in vitro and in live mammalian cells. Because UDP-GlcNAc in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in glycosylating biomolecules in the secretory pathway, we genetically expressed bapaUGAc in the ER and Golgi and validated the sensor for its responses to metabolic disruption and pharmacological inhibition. In addition, we combined bapaUGAc with UGAcS, a recently reported green fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc sensor based on an alternative sensing mechanism, to monitor UDP-GlcNAc level changes in the ER and cytosol simultaneously. We expect our work to facilitate the future development of specific boronolectins for carbohydrates. In addition, this newly developed genetically encoded bapaUGAc sensor will be a valuable tool for studying UDP-GlcNAc and glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Zefan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yichong Fan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
- UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saito S, Mizumoto S, Yonekura T, Yamashita R, Nakano K, Okubo T, Yamada S, Okamura T, Furuichi T. Mice lacking nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A3 exhibit lethal chondrodysplasia with vertebral anomalies and impaired glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284292. [PMID: 37053259 PMCID: PMC10101523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC35A3 is considered an uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) transporter in mammals and regulates the branching of N-glycans. A missense mutation in SLC35A3 causes complex vertebral malformation (CVM) in cattle. However, the biological functions of SLC35A3 have not been fully clarified. To address these issues, we have established Slc35a3-/-mice using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. The generated mutant mice were perinatal lethal and exhibited chondrodysplasia recapitulating CVM-like vertebral anomalies. During embryogenesis, Slc35a3 mRNA was expressed in the presomitic mesoderm of wild-type mice, suggesting that SLC35A3 transports UDP-GlcNAc used for the sugar modification that is essential for somite formation. In the growth plate cartilage of Slc35a3-/-embryos, extracellular space was drastically reduced, and many flat proliferative chondrocytes were reshaped. Proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were not affected in the chondrocytes of Slc35a3-/-mice, suggesting that the chondrodysplasia phenotypes were mainly caused by the abnormal extracellular matrix quality. Because these histological abnormalities were similar to those observed in several mutant mice accompanying the impaired glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, GAG levels were measured in the spine and limbs of Slc35a3-/-mice using disaccharide composition analysis. Compared with control mice, the amounts of heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, were significantly decreased in Slc35a3-/-mice. These findings suggest that SLC35A3 regulates GAG biosynthesis and the chondrodysplasia phenotypes were partially caused by the decreased GAG synthesis. Hence, Slc35a3-/- mice would be a useful model for investigating the in vivo roles of SLC35A3 and the pathological mechanisms of SLC35A3-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yonekura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Rina Yamashita
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Li Z, Pang Y, Fan Y, Ai HW. Genetically Encoded Boronolectin as a Specific Red Fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc Biosensor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530644. [PMID: 36909602 PMCID: PMC10002721 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing boronolectins, which are synthetic lectin mimics containing a boronic acid functional group for reversible recognition of diol-containing molecules, such as glycans and ribonucleotides. However, it remains a significant challenge to gain specificity. Here, we present a genetically encoded boronolectin, which is a hybrid protein consisting of a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) p-boronophenylalanine (pBoF), natural-lectin-derived peptide sequences, and a circularly permuted red fluorescent protein (cpRFP). The genetic encodability permitted a straightforward protein engineering process to derive a red fluorescent biosensor that can specifically bind uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an important nucleotide sugar involved in metabolic sensing and cell signaling. We further characterized the resultant boronic acid-and peptide-assisted UDP-GlcNAc sensor (bapaUGAc) both in vitro and in live mammalian cells. Because UDP-GlcNAc in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in glycosylating biomolecules in the secretory pathway, we genetically expressed bapaUGAc in the ER and Golgi and validated the sensor for its responses to metabolic disruption and pharmacological inhibition. In addition, we combined bapaUGAc with UGAcS, a recently reported green fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc sensor based on an alternative sensing mechanism, to monitor UDP-GlcNAc level changes in the ER and cytosol simultaneously. We expect our work to facilitate the future development of specific boronolectins for carbohydrates. In addition, this newly developed genetically encoded bapaUGAc sensor will be a valuable tool for studying UDP-GlcNAc and glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Zefan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Yu Pang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Yichong Fan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
