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Jawad A, Mtairek MA, Awde MH, Kanso H, Kawssan A, Awada R, Khadra T, Moselmani M, Tarhini ZM, Al Bazzal A, Mohammed NA, Atef O, Hamdar H. Exploring the complex relationship between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia: A review of epidemiological and clinical studies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 289:107-121. [PMID: 39168576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the intricate interplay between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia, examining evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies. While epidemiological research offers conflicting findings regarding the association between coffee intake and schizophrenia risk, clinical studies reveal diverse impacts of caffeine on symptomatology and cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. Some epidemiological studies suggest a potential protective effect of coffee consumption against schizophrenia, whereas others fail to establish a significant correlation. Clinical investigations highlight the complexity of caffeine's influence, with varied effects on symptom severity and cognitive function observed among schizophrenia patients. Notably, caffeine may exacerbate positive symptoms while alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in this population. However, limitations such as small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported data hinder the generalizability of these findings. Furthermore, genetic factors, prenatal exposure, and substance abuse contribute to the complexity of the relationship between caffeine and schizophrenia. Studies indicate that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to the effects of caffeine, while prenatal exposure to caffeine may elevate the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Additionally, substance abuse, including high caffeine and nicotine consumption, is prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia, exacerbating symptom severity. Future research directions include addressing methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported data, and exploring the effects of caffeine on schizophrenia using larger, more diverse cohorts and controlled methodologies. A deeper understanding of caffeine's impact on schizophrenia is crucial for informing clinical practice and developing personalized interventions for patients. Ultimately, this review underscores the need for further investigation into the complex relationship between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia to improve patient outcomes and inform evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jawad
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria; Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Ali Mtairek
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria; Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Hadi Awde
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria; Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Haidar Kanso
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria; Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Kawssan
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rim Awada
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tia Khadra
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Moselmani
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Mahdi Tarhini
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abbas Al Bazzal
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Omnia Atef
- Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hiba Hamdar
- Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon.
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The Era of E-Cigarettes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Vaping Preferences, Reasons for Use and Withdrawal Symptoms Among Current E-Cigarette Users in the United Arab Emirates. J Community Health 2021; 46:876-886. [PMID: 33559828 PMCID: PMC7871133 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (E-cig) use has increased substantially among the young population, who adopt using E-cig for various reasons. Our present study aimed to explore vaping preferences and reasons for using E-cig among current users in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to assess physical and psychological symptoms experienced while using E-cig during intermittent fasting. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 23 to May 22, 2020, to solicit responses from current E-cig users in the UAE. Data were collected about sociodemographic profile, tobacco cigarette smoking, vaping preferences, reasons for use, and withdrawal symptoms during fasting in Ramadan. A convenience sample of 591 adult E-cig users were initially recruited, of whom 392 participants with complete responses were included in our analysis. The majority of participants were males (n = 275, 70.2%) and around 28.6% (n = 112) were dual users. Vape tank/Box-mod was the most used type of E-cig (50.3%). Most of the participants (n = 317; 80.9%) believed that E-cigs are less harmful than tobacco cigarettes. During fasting time, around 46.2% (n = 181) of E-cig users have experienced various physical symptoms, while 51.0% (n = 200) of users have experienced various psychological symptoms. E-cig use is gaining popularity within the UAE after the recent legalization as these devices are commonly advertised and claimed by manufacturers to aid smoking cessation. The effectiveness of E-cig in aiding smoking cessation should be investigated with a higher level of evidence, especially in a new context of usage as the UAE, considering various types of devices, hundreds of E-liquid brands, and the influence of concurrent poly-tobacco use.
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A meta-analysis of craving studies in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:49-57. [PMID: 32553432 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DSM-5 Substance Use Disorders (SUD) are frequent and debilitating comorbidities displayed by patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). One crucial feature of SUD is drug craving, an intense desire to consume a substance, commonly divided into reward and relief dimensions. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies investigating craving in individuals with both SUD and SZ in order to examine whether these patients exhibit a distinct pattern of craving as compared to patients with SUD without SZ. METHOD Meta-analysis based on the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Sixteen relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of databases, which included 1219 individuals (589 SUD-SZ and 630 SUD-without-SZ). Of the 16 studies, 11 focused on tobacco, 3 on cannabis and 2 on cocaine. When considered across all studies, SUD-SZ had significantly higher scores than SUD-without-SZ for global craving with medium effect size (knumber of studies = 16, Zr = 0.20 [0.15, 0.26], equivalent d = 0.41, P < 0.001). Discrete patterns emerged for reward (k = 7, Zr = 0.10 [0.02, 0.17], equivalent d = 0.20, P < 0.05) and relief (k = 7, Zr = 0.25 [0.17, 0.33], d = 0.52, P < 0.001) craving, and the direct comparison revealed a significantly greater effect for relief than reward (χ2(1) = 7.40 P = 0.007). CONCLUSION These results suggest that SUD-SZ cases experience higher craving, more specifically for relief, in comparison to patients with SUD-without-SZ. These clinical findings can foster the development of tailored addiction therapies for this specific comorbid population.
