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Gross ME, Elliott JC, Schooler JW. Why creatives don't find the oddball odd: Neural and psychological evidence for atypical salience processing. Brain Cogn 2024; 178:106178. [PMID: 38823196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Creativity has previously been linked with various attentional phenomena, including unfocused or broad attention. Although this has typically been interpreted through an executive functioning framework, such phenomena may also arise from atypical incentive salience processing. Across two studies, we examine this hypothesis both neurally and psychologically. First we examine the relationship between figural creativity and event-related potentials during an audio-visual oddball task, finding that rater creativity of drawings is associated with a diminished P300 response at midline electrodes, while abstractness and elaborateness of the drawings is associated with an altered distribution of the P300 over posterior electrodes. These findings support the notion that creativity may involve an atypical attribution of salience to prominent information. We further explore the incentive salience hypothesis by examining relationships between creativity and a psychological indicator of incentive salience captured by participants' ratings of enjoyment (liking) and their motivation to pursue (wanting) diverse real world rewards, as well as their positive spontaneous thoughts about those rewards. Here we find enhanced motivation to pursue activities as well as a reduced relationship between the overall tendency to enjoy rewards and the tendency to pursue them. Collectively, these findings indicate that creativity may be associated with atypical allocation of attentional and motivational resources to novel and rewarding information, potentially allowing more types of information access to attentional resources and motivating more diverse behaviors. We discuss the possibility that salience attribution in creatives may be less dependent on task-relevance or hedonic pleasure, and suggest that atypical salience attribution may represent a trait-like feature of creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Gross
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - James C Elliott
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jonathan W Schooler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Wang W, Sun X, Wong ACN, So SHW. Selective processing in attention and memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the negative priming effect. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:112-122. [PMID: 36921499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia show impairments in a variety of selective attention tasks. Research on the negative priming (NP) effect in schizophrenia has yielded mixed evidence. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the NP effect exhibited by patients with schizophrenia and the impact of study methodology on findings. The methods and reporting of this meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guideline. Eligible studies were identified through primary literature search in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and Embase and secondary search based on included studies and important reviews. Three-level random effects-models were used to summarize between-group differences in the raw NP score, as well as the NP ratio and baseline reaction time (RT) as secondary outcomes. We identified 1383 studies published between 1966 and 2022 and reviewed 27 studies that consist of 627 patients with schizophrenia and 653 controls in total. Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia showed a mildly reduced raw NP score with marginal significance, Hedges' g = -0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.35 to 0.02, p = 0.084. However, analysis of a subsample of studies indicated a significant, moderate reduction in the NP ratio among patients, g = -0.52, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.14; p = 0.014. Moderator analyses revealed a longer illness duration as predictive of a more reduced NP effect. This meta-analysis lends tentative evidence to impaired attention or memory process as measured by the NP task in schizophrenia. More research is needed to substantiate our results and clarify the impact of study design and patient characteristics on findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Alan C-N Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Ho-Wai So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Meyer HC, Bucci DJ. Neural and behavioral mechanisms of proactive and reactive inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:504-14. [PMID: 27634142 PMCID: PMC5026209 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040501.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition is an important component of adaptive behavior. Substantial prior research has focused on reactive inhibition, which refers to the cessation of a motor response that is already in progress. More recently, a growing number of studies have begun to examine mechanisms underlying proactive inhibition, whereby preparatory processes result in a response being withheld before it is initiated. It has become apparent that proactive inhibition is an essential component of the overall ability to regulate behavior and has implications for the success of reactive inhibition. Moreover, successful inhibition relies on learning the meaning of specific environmental cues that signal when a behavioral response should be withheld. Proactive inhibitory control is mediated by stopping goals, which reflect the desired outcome of inhibition and include information about how and when inhibition should be implemented. However, little is known about the circuits and cellular processes that encode and represent features in the environment that indicate the necessity for proactive inhibition or how these representations are implemented in response inhibition. In this article, we will review the brain circuits and systems involved in implementing inhibitory control through both reactive and proactive mechanisms. We also comment on possible cellular mechanisms that may contribute to inhibitory control processes, noting that substantial further research is necessary in