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Sass L, Feyaerts J. Schizophrenia, the very idea: On self-disorder, hyperreflexivity, and the diagnostic concept. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:473-486. [PMID: 38693032 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to consider schizophrenia-the very idea-from the perspective of phenomenological psychopathology, with special attention to the problematic nature of the diagnostic concept as well as to the prospect and challenges inherent in focusing on subjective experience. First, we address historical and philosophical topics relevant to the legitimacy of diagnostic categorization-in general and regarding "schizophrenia" in particular. William James's pragmatist approach to categorization is discussed. Then we offer a version of the well-known basic-self or ipseity-disturbance model (IDM) of schizophrenia, but in a significantly revised form (IDMrevised). The revised model better acknowledges the diverse and even seemingly contradictory nature of schizophrenic symptoms while, at the same time, interpreting these in a more unitary fashion via the key concept of hyperreflexivity-a form of exaggerated self-awareness that tends to undermine normal world-directedness and the stability of self-experience. Particular attention is paid to forms of exaggerated "self-presence" that are sometimes neglected yet imbue classically schizophrenic experiences involving subjectivism or quasi-solipsism and/or all-inclusive or ontological forms of paranoia. We focus on the distinctively paradoxical nature of schizophrenic symptomatology. In concluding we consider precursors in the work of Klaus Conrad, Kimura Bin and Henri Grivois. Finally we defend the concept of schizophrenia by considering its distinctive way of altering certain core aspects of the human condition itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Sass
- Dept of Clinical Psychology, GSAPP-Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Jasper Feyaerts
- Dept of Psychoanalysis & Clinical Consulting, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Buck B, Wingerson M, Chander A, Tauscher JS. A preliminary study examining terminology used by individuals with lived experience describing beliefs about being targeted or harmed by others. Psychiatry Res 2023; 323:115129. [PMID: 36881949 PMCID: PMC10106418 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
While recent studies have prompted re-evaluation of the term "schizophrenia," few have examined the use of terms to describe persecutory ideation (PI) or paranoia. This study examines the preferences and terms used by a cross-diagnostic population of individuals (N = 184) with lived experience using an online survey. Participants most commonly described their PI in terms of the perceived source of threat, followed by clinical language, most commonly variants of "paranoia" and "anxiety." Of five selected terms assessed quantitatively - "anxiety," "paranoia," "persecutory thoughts," "suspiciousness," and "threat thoughts" - participants were more likely to report that "anxiety" aligned with their experience of PI, followed by "suspiciousness." Endorsement of terms more specific to PI was associated with self-report PI severity, while a preference for "anxiety" over other terms was both associated with less severe PI and lower scores on a measure of stigma. These results suggest that the heterogeneity of terms used by individuals with lived experience support a person-centered approach to language describing such experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Buck
- Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Mary Wingerson
- Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ayesha Chander
- Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Justin S Tauscher
- Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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3
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Tandon R. Putting the cart before the horse. Schizophrenia does need a name change, but the time is not right. Schizophr Res 2022; 240:22-23. [PMID: 34906885 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, WMU Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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Nasrallah HA. To change the label of schizophrenia, first revise the construct. Schizophr Res 2021; 238:201-202. [PMID: 34800757 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Nasrallah
- Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
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Abstract
There had been a long way to go before we felt comfortable about even discussing the issues revolving around the concept of 'schizophrenia', let alone reckoning on mere semantic revision. In this editorial, we aim to extend our discussion on the reasons behind the slow death of the concept of 'schizophrenia' and the benefits of changing the name and embracing a spectrum approach with an umbrella psychosis spectrum disorder (PSD) category (similar to autism spectrum disorder) that goes further than a mere semantic revision. We attempted to cover the topic of the renaming by providing five most pertinent points categorised under five domains: reasons, signals, challenges, promises and steps for the change. Admittedly, even a modest revision, such as classifying all psychotic disorder categories under an umbrella category of PSD, and abolishing the term schizophrenia requires careful deliberation and some effort in the beginning, but the revision is well worth the effort considering the benefits in the long run. Renaming a particular form of mental suffering should be accompanied by a broader debate of the entire diagnosis-evidence-based-practice (EBP)-symptom-reduction model as the normative factor driving the content and organisation of mental health services that may be detached from patients' needs and reality, overlooks the trans-syndromal structure of mental difficulties, appraises the significance of the technical features over the relational and ritual components of care, and underestimates the lack of EBP group-to-individual generalisability. Individuals may make great strides in attaining well-being by accommodating to living with mental vulnerabilities through building resilience in the social and existential domains. Changing the name and the concept of 'schizophrenia', which goes beyond a mere semantic revision, may become the first step that allows catalysation of the process of modernising psychiatric science and services worldwide.