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Teasdale SB, Ward PB, Samaras K, Firth J, Stubbs B, Tripodi E, Burrows TL. Dietary intake of people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:251-259. [PMID: 30784395 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe mental illness (SMI) is thought to be associated with lower diet quality and adverse eating behaviours contributing towards physical health disparities. A rigorous review of the studies looking at dietary intake in psychotic disorders and bipolar disorder is lacking.AimsTo conduct a systematic, comprehensive evaluation of the published research on dietary intake in psychotic disorders and bipolar disorder. METHOD Six electronic databases were searched for studies reporting on dietary intakes in psychotic disorders and bipolar disorder. Dietary-assessment methods, and dietary intakes, were systematically reviewed. Where possible, data was pooled for meta-analysis and compared with healthy controls. RESULTS In total, 58 eligible studies were identified. People with SMI were found to have significantly higher dietary energy (mean difference 1332 kJ, 95% CI 487-2178 kJ/day, P = 0.002, g = 0.463) and sodium (mean difference 322 mg, 95% CI 174-490 mg, P < 0.001, g = 0.414) intake compared with controls. Qualitative synthesis suggested that higher energy and sodium intakes were associated with poorer diet quality and eating patterns. CONCLUSIONS These dietary components should be key targets for preventative interventions to improve weight and other physical health outcomes in people with SMI.Declaration of interestS.B.T. and E.T. have clinical dietitian appointments within the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District and do not receive any further funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Teasdale
- Senior Mental Health Dietitian,Keeping the Body in Mind Program,South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; andSchool of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Australia
| | - Philip B Ward
- Professor of Psychiatry,School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales;Schizophrenia Research Unit,South Western Sydney Local Health District; and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research,Australia
| | - Katherine Samaras
- Senior Staff Specialist (Endocrinology),Department of Endocrinology,St Vincent's Hospital; Diabetes and Metabolism Division,Garvan Institute of Medical Research; andSt Vincent's Clinical School,University of New South Wales,Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- Senior Research Fellow, NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia; andDivision of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health,University of Manchester,UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Head of Physiotherapy,Physiotherapy Department,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; andHealth Service and Population Research Department and Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience,King's College London,UK
| | - Elise Tripodi
- Mental Health Dietitian,Keeping the Body in Mind Program,South Eastern Sydney Local Health District,Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Associate Professor in Nutrition and Dietetics,School of Health Sciences and Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition,University of Newcastle,Australia
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Treloar HR, Piasecki TM, McCarthy DE, Baker TB. Relations Among Caffeine Consumption, Smoking, Smoking Urge, and Subjective Smoking Reinforcement in Daily Life. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014; 4:93-99. [PMID: 25229011 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine consumption and cigarette smoking tend to occur within the same individuals and at the same time. One potential explanation for this co-use is that caffeine consumption increases subjective smoking reinforcement. Electronic diaries were used to collect momentary reports of smoking, caffeine consumption, temptation/urge to smoke, and subjective smoking reinforcement in 74 prequit smokers. Momentary reports of caffeine consumption and smoking were associated, replicating previous findings. These results remained significant when contextual factors (time of day, weekday/weekend, presence of others, presence of others smoking, location, and past hour alcohol consumption) were covaried. Caffeine consumption was also associated with positive cigarette appraisals and reports of strong temptation/urge to smoke and urge reduction from the prior cigarette. Under the conditions of caffeine consumption versus at other times, smokers were significantly more likely to report their last cigarette as producing a rush/buzz, being pleasant, relaxing, and tasting good. The effects for temptation/urge to smoke and rush/buzz varied as a function of latency since smoking. Caffeine consumption increased reports of urge to smoke and rush/buzz only when smoking occurred more than 15 minutes prior to the diary entry. Findings suggest that caffeine consumption influences some aspects of smoking motivation or affects memorial processing of smoking reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R Treloar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Danielle E McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
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Thompson L, Pennay A, Zimmermann A, Cox M, Lubman DI. "Clozapine makes me quite drowsy, so when I wake up in the morning those first cups of coffee are really handy": an exploratory qualitative study of excessive caffeine consumption among individuals with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:116. [PMID: 24735451 PMCID: PMC3999484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that individuals with schizophrenia use caffeine at higher rates than the general population; however, no qualitative research has been undertaken investigating problematic caffeine use and its effects on this population. This article explores the role of caffeine consumption in the lives of people with schizophrenia through a narrative analysis of the attitudes and beliefs associated with this practice, and how these, in turn, influence caffeine consumption. METHODS A qualitative study was undertaken with individuals who had previously scored in either a 'moderate' or 'high' risk category for caffeine use on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Tool (ASSIST). In-depth interviews were undertaken with 20 individuals, and transcripts were analysed thematically to identify prominent perspectives. RESULTS Consistent with previous literature, participants' caffeine consumption was driven largely by its stimulating properties; however, participants also identified 'cravings' as an important motivating factor. Participants' behaviours related to caffeine consumption seemed to be tempered by