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Jacob M, Ford J, Deacon T. Cognition is entangled with metabolism: relevance for resting-state EEG-fMRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:976036. [PMID: 37113322 PMCID: PMC10126302 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.976036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a living organ with distinct metabolic constraints. However, these constraints are typically considered as secondary or supportive of information processing which is primarily performed by neurons. The default operational definition of neural information processing is that (1) it is ultimately encoded as a change in individual neuronal firing rate as this correlates with the presentation of a peripheral stimulus, motor action or cognitive task. Two additional assumptions are associated with this default interpretation: (2) that the incessant background firing activity against which changes in activity are measured plays no role in assigning significance to the extrinsically evoked change in neural firing, and (3) that the metabolic energy that sustains this background activity and which correlates with differences in neuronal firing rate is merely a response to an evoked change in neuronal activity. These assumptions underlie the design, implementation, and interpretation of neuroimaging studies, particularly fMRI, which relies on changes in blood oxygen as an indirect measure of neural activity. In this article we reconsider all three of these assumptions in light of recent evidence. We suggest that by combining EEG with fMRI, new experimental work can reconcile emerging controversies in neurovascular coupling and the significance of ongoing, background activity during resting-state paradigms. A new conceptual framework for neuroimaging paradigms is developed to investigate how ongoing neural activity is "entangled" with metabolism. That is, in addition to being recruited to support locally evoked neuronal activity (the traditional hemodynamic response), changes in metabolic support may be independently "invoked" by non-local brain regions, yielding flexible neurovascular coupling dynamics that inform the cognitive context. This framework demonstrates how multimodal neuroimaging is necessary to probe the neurometabolic foundations of cognition, with implications for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jacob
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith Ford
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Terrence Deacon
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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2
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies comparing the GABA levels of schizophrenia patients (SZP) and healthy controls (HC) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the frontal cortex (FC) and its sub-regions. METHODS We included studies published in English language that used 1H-MRS from MRI scanners having at-least 3 Tesla (3 T) magnetic field strength to measure GABA levels in SZP (n = 699) and HC (n = 718) in FC and its sub-regions. The outcome measures were the means and standard deviations of GABA levels and outcome measure was calculated using a random-effect model. RESULTS In FC, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), there were no significant group differences. On excluding the outlier studies, the GABA levels were lower in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls in FC (Hedges' g = -0.2; p = 0.02). In ACC, significant group difference was noted in GABA levels (Hedges' g = -0.25; p = 0.03) with patients values being lower that is more pronounced in the first episode schizophrenia patients (Hedges' g: -0.41; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The available 1H-MRS studies suggest hypo-GABA ergia specifically in ACC and hint towards possible hypo GABA-ergic state in the FC. However, limitations of the analysis should be considered while interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavika Vajawat
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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3
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Liu S, Li A, Liu Y, Yan H, Wang M, Sun Y, Fan L, Song M, Xu K, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang H, Guo H, Wan P, Lv L, Yang Y, Li P, Lu L, Yan J, Wang H, Zhang H, Wu H, Ning Y, Zhang D, Jiang T, Liu B. Polygenic effects of schizophrenia on hippocampal grey matter volume and hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 216:267-274. [PMID: 31169117 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with high heritability and polygenic inheritance. Multimodal neuroimaging studies have also indicated that abnormalities of brain structure and function are a plausible neurobiological characterisation of schizophrenia. However, the polygenic effects of schizophrenia on these imaging endophenotypes have not yet been fully elucidated. AIMS To investigate the effects of polygenic risk for schizophrenia on the brain grey matter volume and functional connectivity, which are disrupted in schizophrenia. METHOD Genomic and neuroimaging data from a large sample of Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia (N = 509) and healthy controls (N = 502) were included in this study. We examined grey matter volume and functional connectivity via structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Using the data from a recent meta-analysis of a genome-wide association study that comprised a large number of Chinese people, we calculated a polygenic