- UVA Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng H, Wang S, Gao D, Yu K, Chen H, Huang Y, Li M, Zhang J, Guo K. Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A2 is involved in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by regulating cellular glycosylation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 46:283-297. [PMID: 36454514 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, aberrant glycosylation has been recognized to be relate to malignant behaviors of cancer and outcomes of patients with various cancers. SLC35A2 plays an indispensable role on glycosylation as a nucleotide sugar transporter. However, effects of SLC35A2 on malignant behaviors of cancer cells and alteration of cancer cells surface glycosylation profiles are still not fully understood, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, from a glycosylation perspective, we investigated the effects of SLC35A2 on metastatic behaviors of HCC cells. METHODS SLC35A2 expression in clinical samples and HCC cells was examined by immunohistochemical staining or Western blot/quantitative PCR and was regulated by RNA interference or vectors-mediated transfection. Effects of SLC35A2 expression alteration on metastatic behaviors and membrane glycan profile of HCC cells were observed by using respectively invasion, migration, cell adhesion assay, in vivo lung metastatic nude mouse model and lectins microarray. Co-location among proteins in HCC cells was observed by fluorescence microscope and detected by an in vitro co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS SLC35A2 was upregulated in HCC tissues, and is associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. SLC35A2 expression alteration significantly affected the invasion, adhesion, metastasis and membrane glycan profile and led to the dysregulated expressions or glycosylation of cell adhesion-related molecules in HCC cells. Mechanistically, the maintenance of SLC35A2 activity is critical for the recruitment of the key galactosyltransferase B4GalT1, which is responsible for complex glycoconjugate and lactose biosynthesis, to Golgi apparatus in HCC cells. CONCLUSION SLC35A2 plays important roles in promoting HCC metastasis by regulating cellular glycosylation modification and inducing the cell adhesive ability of HCC cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Özer L, Aktuna S, Unsal E, Ünal MA, Sahin G, Baltaci V. A novel SLC35D1 variant causing milder phenotype of Schneckenbecken dysplasia in a large pedigree. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3078-3083. [PMID: 35934917 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SLC35D1 gene encodes UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-n-acetylgalactosamine dual transporter protein and transports organic or inorganic molecules across cellular membranes. SLC35D1 gene pathogenic variants causes Schneckenbecken dysplasia (SHNKND) which is a rare lethal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the snail-like pelvis, flattening of vertebral bodies, short and broad long bones with a dumbbell-like appearance, thoracic hypoplasia. Only six cases with homozygous SLC35D1 variants have been reported to date, and all of these cases were lost in the perinatal period. Here we report different family members with a novel SLC35D1 variant who presented a milder phenotype of SHNKND. The affected patients have common clinical features such as short stature, mild mesomelia, shortening of the lower extremity, genu valgum, and narrow thorax. Exome sequencing of the proband revealed a homozygous missense variant of SLC35D1 gene, c.401 T > C (p. Met134Thr). The affected siblings, their two cousins, and their paternal uncle with a similar phenotype were also homozygous for the variant. This is the first case report of a family with a novel likely pathogenic variant (p. Met134Thr) and mild phenotypic features. It has the largest family with different ages of patients (ages ranged 4-31 years old) reported to date. The present report supports the evidence that the p. Met134Thr variant is responsible for a milder phenotype than previously reported cases with SLC35D1 pathogenic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Özer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yuksek İhtisas University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.,Mikrogen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aktuna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yuksek İhtisas University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.,Mikrogen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Unsal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yuksek İhtisas University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.,Mikrogen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Altay Ünal
- Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Volkan Baltaci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yuksek İhtisas University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.,Mikrogen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seegers CII, Roth IR, Zarnovican P, Buettner FFR, Routier FH. Characterisation of a gene cluster involved in aspergillus fumigatus zwitterionic glycosphingolipid synthesis. Glycobiology 2022; 32:814-824. [PMID: 35713520 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus synthesises the zwitterionic glycolipid Manα1,3Manα1,6GlcNα1,2IPC, named Af3c. Similar glycosphingolipids having a glucosamine (GlcN) linked in α1,2 to inositolphosphoceramide (IPC) as core structure have only been described in a few pathogenic fungi. Here, we describe an Ammophilus fumigatus cluster of 5 genes (AFUA_8G02040 to AFUA_8G02090) encoding proteins required for the glycan part of the glycosphingolipid Af3c. Besides the already characterised UDP-GlcNAc:IPC α1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GntA), the cluster encodes a putative UDP-GlcNAc transporter (NstA), a GlcNAc de-N-acetylase (GdaA), and two mannosyltransferases (OchC and ClpC). The function of these proteins was inferred from analysis of the glycolipids extracted from A. fumigatus strains deficient in one of the genes. Moreover, successive introduction of the genes encoding GntA, GdaA, OchC and ClpC in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae enabled the reconstitution of the Af3c biosynthetic pathway. Absence of Af3c slightly reduced the virulence of A. fumigatus in a Galleria mellonella infection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla I I Seegers
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Ramón Roth
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Zarnovican