this regard. Furthermore, we will outline a number of ways in which the temporal dynamics underlying the generation of the proactive inhibitory signal may be particularly important for parsing out the neurobiological correlates that contribute to the learning processes underlying various aspects of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Kehrer S, Kraft A, Koch SP, Kathmann N, Irlbacher K, Brandt SA. Timing of spatial priming within the fronto-parietal attention network: A TMS study. Neuropsychologia 2015; 74:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Asnafi S, Sharifi V, Tehranidoost M. Negative priming in amphetamine psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:263-7. [PMID: 23773294 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine abuse may lead to a psychotic state, its symptomatology being very similar to what is seen in paranoid schizophrenia. Failure of attentional inhibition of irrelevant information is thought to be associated with the psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative priming (NP) paradigm is believed to measure this impairment. Several studies have shown impaired NP in schizophrenia. In the present study a spatial NP task was used to assess attentional inhibition in a group of amphetamine-induced psychosis patients. Nineteen patients with amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder and 20 healthy subjects participated in this study. Severity of psychotic symptoms was measured prior to testing using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Patients showed no deficit in NP, and the amount of their NP effect was not significantly different from healthy subjects. Besides, we did not find any correlation between the amount of NP effect and severity of symptoms. Our results may indicate that cognitive mechanisms underlying NP might not be affected in amphetamine psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Asnafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Enticott PG, Upton DJ, Bradshaw JL, Bellgrove MA, Ogloff JRP. Stop task after-effects in schizophrenia: behavioral control adjustments and repetition priming. Neurocase 2012; 18:405-14. [PMID: 22124369 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2011.627339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Stop task after-effects are behavioral consequences of response inhibition (i.e., slowed response time), and may index both behavioral control adjustments and repetition priming. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls completed a stop task, and responses to the go signal were analyzed according to characteristics of the immediately preceding trial. Schizophrenia was associated with reduced slowing following unsuccessful response inhibition, however there was no evidence of impairments in repetition priming. These results support neurocognitive models of schizophrenia that suggest an absence or reduction of behavioral adjustments (perhaps reflecting impaired error detection), but are inconsistent with current retrieval-based repetition priming accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Enticott
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Zandbelt BB, van Buuren M, Kahn RS, Vink M. Reduced proactive inhibition in schizophrenia is related to corticostriatal dysfunction and poor working memory. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:1151-8. [PMID: 21903198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control is central to executive functioning and appears deficient in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear how inhibitory control is affected, what the underlying neural mechanisms are, whether these deficits are related to the illness itself or to increased risk for the illness, and whether there is a relation to impairments in other executive functions. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate two forms of inhibitory control: proactive inhibition (anticipation of stopping) and reactive inhibition (outright stopping). Twenty-four schizophrenia patients, 24 unaffected siblings, and 24 healthy control subjects performed a modified version of the stop-signal paradigm. To assess the relation between performance on inhibitory control and other executive functions, we correlated inhibitory control indices with working memory span. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, proactive inhibition was reduced in patients and siblings. Reactive inhibition was unaffected. Reduced proactive inhibition was associated with a failure to activate the right striatum, the right inferior frontal cortex, and the left and right temporoparietal junction. Activation during reactive inhibition was unaffected. Those patients with the least proactive inhibition also showed the shortest working memory span. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with reduced proactive inhibition, probably resulting from corticostriatal dysfunction. This deficit is related to an increased risk for schizophrenia and likely reflects a general executive function deficit rather than a specific inhibitory control impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram B Zandbelt
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chao HF. Dissociations between identity and location negative priming. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2011; 136:81-9. [PMID: 21075358 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative priming refers to the phenomenon of a slowed response time to a previously ignored distractor. Identity negative priming can be observed when the identity of a previous distractor is repeated as the target identity, and location negative priming can be observed when the spatial location of a previous distractor is repeated as the target location. This article reviewed and integrated previous findings and provided empirical evidence to show the dissociations between location and identity negative priming: (a) the removal of probe distractor impeded identity negative priming but not location negative priming; (b) identity negative priming was modulated by the distance between the target and distractor, while location negative priming was not; and (c) perceptual grouping of the target and distractor affected identity negative priming but not location negative priming.