risk score (PGRS) for each participant. RESULTS The imaging genetic analysis revealed that the individual PGRS showed a significantly negative correlation with the hippocampal grey matter volume and hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity, both of which were lower in the people with schizophrenia than in the controls. We also found that the observed neuroimaging measures showed weak but similar changes in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that genetically influenced brain grey matter volume and functional connectivity may provide important clues for understanding the pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia and for the early diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- MSc Student, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,PhD Student, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Professor, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hao Yan
- Associate Professor, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,PhD Student, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuqing Sun
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,PhD Student, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Professor, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ming Song
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Associate Professor, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Kaibin Xu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,PhD Student, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jun Chen
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Yunchun Chen
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Professor, Zhumadian Psychiatric Hospital, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Professor, Zhumadian Psychiatric Hospital, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, China.,Attending Doctor, Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China.,Associate Professor, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health
| | - Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China.,Professor, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China.,Professor, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health
| | - Huiling Wang
- Professor, Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, China.,Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Huawang Wu
- Attending Doctor, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Professor, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China.,Professor, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Professor, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Professor, Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Social affective context reveals altered network dynamics in schizophrenia patients. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:29. [PMID: 29382814 PMCID: PMC5802465 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in social cognition and interactions are core psychopathologies in schizophrenia, often manifesting as an inability to appropriately relate to the intentions and feelings of others. Neuroimaging has helped to demarcate the dynamics of two distinct functional connectivity circuits underlying the social-affective processes related to mentalization (known as Theory of Mind, ToM) and somatic-affiliation (known as Embodied Simulation, ES). While evidence points to abnormal activation patterns within these networks among those suffering from schizophrenia, it is yet unclear however, if these patients exhibit this abnormal functional connectivity in the context of social-affective experiences. The current fMRI study, investigated functional connectivity dynamics within ToM and ES networks as subjects experienced evolving cinematic portrayals of fear. During scanning, schizophrenia patients and healthy controls passively watched a cinematic scene in which a mother and her son face various threatening events. Participants then provided a continuous and retrospective report of their fear intensity during a second viewing outside the scanner. Using network cohesion index (NCI) analysis, we examined modulations of ES-related and ToM-related functional connectivity dynamics and their relation to symptom severity and the continuous emotional ratings of the induced cinematic fear. Compared to patients, healthy controls showed higher ES-NCI and marginally lower ToM-NCI during emotional peaks. Cross-correlation analysis revealed an intriguing dynamic between NCI and the inter-group difference of reported fear. Schizophrenia patients rated their fear as lower relative to healthy controls, shortly after exhibiting lower ES connectivity. This increased difference in rating was also followed by higher ToM connectivity among schizophrenia patients. The clinical relevance of these findings is further highlighted by the following two results: (a) ToM-NCI was found to have a strong correlation with the severity of general symptoms during one of the two main emotional peaks (Spearman R = 0.77); and (b) k-mean clustering demonstrated that the networks' NCI dynamic during the social-affective context reliably differentiated between patients and controls. Together, these findings point to a possible neural marker for abnormal social-affective processing in schizophrenia, manifested as the disturbed balance between two functional networks involved in social-affective affiliation. This in turn suggests that exaggerated mentalization over somatic-affiliative processing, in response to another's' distress may underlie social-affective deficits in schizophrenia.