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry, OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang S, Davoudi Z, Wang G, Xu Z, Rehman T, Prominski A, Tian B, Bratlie KM, Peng H, Wang Q. Soft materials as biological and artificial membranes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12679-12701. [PMID: 34636824 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have seen emerging growth in the field of soft materials for synthetic biology. This review focuses on soft materials involved in biological and artificial membranes. The biological membranes discussed here are mainly those involved in the structure and function of cells and organelles. As building blocks in medicine, non-native membranes including nanocarriers (NCs), especially liposomes and DQAsomes, and polymeric membranes for scaffolds are constructed from amphiphilic combinations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Artificial membranes can be prepared using synthetic, soft materials and molecules and then incorporated into structures through self-organization to form micelles or niosomes. The modification of artificial membranes can be realized using traditional chemical methods such as click reactions to target the delivery of NCs and control the release of therapeutics. The biomembrane, a lamellar structure inlaid with ion channels, receptors, lipid rafts, enzymes, and other functional units, separates cells and organelles from the environment. An active domain inserted into the membrane and organelles for energy conversion and cellular communication can target disease by changing the membrane's composition, structure, and fluidity and affecting the on/off status of the membrane gates. The biological membrane targets analyzing pathological mechanisms and curing complex diseases, which inspires us to create NCs with artificial membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Zahra Davoudi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Guangtian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tanzeel Rehman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aleksander Prominski
- The James Franck Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, Department of Chemistry, The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Bratlie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, 39 Xin Yang Road, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 1014 Sweeney Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Estrogen-Driven Changes in Immunoglobulin G Fc Glycosylation. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2021. [PMID: 34687016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation within the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc region modulates its ability to engage complement and Fc receptors, affording the opportunity to fine-tune effector functions. Mechanisms regulating IgG Fc glycans remain poorly understood. Changes accompanying menarche, menopause, and pregnancy have long implicated hormonal factors. Intervention studies now confirm that estrogens enhance IgG Fc galactosylation, in females and also in males, defining the first pathway modulating Fc glycans and thereby a new link between sex and immunity. This mechanism may participate in fetal-maternal immunity, antibody-mediated inflammation, and other aspects of age- and sex-specific immune function. Here we review the changes affecting the IgG Fc glycome from childhood through old age, the evidence establishing a role for estrogens, and research directions to uncover associated mechanisms that may inform therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li D, Mukhopadhyay S. A three-pocket model for substrate coordination and selectivity by the nucleotide sugar transporters SLC35A1 and SLC35A2. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101069. [PMID: 34384782 PMCID: PMC8411240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CMP-sialic acid transporter SLC35A1 and UDP-galactose transporter SLC35A2 are two well-characterized nucleotide sugar transporters with distinctive substrate specificities. Mutations in either induce congenital disorders of glycosylation. Despite the biomedical relevance, mechanisms of substrate specificity are unclear. To address this critical issue, we utilized a structure-guided mutagenesis strategy and assayed a series of SLC35A2 and SLC35A1 mutants using a rescue approach. Our results suggest that three pockets in the central cavity of each transporter provide substrate specificity. The pockets comprise (1) nucleobase (residues E52, K55, and Y214 of SLC35A1; E75, K78, N235, and G239 of SLC35A2); (2) middle (residues Q101, N102, and T260 of SLC35A1; Q125, N126, Q129, Y130, and Q278 of SLC35A2); and (3) sugar (residues K124, T128, S188, and K272 of SLC35A1; K148, T152, S213, and K297 of SLC35A2) pockets. Within these pockets, two components appear to be especially critical for substrate specificity. Y214 (for SLC35A1) and G239 (for SLC35A2) in the nucleobase pocket appear to discriminate cytosine from uracil. Furthermore, Q129 and Q278 of SLC35A2 in the middle pocket appear to interact specifically with the β-phosphate of UDP while the corresponding A105 and A253 residues in SLC35A1 do not interact with CMP, which lacks a β-phosphate. Overall, our findings contribute to a molecular understanding of substrate specificity and coordination in SLC35A1 and SLC35A2, and have important implications for the understanding and treatment of diseases associated with mutations or dysregulations of these two transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kotolloshi R, Hölzer M, Gajda M, Grimm MO, Steinbach D. SLC35F2, a Transporter Sporadically Mutated in the Untranslated Region, Promotes Growth, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:E80. [PMID: 33418944 PMCID: PMC7825079 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a very heterogeneous disease and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression are insufficiently investigated. From the DNA sequencing analysis of matched non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples from eight patients, we identified