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Dua D, Singh SM. Schizophrenia: A disorder in search of a new name. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 42:55-56. [PMID: 30953885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devakshi Dua
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Shubh Mohan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Magliano L, Petrillo M, Ruggiero G, Schioppa G. Schizophrenia and psychosis: Does changing the label change the beliefs? Schizophr Res 2018; 193:482-483. [PMID: 28802818 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Magliano
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - M Petrillo
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - G Ruggiero
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - G Schioppa
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Koike S, Yamaguchi S, Ohta K, Ojio Y, Watanabe KI, Ando S. Mental-health-related stigma among Japanese children and their parents and impact of renaming of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:170-179. [PMID: 27470981 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mental-health-related stigma affects help-seeking behavior and service utilization among young people. Whether mental-health-related stigma is different or correlated between parents and their children is unknown. It is also unknown whether the name change of schizophrenia in 2002 has had long-term effects on reducing stigma for adults in the general population. METHODS We recruited 143 parent-child pairs (mean ages [SD]: 51.5 [3.6] and 21.2 [1.2] years, respectively) to complete self-report questionnaires regarding mental-health-related stigma and experience. We also assessed negative stereotypes for three psychiatric disease names (old and new names of schizophrenia, and depression), and for diabetes mellitus as a physical illness comparison. The questionnaires also asked respondents to identify the old and new names of schizophrenia and dementia, respectively, among 10 names for mental and physical illnesses and conditions. RESULTS Parents showed lower stigma levels toward mental illness and diabetes mellitus, but similar or greater stigma levels toward schizophrenia, compared with their children. Stigma levels toward mental illness in parents and their children were significantly correlated. The rate of correct identification of the old and new names for schizophrenia was higher in parents than in their children (64.7% vs 41.4%, P < 0.001). Parents who responded correctly endorsed more negative stereotypes toward the new name of schizophrenia compared with those who responded incorrectly (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that stigma toward mental illness is shared between family members, and the name change of schizophrenia has effectively reduced stigma levels toward this disorder in adults of various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazusa Ohta
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Physical and Health Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Keshavan MS, DeLisi LE, Nasrallah HA. Translational and spectrum aspects of Schizophrenia Research: The rationale for new journal's new subheading. Schizophr Res 2017; 179:1. [PMID: 28038918 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Seré L, Cardona D, Flichtentrei D, López P, Prats M, Mastandueno R, Miorelli A, Maruta T, Cetkovich M. Schizophrenia: Is it time to rename it? The opinions of Latin American psychiatrists. Schizophr Res 2016; 178:102-103. [PMID: 27595550 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Seré
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dolores Cardona
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Flichtentrei
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pablo López
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Prats
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Mastandueno
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Miorelli
- Princess Anne Hospital, Department of Psychological Medicine. Mailpoint 622. Coxford Road, Southampton SO16 5YA, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Toshimasa Maruta
- The Health Management Center/Department of Psychology, Psychiatry and Welfare, Seitoku University. Iwase 550, Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture 271-8555, Japan.
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Imhoff R. Zeroing in on the Effect of the Schizophrenia Label on Stigmatizing Attitudes: A Large-scale Study. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:456-63. [PMID: 26409222 PMCID: PMC4753605 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The idea that psychiatric diagnoses are not mere descriptors of a symptomatology but create incrementally negative effects in patients has received considerable support in the literature. The flipside to this effect, that calling someone by a psychiatric diagnosis also has an effect on how this person is perceived by others, however, has been less well documented and remains disputed. An experimental study was conducted with a large sample (N = 2265) to ensure statistical power to detect even small effects of such adding a psychiatric diagnosis to a description of symptoms or not. Dependent variables were chosen in an exploratory manner and tests were corrected for alpha inflation. Results show that calling the identical symptomatology schizophrenia (vs not labeling it) led to greater perceptions of aggressiveness, less trustworthiness, more anxiety toward this person, and stronger assumptions this person feels aggression-related emotions. Although stigmatizing attitudes were generally lower for persons with personal experiences with mental illnesses as either a patient or a close relative, such personal involvement did not moderate the effect. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, Köln, Germany
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12
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Role of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as biomarkers in early and late stages of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 73:45-52. [PMID: 26679764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neuroprogressive disorder presenting with biochemical, functional, and structural changes, which differ from early to late stages of the illness. We explored the differences in serum levels of soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) between early and late stages of SZ, in regard to clinical characteristics and treatment application. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured in 80 patients with SZ (40 early stage; 40 late stage), and compared with 80 healthy controls, matched by age, gender, body mass index, and smoking habits with each SZ group. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were measured using ELISA. The severity of psychopathology was assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale and five-factor Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Scale. After adjustment for confounders, we noticed normal levels of sICAM-1 in the early stage, and elevated levels of sICAM-1 in the late stage of SZ. sVCAM-1 levels were decreased in both stages of SZ. Higher sICAM-1 levels have been related to more pronounced cognitive deficit and excitement symptoms in the early stage of SZ and to favorable characteristics of treatment application in both stages. SZ is associated with changes in the levels of adhesion molecules that vary from early to late stages of the illness. This implies that the concept of biochemical staging is applicable in SZ, at least for markers of cellular adhesion.