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Lerner Y, Bleich-Cohen M, Solnik-Knirsh S, Yogev-Seligmann G, Eisenstein T, Madah W, Shamir A, Hendler T, Kremer I. Abnormal neural hierarchy in processing of verbal information in patients with schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:1047-1060. [PMID: 29349038 PMCID: PMC5768152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates abnormal comprehension of verbal information in patients with schizophrenia. Yet the neural mechanism underlying the breakdown of verbal information processing in schizophrenia is poorly understood. Imaging studies in healthy populations have shown a network of brain areas involved in hierarchical processing of verbal information over time. Here, we identified critical aspects of this hierarchy, examining patients with schizophrenia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined various levels of information comprehension elicited by naturally presented verbal stimuli; from a set of randomly shuffled words to an intact story. Specifically, patients with first episode schizophrenia (N = 15), their non-manifesting siblings (N = 14) and healthy controls (N = 15) listened to a narrated story and randomly scrambled versions of it. To quantify the degree of dissimilarity between the groups, we adopted an inter-subject correlation (inter-SC) approach, which estimates differences in synchronization of neural responses within and between groups. The temporal topography found in healthy and siblings groups were consistent with our previous findings - high synchronization in responses from early sensory toward high order perceptual and cognitive areas. In patients with schizophrenia, stimuli with short and intermediate temporal scales evoked a typical pattern of reliable responses, whereas story condition (long temporal scale) revealed robust and widespread disruption of the inter-SCs. In addition, the more similar the neural activity of patients with schizophrenia was to the average response in the healthy group, the less severe the positive symptoms of the patients. Our findings suggest that system-level neural indication of abnormal verbal information processing in schizophrenia reflects disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Lerner
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neurosceince, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Maya Bleich-Cohen
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimrit Solnik-Knirsh
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Yogev-Seligmann
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Eisenstein
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Alon Shamir
- MAZOR Mental Health Center, Acre, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neurosceince, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Kremer
- MAZOR Mental Health Center, Acre, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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6
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Crespi B, Leach E, Dinsdale N, Mokkonen M, Hurd P. Imagination in human social cognition, autism, and psychotic-affective conditions. Cognition 2016; 150:181-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang L, Li W, Wei D, Yang W, Yang N, Qiao L, Qiu J, Zuo XN, Zhang Q. The association between the brain and mind pops: a voxel-based morphometry study in 256 Chinese college students. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:332-41. [PMID: 25972117 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mind pops or involuntary semantic memories refer to words, phrases, images, or melodies that suddenly pop into one's mind without any deliberate attempt to recall them. Despite their prevalence in everyday life, research on mind pops has started only recently. Notably, mind pops are very similar to clinical involuntary phenomena such as hallucinations in schizophrenia, suggesting their potential role in pathology. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between mind pops and the brain morphometry measured in 302 healthy young adults; after exclusions, 256 participants were included in our analyses. Specifically, the Mind Popping Questionnaire (MPQ) was employed to measure the degree of individual mind pops, whereas the Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to compute the volumes of both gray and white matter tissues. Multiple regression analyses on MPQ and VBM metrics indicated that high-frequency mind pops were significantly associated with smaller gray matter volume in the left middle temporal gyrus as well as with larger gray and white matter volume in the right medial prefrontal cortex. This increase in mind pops is also linked to higher creativity and the personality trait of 'openness'. These data not only suggest a key role of the two regions in generating self-related thoughts, but also open a possible link between brain and creativity or personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenfu Li
- Mental Health Department of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, 272013, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and MRI Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2, TianSheng Road, Beibei district, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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8
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Katagiri N, Pantelis C, Nemoto T, Zalesky A, Hori M, Shimoji K, Saito J, Ito S, Dwyer DB, Fukunaga I, Morita K, Tsujino N, Yamaguchi T, Shiraga N, Aoki S, Mizuno M. A longitudinal study investigating sub-threshold symptoms and white matter changes in individuals with an 'at risk mental state' (ARMS). Schizophr Res 2015; 162:7-13. [PMID: 25638727 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports disruption in white matter (WM) connectivity in established schizophrenia, however, it is unclear when these abnormalities occur during the course of illness and if they are progressive. Here we investigated whether WM abnormalities predate illness onset by examining a group of individuals with an 'at risk mental state' (ARMS) and assess whether there is evidence of progressive change. We hypothesized that WM abnormalities are associated with symptom change. METHODS Sixteen healthy controls and 41 ARMS subjects at baseline underwent Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Sub-threshold positive symptoms were measured using the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS). Imaging