the tumour-associated gene SLC35F2 to be mutated in the 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR). One mutation in 3'UTR increased the luciferase activity reporter, suggesting its influence on the protein expression of SLC35F2. The mRNA level of SLC35F2 was increased in MIBC compared with NMIBC. Furthermore, in immunohistochemical staining, we observed a strong intensity of SLC35F2 in single tumour cells and in the border cells of solid tumour areas with an atypical accumulation around the nucleus, especially in the MIBC. This suggests that SLC35F2 might be highly expressed in aggressive and invasive tumour cells. Moreover, knockdown of SLC35F2 repressed the growth of bladder cancer cells in the monolayer and spheroid model and suppressed migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells. In conclusion, we suggest that SLC35F2 is involved in bladder cancer progression and might provide a new therapeutic approach, for example, by the anti-cancer drug YM155, a cargo of the SLC35F2 transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kotolloshi
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.-O.G.)
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany;
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.-O.G.)
| | - Daniel Steinbach
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany; (R.K.); (M.-O.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Drug transporters are integral membrane proteins that play a critical role in drug disposition by affecting absorption, distribution, and excretion. They translocate drugs, as well as endogenous molecules and toxins, across membranes using ATP hydrolysis, or ion/concentration gradients. In general, drug transporters are expressed ubiquitously, but they function in drug disposition by being concentrated in tissues such as the intestine, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain. Based on their primary sequence and their mechanism, transporters can be divided into the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), solute-linked carrier (SLC), and the solute carrier organic anion (SLCO) superfamilies. Many X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures have been solved in the ABC and SLC transporter superfamilies or of their bacterial homologs. The structures have provided valuable insight into the structural basis of transport. This chapter will provide particular focus on the promiscuous drug transporters because of their effect on drug disposition and the challenges associated with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Roberts
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Global view of human protein glycosylation pathways and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:729-749. [PMID: 33087899 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most abundant and diverse form of post-translational modification of proteins that is common to all eukaryotic cells. Enzymatic glycosylation of proteins involves a complex metabolic network and different types of glycosylation pathways that orchestrate enormous amplification of the proteome in producing diversity of proteoforms and its biological functions. The tremendous structural diversity of glycans attached to proteins poses analytical challenges that limit exploration of specific functions of glycosylation. Major advances in quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics and nuclease-based gene editing are now opening new global ways to explore protein glycosylation through analysing and targeting enzymes involved in glycosylation processes. In silico models predicting cellular glycosylation capacities and glycosylation outcomes are emerging, and refined maps of the glycosylation pathways facilitate genetic approaches to address functions of the vast glycoproteome. These approaches apply commonly available cell biology tools, and we predict that use of (single-cell) transcriptomics, genetic screens, genetic engineering of cellular glycosylation capacities and custom design of glycoprotein therapeutics are advancements that will ignite wider integration of glycosylation in general cell biology.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaiman A, Thattai M. Golgi compartments enable controlled biomolecular assembly using promiscuous enzymes. eLife 2020; 9:49573. [PMID: 32597757 PMCID: PMC7360365 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of eukaryotic glycans - branched sugar oligomers attached to cell-surface proteins and lipids - is organized like a factory assembly line. Specific enzymes within successive compartments of the Golgi apparatus determine where new monomer building blocks are linked to the growing oligomer. These enzymes act promiscuously and stochastically, causing microheterogeneity (molecule-to-molecule variability) in the final oligomer products. However, this variability is tightly controlled: a given eukaryotic protein type is typically associated with a narrow, specific glycan oligomer profile. Here, we use ideas from the mathematical theory of self-assembly to enumerate the enzymatic causes of oligomer variability and show how to eliminate each cause. We rigorously demonstrate that cells can specifically synthesize a larger repertoire of glycan oligomers by partitioning promiscuous enzymes across multiple Golgi compartments. This places limits on biomolecular assembly: glycan microheterogeneity becomes unavoidable when the number of compartments is limited, or enzymes are excessively promiscuous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jaiman
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Mukund Thattai