their previous experiences of consumption; if participants had experienced positive effects such as alertness or relaxation in the past, their use was maintained at a similar level or increased. Conversely, participants who anticipated negative consequences often altered their patterns of caffeine consumption; for example, by substituting caffeinated drinks that minimised or ceased their experience of negative side effects for those that directly caused such impacts. Overall, participants largely identified caffeine consumption as a highly meaningful activity, which provided structure to their day and facilitated opportunities for social interaction. CONCLUSIONS The inconsistencies between individuals' beliefs about their health and the actual risk of harm associated with health-related behaviours present significant and ongoing challenges for the implementation of relevant and effective strategies for health promotion among individuals diagnosed with mental illness. As a starting point, it would be worthwhile for services engaging with people diagnosed with mental illness, and in particular schizophrenia, to consider implementing caffeine-related health literacy strategies to educate consumers about the risk of excessive caffeine consumption and the interactions between caffeine and antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Thompson
- Neami National, 247 – 249 Rosanna Road, 3084 Rosanna, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Pennay
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, 3065 Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Health and Society, School of Population and Global, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Zimmermann
- Neami National, 247 – 249 Rosanna Road, 3084 Rosanna, VIC, Australia
| | - Merrilee Cox
- Neami National, 247 – 249 Rosanna Road, 3084 Rosanna, VIC, Australia
| | - Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, 54-62 Gertrude St, 3065 Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 3168 Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Allostatic load as a tool for monitoring physiological dysregulations and comorbidities in patients with severe mental illnesses. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2013; 21:296-313. [PMID: 24201821 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are disabling, chronic conditions that are often accompanied by medical comorbidities. In this theoretical article, we review the allostatic load model representing the "wear and tear" that chronic stress exacts on the brain and body. We propose an innovative way of monitoring physical and psychiatric comorbidities by integrating the allostatic load model into clinical practice. By interpreting peripheral biomarkers differently, medical professionals can calculate a simple, count-based, allostatic load index known to predict diverse stress-related pathologies. In addition to screening for comorbidities, allostatic load indices can be used to monitor the effects of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. This framework can also be used to generate a dialogue between patient and practitioner to promote preventive and proactive approaches to health care.
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Kim SS, Chung S, Park JI, Jung AJ, Kalman D, Ziedonis DM. Smoking among individuals with schizophrenia in Korea: gender differences. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2013; 27:241-5. [PMID: 24070993 PMCID: PMC3785671 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined gender differences in smoking and quitting among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in Korea. In addition, the study investigated differences in caffeine use by gender and smoking status. METHOD An anonymous self-report survey was conducted with psychiatric inpatients. RESULTS Compared to males, females were less likely to be current smokers (P<.001) and more likely to be former smokers (P<.01). Females were also less likely to be daily caffeine users (P<.001). Having more years of education (P<.05) and higher nicotine dependence scores (P<.05) were associated with decreased odds of intending to quit smoking, whereas having more previous quit attempts (P<.01) was associated with increased odds. These findings were significant even after adjusting for gender. Smokers were more likely to be daily caffeine users (P<.001) than their non-smoking counterparts. CONCLUSION Nurses in Korea should play an active role in tobacco control for patients with schizophrenia by providing cessation counseling and educating the effect of caffeine use on cigarette consumption, while tailoring the service to gender differences found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun S Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
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Sayette MA, Griffin KM, Sayers WM. Counterbalancing in smoking cue research: a critical analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:1068-79. [PMID: 20884695 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cue exposure research has been used to examine key issues in smoking research, such as predicting relapse, testing new medications, investigating the neurobiology of nicotine dependence, and examining reactivity among smokers with comorbid psychopathologies. Determining the order that cues are presented is one of the most critical steps in the design of these investigations. It is widely assumed that cue exposure studies should counterbalance the order in which smoking and control (neutral) cues are presented. This article examines the premises underlying the use of counterbalancing in experimental research, and it evaluates the degree to which counterbalancing is appropriate in smoking cue exposure studies. METHODS We reviewed the available literature on the use of counterbalancing techniques in human smoking cue exposure research. RESULTS Many studies counterbalancing order of cues have not provided critical analyses to determine whether this approach was appropriate. Studies that have reported relevant data, however, suggest that order of cue presentation interacts with type of cue (smoking vs. control), which raises concerns about the utility of counterbalancing. Primarily, this concern arises from potential carryover effects, in which exposure to smoking cues affects subsequent responding to neutral cues. CONCLUSIONS Cue type by order of cue interactions may compromise the utility of counterbalancing. Unfortunately, there is no obvious alternative that is optimal across studies. Strengths and limitations of several alternative designs are considered, and key questions are identified to advance understanding of the optimal conditions for conducting smoking cue exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, 3137 Sennott Square, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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