and symptoms were re-administered in the ARMS group after one year (52weeks). Fractional anisotropy (FA) value differences between ARMS and control groups at baseline were localized using the method of Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). RESULTS At baseline, FA was significantly reduced in a sub-region of the corpus callosum (CC) in the ARMS group as a whole compared to controls. This reduction was also found in the 34 individuals who did not transition (ARMS-N) during the one-year follow-up. However, the ARMS-N group showed a significant improvement in sub-threshold positive symptoms at follow-up, which was correlated with an increase in FA in the same CC region (r=-0.664, p<0.001). DISCUSSION There was a significant FA reduction in the CC in individuals at high risk for psychosis regardless of transition status at one year. This suggests that WM abnormalities in the CC may represent a biological vulnerability to psychosis. Improvement in sub-threshold positive symptoms was associated with improvement in measures of WM integrity in the CC. This may suggest that neurobiological 'resilience' is associated with improved outcomes, although this notion requires future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Katagiri
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shimoji
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Saito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ito
- Department of Social Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Issei Fukunaga
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tsujino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiju Yamaguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shiraga
- Department of Radiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Mizuno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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El-Hassar L, Simen AA, Duque A, Patel KD, Kaczmarek LK, Arnsten AF, Yeckel MF. Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 modulates medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neuron activity through cAMP regulation of transient receptor potential C and small-conductance K+ channels. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:476-85. [PMID: 24560582 PMCID: PMC4104266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a protein implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autism. To date, most of research examining DISC1 function has focused on its role in neurodevelopment, despite its presence throughout life. DISC1 also regulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling by increasing type 4 phosphodiesterase catabolism of cAMP when cAMP concentrations are high. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that DISC1, through its regulation of cAMP, modulates I-SK and I-TRPC channel-mediated ionic currents that we have shown previously to regulate the activity of mature prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons. METHODS We used patch-clamp recordings in prefrontal cortical slices from adult rats in which DISC1 function was reduced in vivo by short hairpin RNA viral knockdown or in vitro by dialysis of DISC1 antibodies. RESULTS We found that DISC1 disruption resulted in an increase of metabotropic glutamate receptor-induced intracellular calcium (Ca2+) waves, small-conductance K+ (SK)-mediated hyperpolarization and a decrease of transient receptor potential C (TRPC)-mediated sustained depolarization. Consistent with a role for DISC1 in regulation of cAMP signaling, forskolin-induced cAMP production also increased intracellular Ca2+ waves, I-SK and decreased I-TRPC. Lastly, inhibiting cAMP generation with guanfacine, an α2A-noradrenergic agonist, normalized the function of SK and TRPC channels. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we propose that diminished DISC1 function, such as occurs in some mental disorders, can lead to the disruption of normal patterns of prefrontal cortex activity through the loss of cAMP regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated intracellular Ca2+ waves, SK and TRPC channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda El-Hassar
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Arthur A. Simen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Kiran D. Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Amy F.T. Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine,The Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Mark F. Yeckel
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine,The Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine
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10
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Shine JM, O'Callaghan C, Halliday GM, Lewis SJG. Tricks of the mind: Visual hallucinations as disorders of attention. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:58-65. [PMID: 24525149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Visual hallucinations are common across a number of disorders but to date, a unifying pathophysiology underlying these phenomena has not been described. In this manuscript, we combine insights from neuropathological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies to propose a testable common neural mechanism for visual hallucinations. We propose that 'simple' visual hallucinations arise from disturbances within regions responsible for the primary processing of visual information, however with no further modulation of perceptual content by attention. In contrast, 'complex' visual hallucinations reflect dysfunction within and between the Attentional Control Networks, leading to the inappropriate interpretation of ambiguous percepts. The incorrect information perceived by hallucinators is often differentially interpreted depending on the time-course and the neuroarchitecture underlying the interpretation. Disorders with 'complex' hallucinations without retained insight are proposed to be associated with a reduction in the activity within the Dorsal Attention Network. The review concludes by showing that a variety of pathological processes can ultimately manifest in any of these three categories, depending on the precise location of the impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shine
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Claire O'Callaghan
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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