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kotidis P, Kontoravdi C. Harnessing the potential of artificial neural networks for predicting protein glycosylation. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 10:e00131. [PMID: 32489858 PMCID: PMC7256630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic models offer incomparable insight on cellular mechanisms controlling protein glycosylation. However, their ability to reproduce site-specific glycoform distributions depends on accurate estimation of a large number of protein-specific kinetic parameters and prior knowledge of enzyme and transport protein levels in the Golgi membrane. Herein we propose an artificial neural network (ANN) for protein glycosylation and apply this to four recombinant glycoproteins produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, two monoclonal antibodies and two fusion proteins. We demonstrate that the ANN model accurately predicts site-specific glycoform distributions of up to eighteen glycan species with an average absolute error of 1.1%, correctly reproducing the effect of metabolic perturbations as part of a hybrid, kinetic/ANN, glycosylation model (HyGlycoM), as well as the impact of manganese supplementation and glycosyltransferase knock out experiments as a stand-alone machine learning algorithm. These results showcase the potential of machine learning and hybrid approaches for rapidly developing performance-driven models of protein glycosylation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Paganini C, Gramegna Tota C, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Skeletal Dysplasias Caused by Sulfation Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082710. [PMID: 32295296 PMCID: PMC7216085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that confer specific mechanical, biochemical, and physical properties to tissues. Sulfate groups present on glycosaminoglycans, linear polysaccharide chains attached to PG core proteins, are fundamental for correct PG functions. Indeed, through the negative charge of sulfate groups, PGs interact with extracellular matrix molecules and bind growth factors regulating tissue structure and cell behavior. The maintenance of correct sulfate metabolism is important in tissue development and function, particularly in cartilage where PGs are fundamental and abundant components of the extracellular matrix. In chondrocytes, the main sulfate source is the extracellular space, then sulfate is taken up and activated in the cytosol to the universal sulfate donor to be used in sulfotransferase reactions. Alteration in each step of sulfate metabolism can affect macromolecular sulfation, leading to the onset of diseases that affect mainly cartilage and bone. This review presents a panoramic view of skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes encoding for transporters or enzymes involved in macromolecular sulfation. Future research in this field will contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis, allowing the development of targeted therapies aimed at alleviating, preventing, or modifying the disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Gramegna Tota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liao SM, Lu B, Liu XH, Lu ZL, Liang SJ, Chen D, Troy FA, Huang RB, Zhou GP. Molecular Interactions of the Polysialytransferase Domain (PSTD) in ST8Sia IV with CMP-Sialic Acid and Polysialic Acid Required for Polysialylation of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Proteins: An NMR Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051590. [PMID: 32111064 PMCID: PMC7084582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is an unusual glycan that posttranslational modifies neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) proteins in mammalian cells. The up-regulated expression of polySia-NCAM is associated with tumor progression in many metastatic human cancers and in neurocognitive processes. Two members of the ST8Sia family of α2,8-polysialyltransferases (polySTs), ST8Sia II (STX) and ST8Sia IV (PST) both catalyze synthesis of polySia when activated cytidine monophosphate(CMP)-Sialic acid (CMP-Sia) is translocate into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Two key polybasic domains in the polySTs, the polybasic region (PBR) and the polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) areessential forpolysialylation of the NCAM proteins. However, the precise molecular details to describe the interactions required for polysialylation remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesize that PSTD interacts with both CMP-Sia and polySia to catalyze polysialylation of the NCAM proteins. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized a 35-amino acid-PSTD peptide derived from the ST8Sia IV gene sequence and used it to study its interaction with CMP-Sia, and polySia. Our results showed for the PSTD-CMP-Sia interaction, the largest chemical-shift perturbations (CSP) were in amino acid residues V251 to A254 in the short H1 helix, located near the N-terminus of PSTD. However, larger CSP values for the PSTD-polySia interaction were observed in amino acid residues R259 to T270 in the long H2 helix. These differences suggest that CMP-Sia preferentially binds to the domain between the short H1 helix and the longer H2 helix. In contrast, polySia was principally bound to the long H2 helix of PSTD. For the PSTD-polySia interaction, a significant decrease in peak intensity was observed in the 20 amino acid residues located between the N-and C-termini of the long H2 helix in PSTD, suggesting a slower motion in these residues when polySia bound to PSTD. Specific features of the interactions between PSTD-CMP-Sia, and PSTD-polySia were further confirmed by comparing their 800 MHz-derived HSQC spectra with that of PSTD-Sia, PSTD-TriSia (DP 3) and PSTD-polySia. Based on the interactions between PSTD-CMP-Sia, PSTD-polySia, PBR-NCAM and PSTD-PBR, these findingsprovide a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying polySia-NCAM polysialylation, and thus provides a new perspective for translational pharmacological applications and development by targeting the two polysialyltransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Liao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Bo Lu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Zhi-Long Lu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Shi-Jie Liang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Dong Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Frederic A. Troy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616-8635, USA
- Correspondence: (F.A.T.II); (R.-B.H.); (G.-P.Z.)