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Koike S, Yamaguchi S, Ojio Y, Shimada T, Watanabe KI, Ando S. Long-term effect of a name change for schizophrenia on reducing stigma. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1519-26. [PMID: 25947634 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A name change for schizophrenia was first implemented in Japan for reducing stigma in 2002; however, little is known of its long-term impact. METHODS Total 259 students from 20 universities answered an anonymous self-administered questionnaire about their mental health-related experiences, and stigma scales including feasible knowledge and negative stereotypes for four specific diseases, including schizophrenia (old and new names), depression, and diabetes mellitus. We also asked to choose the old and new names of schizophrenia and dementia among ten names for mental and physical illnesses and conditions. RESULTS The participants had more feasible knowledge and fewer negative stereotypes for the new name of schizophrenia than the old name, but were still significantly worse than for depression and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01). Direct contact experiences with those who have mental health problems were associated with feasible knowledge for schizophrenia but not negative stereotypes (β = 0.13, p = 0.020). The rate of correct responses for the old and new names of schizophrenia was significantly lower than that of dementia (41 vs. 87%, p < 0.001). Mental health-related experience from media was associated with the recognition of name change for schizophrenia (p = 0.008), which was associated with less feasible knowledge for new name of schizophrenia. DISCUSSION The name change of schizophrenia has reduced stigma since 12 years have passed. More effective campaigns, educational curricula, and policy making are needed to reduce stigma toward schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Division for Counseling and Support, Office for Mental Health Support, The University of Tokyo, Yasuda-Auditorium, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK.
| | - Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Physical and Health Education, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Division for Counseling and Support, Office for Mental Health Support, The University of Tokyo, Yasuda-Auditorium, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Watanabe
- Division for Counseling and Support, Office for Mental Health Support, The University of Tokyo, Yasuda-Auditorium, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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Should the label "schizophrenia" be abandoned? Schizophr Res 2015; 162:276-84. [PMID: 25649288 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The term schizophrenia is increasingly contested by researchers, clinicians, patients and families. Mental health users and professionals around the world have started calling for a change of the name, seeing it as stigmatizing and harmful. This paper reviews the literature published so far on the issue of renaming schizophrenia, carefully weighing the pros and cons of the proposed changes. Forty seven papers have been published so far, encompassing editorials, research papers, commentaries to editorials, letters, forum papers and narrative reviews. The advantages of renaming schizophrenia far outweigh the disadvantages. It would reduce stigma and benefit communication between clinicians, patients and families. The most conservative option for renaming schizophrenia would be the use of eponyms since they are neutral and avoid adverse connotations. Renaming schizophrenia is not only a matter of semantics, but also an attempt to change the stigma carried by the present name. Nevertheless, a change will not be useful unless accompanied by parallel changes in legislation, services and the education of professionals and the public.
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Abstract
After over 100 years of research without clarifying the aetiology of schizophrenia, a look at the current state of knowledge in epidemiology, genetics, precursors, psychopathology, and outcome seems worthwhile. The disease concept, created by Kraepelin and modified by Bleuler, has a varied history. Today, schizophrenia is considered a polygenic disorder with onset in early adulthood, characterized by irregular psychotic episodes and functional impairment, but incident cases occur at all ages with marked differences in symptoms and social outcome. Men’s and women’s lifetime risk is nearly the same. At young age, women fall ill a few years later and less severely than men, men more rarely and less severely later in life. The underlying protective effect of oestrogen is antagonized by genetic load. The illness course is heterogeneous and depressive mood the most frequent symptom. Depression and schizophrenia are functionally associated, and affective and nonaffective psychoses do not split neatly. Most social consequences occur at the prodromal stage. Neither schizophrenia as such nor its main symptom dimensions regularly show pronounced deterioration over time. Schizophrenia is neither a residual state of a neurodevelopmental disorder nor a progressing neurodegenerative process. It reflects multifactorial CNS instability, which leads to cognitive deficits and symptom exacerbations.
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Bernardo M, Bioque M. ¿Qué hemos aprendido de la investigación en primeros episodios psicóticos? REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2014; 7:61-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Maruta T, Volpe U, Gaebel W, Matsumoto C, Iimori M. Should schizophrenia still be named so? Schizophr Res 2014; 152:305-6. [PMID: 24275581 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Maruta
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Department of Mental Health, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 Naples, Italy; Section Secretary on Schizophrenia, European Psychiatric Association, 15 Avenue de la Liberté, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Bergische Landstr. 2, D-40629 Düsseldorf, Germany; Section Chairman on Schizophrenia, World Psychiatric Association, Geneva University Psychiatric Hospital, Bâtiment Les Voirons 2, Chemin du Petit Bel-Air, 1225 Chêne-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Makio Iimori
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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