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Wilson TW, Slason E, Hernandez OO, Asherin R, Reite ML, Teale PD, Rojas DC. Aberrant high-frequency desynchronization of cerebellar cortices in early-onset psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174:47-56. [PMID: 19783411 PMCID: PMC2760661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration deficits are routinely observed in both schizophreniform and mood-disordered psychoses. Neurobiological theories of schizophrenia and related psychoses have proposed that aberrations in large-scale cortico-thalamic-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical loops may underlie integration abnormalities, and that such dysfunctional connectivity may be central to the pathophysiology. In this study, we utilized a basic mechanoreception task to probe cortical-cerebellar circuitry in early-onset psychosis. Ten adolescents with psychosis and 10 controls completed unilateral tactile stimulation of the right and left index finger, as whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were acquired. MEG data were imaged in the frequency domain, using spatial filtering, and the resulting event-related synchronizations and desynchronizations (ERS/ERD) were subjected to voxel-wise analyses of group and task effects using statistical parametric mapping. Our results indicated bilateral ERD activation of cerebellar regions and postcentral gyri in both groups during stimulation of either hand. Interestingly, during left finger stimulations, adolescents with psychosis exhibited greater alpha and gamma ERD activity in right cerebellar cortices relative to controls. Subjects with psychosis also showed greater ERD in bilateral cerebellum and the right postcentral gyrus during right finger stimulation, and these differences were statistically stronger for higher frequency bins. Lastly, controls exhibited greater alpha ERS of the right postcentral gyrus during right finger stimulation. These findings provide new data on the neurodevelopmental trajectory of basic mechanoreception in adolescents, and also indicate aberrant cerebellar functioning in early-onset psychoses, especially in the right cerebellum, which may be the crucial dysfunctional node in cortico-thalamic-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W. Wilson
- The MEG Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA,Corresponding Author: Tony W. Wilson, Ph.D., The MEG Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 982045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-2045, Phone: (402) 552-6431, Fax: (402) 559-5747,
| | - Erin Slason
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Olivia O. Hernandez
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Asherin
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Martin L. Reite
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter D. Teale
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Donald C. Rojas
- Neuromagnetic Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Enticott PG, Ogloff JRP, Bradshaw JL, Fitzgerald PB. Cognitive inhibitory control and self-reported impulsivity among violent offenders with schizophrenia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2008; 30:157-62. [DOI: 10.1080/13803390701290055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Enticott
- a School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine , Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- b Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, the Alfred and Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R. P. Ogloff
- a School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine , Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- c Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health , Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L. Bradshaw
- a School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine , Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- a School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine , Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- b Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, the Alfred and Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Minas RK, Park S. Attentional window in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality: Insight from negative priming studies. APPLIED & PREVENTIVE PSYCHOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED AND PREVENTIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 12:140-148. [PMID: 18196180 PMCID: PMC2197156 DOI: 10.1016/j.appsy.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the core deficits that characterizes schizophrenia is an increase in distractibility and disinhibition at all levels of information processing. Patients with schizophrenia seem unable to focus attention on the relevant events while ignoring the irrelevant stimuli. This pattern of behavior is also observed in unmedicated schizotypal individuals who may carry liability for schizophrenia. In this review, we focus on studies of attentional inhibition, as assessed by the negative priming paradigm, to elucidate the relationships among deficits in inhibition, clinical symptoms and medication effects. We then consider models of the etiology of deficits in negative priming in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality. Finally, we discuss the potential power of utilizing hypothesis-driven cognitive paradigms in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall K Minas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111, 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, 615 322 3435
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Vink M, Ramsey NF, Raemaekers M, Kahn RS. Striatal dysfunction in schizophrenia and unaffected relatives. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:32-9. [PMID: 16603134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been frequently associated with impaired inhibitory control. Such control is known to involve the striatum. Here, we investigate whether impaired inhibitory control is associated with abnormal striatal activation in schizophrenia. First-degree relatives of patients were also tested to examine whether striatal abnormality is associated with schizophrenia, or with the risk for the illness. METHODS Both functional MRI and behavioral data were acquired during a task designed to invoke inhibitory control in 21 patients, 15 unaffected siblings, and 36 matched controls. Subjects must refrain from responding to designated stop cues occurring within a series of motor cues. Subjects could anticipate the occurrence of stop cues as the likelihood of these cues increased in a linear fashion throughout the task. RESULTS Control subjects showed striatal activation while responding to motor cues. This activation increased in a linear fashion when the likelihood of having to inhibit the response was increased. Both patients siblings did not show anticipation-related increase in either striatal activation. However, only patients showed behavioral impairments. CONCLUSIONS Striatal abnormalities occur in schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings. Thus striatal abnormalities may be related to an increased (genetic) risk to develop schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Vink
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wesierska M, Klinowska HD, Adamska I, Fresko I, Sadowska J, Albrecht J. Cognitive flexibility but not cognitive coordination is affected in rats with toxic liver failure. Behav Brain Res 2006; 171:70-7. [PMID: 16624422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a consequence of liver damage, is associated with cognitive deficits. In this study, behavioral activity, non-associative learning, associative memory, cognitive coordination and flexibility were investigated in rats with subclinical HE evoked by thioacetamide treatment. Non-associative learning was studied in the open field (OF) set up in 12 HE and 8 saline-injected control rats (C). Memory was examined in spatial place avoidance tasks in 10 HE and 10 C rats. The Room+ Arena- task involved the selection of distal room stimuli from irrelevant arena stimuli (i.e. intramaze cues and/or self-motion information), which engages processes of cognitive coordination. Following the Room+ Arena- training, cognitive flexibility of rats was tested in the Arena+ place avoidance condition, which demands the previously ignored stimuli from arena. In the OF test HE and control rats behaved similar. They displayed high activity in the first block of each session and this pattern was stable. In both groups of rats darkness enhanced locomotor activity in comparison to light only in the first block. The HE and C rats avoided the to-be-avoided place in the Room+ Arena- task, whereas only HE rats were affected in the Arena+ task. In conclusion, these results demonstrate cognitive inflexibility in HE rats. We suggest that (1) the behavioral changes in the TAA model are typical of subclinical HE and (2) test for cognitive flexibility may be modified towards a routine use in patients with subclinical HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wesierska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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