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Correspondence: (F.A.T.II); (R.-B.H.); (G.-P.Z.)
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- The National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; (S.-M.L.); (B.L.); (Z.-L.L.); (S.-J.L.); (D.C.)
- Gordon Life Science Institute, Rocky Mount, NC 27804, USA
- Correspondence: (F.A.T.II); (R.-B.H.); (G.-P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wiertelak W, Sosicka P, Olczak M, Maszczak-Seneczko D. Analysis of homologous and heterologous interactions between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 using NanoBiT. Anal Biochem 2020; 593:113599. [PMID: 32004544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Split luciferase complementation assay is one of the approaches enabling identification and analysis of protein-protein interactions in vivo. The NanoBiT technology is the most recent improvement of this strategy. Nucleotide sugar transporters and glycosyltransferases of the Golgi apparatus are the key players in glycosylation. Here we demonstrate the applicability of the NanoBiT system for studying homooligomerization of these proteins. We also report and discuss a novel heterologous interaction between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wiertelak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Sosicka
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee DJ, O'Donnell H, Routier FH, Tiralongo J, Haselhorst T. Glycobiology of Human Fungal Pathogens: New Avenues for Drug Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111348. [PMID: 31671548 PMCID: PMC6912366 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are an increasing threat to the developing world, with fungal spores being ubiquitous and inhaled every day. Some fungal species are commensal organisms that are part of the normal human microbiota, and, as such, do not pose a threat to the immune system. However, when the natural balance of this association is disturbed or the host's immune system is compromised, these fungal pathogens overtake the organism, and cause IFI. To understand the invasiveness of these pathogens and to address the growing problem of IFI, it is essential to identify the cellular processes of the invading organism and their virulence. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence and current options available to treat IFI, including recent reports of drug resistance. Nevertheless, the main focus of this review is to describe the glycobiology of human fungal pathogens and how various components of the fungal cell wall, particularly cell wall polysaccharides and glycoconjugates, are involved in fungal pathogenicity, their biosynthesis and how they can be potentially exploited to develop novel antifungal treatment options. We will specifically describe the nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) that are important in fungal survival and suggest that the inhibition of fungal NSTs may potentially be useful to prevent the establishment of fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Lee
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holly O'Donnell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parker JL, Corey RA, Stansfeld PJ, Newstead S. Structural basis for substrate specificity and regulation of nucleotide sugar transporters in the lipid bilayer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4657. [PMID: 31604945 PMCID: PMC6789118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the activated form of monosaccharides used by glycosyltransferases during glycosylation. In eukaryotes the SLC35 family of solute carriers are responsible for their selective uptake into the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Golgi apparatus. The structure of the yeast GDP-mannose transporter, Vrg4, revealed a requirement for short chain lipids and a marked difference in transport rate between the nucleotide sugar and nucleoside monophosphate, suggesting a complex network of regulatory elements control transport into these organelles. Here we report the crystal structure of the GMP bound complex of Vrg4, revealing the molecular basis for GMP recognition and transport. Molecular dynamics, combined with biochemical analysis, reveal a lipid mediated dimer interface and mechanism for coordinating structural rearrangements during transport. Together these results provide further insight into how SLC35 family transporters function within the secretory pathway and sheds light onto the role that membrane lipids play in regulating transport across the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Robin A Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Phillip J Stansfeld
- School of Life Sciences & Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ruprecht J, Kunji E. Editorial overview: COSB Membranes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:vi-viii. [PMID: 31416568 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|