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Escandón K. Toward non-stigmatizing media and language in mental health: Addressing the social stigma of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:491-493. [PMID: 38277739 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Escandón
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
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Huurman ME, Pijnenborg GHM, Sportel BE, van Rijsbergen GD, Hasson-Ohayon I, Boonstra N. Communicating diagnoses to individuals with a first episode psychosis: A qualitative study of individuals perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1098224. [PMID: 36873199 PMCID: PMC9980435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receiving the label of a psychotic disorder influences self-perception and may result in negative outcomes such as self-stigma and decreased self-esteem. The way the diagnosis is communicated to individuals may affect these outcomes. AIMS This study aims to explore the experiences and needs of individuals after a first episode of psychosis with regard to the way in which information about diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis is communicated with them. DESIGN AND METHODS A descriptive interpretative phenomenological approach was used. Fifteen individuals who experienced a first episode of psychosis participated in individual semi-structured open-ended interviews on their experiences and needs regarding the process of providing information about diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews. RESULTS Four recurring themes where identified (1) timing (when); (2) content (what); and (3) the way information is provided (how). Individuals also reported that the provided information could elicit an emotional reaction, for which they would require specific attention, therefore the fourth theme is (4) reactions and feelings. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the experiences and specific information needed by individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Results suggest that individuals have different needs regarding the type of (what), how and when to receive information about diagnosis and treatment options. This requires a tailor-made process of communicating diagnosis. A guideline on when, how and what to inform, as well as providing personalized written information regarding the diagnosis and treatment options, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Bouwina Esther Sportel
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Assen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nynke Boonstra
- Department of Healthcare and Welfare, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,KieN VIP Mental Health Care Services, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Maletta RM, Vass V. A 20-year review comparing the use of 'schizophrenia' and 'psychosis' in UK newspapers from 2000 to 2019: Implications for stigma reduction. Schizophr Res 2023; 251:66-73. [PMID: 36586355 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been increasing calls for schizophrenia to be renamed to reduce negative associations with the diagnosis. 'Psychosis' is one proposed alternative, yet some research suggests this has greater negative connotations. This study compared the use of both terms within UK newspapers longitudinally to assess which is more negatively portrayed in the media. STUDY DESIGN Using LexisLibrary News, six UK newspaper archives were searched for the terms 'schizophrenia' and 'psychosis' in articles published between 2000 and 2019; the included article total was n = 9802. Articles were analysed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. STUDY RESULTS A two-level multilevel model was created of newspaper articles nested within newspapers. Adding predictors revealed that diagnostic term was a significant predictor of the emotional tone of articles (β = -2.30, SE = 0.51, p < .001, 95 % CI -3.30 to -1.30), with 'psychosis' having a more negative tone than 'schizophrenia.' Tabloids were shown to have a significantly more negative tone than broadsheets (β = -9.32, SE = 1.04, p < .001, 95 % CI -11.36 to -7.28), and emotional tone of writing had become more negative over time (β = -0.26, SE = 0.04, p < .001, 95 % CI -0.34 to -0.18). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest 'psychosis' is associated with greater negativity than 'schizophrenia' within UK newspapers, and may be a poor substitute term to reduce stigma. As article tone worsened for both diagnoses over time, increased stigma reduction campaigns are required to target negativity within the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna May Maletta
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
| | - Victoria Vass
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
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Cohen BM, Öngür D, Babb SM, Harris PQ. Diagnostic terms psychiatrists prefer to use for common psychotic and personality disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:226-231. [PMID: 36095951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are ongoing discussions on updating various standard psychiatric terms, including schizophrenia, which can be confusing, and personality disorders, which can be pejorative. To contribute to this process, suggestions and recommendations on terminology were sought from academic psychiatrists with substantial clinical experience. METHODS In an online survey, 263 psychiatrists were asked how often they used alternative instead of standard terms for the diagnosis or symptom description of psychotic disorders and DSM Cluster B personality disorders. They were also asked what specific terms they preferred to use. Reasons for their views and choices were obtained. RESULTS 125 clinicians (48%) responded. Only a minority of clinicians (31%) tended to use the term schizophrenia often, preferring to say psychosis or to refer to thinking and perceptual problems. Even lower proportions of clinicians (7-14%) often use the terms for Cluster B personality disorder subtypes: antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, and borderline. Alternatives suggested for these disorders included discussing emotional dysregulation, traits of sensitivity and reactivity, and relational difficulties. Reasons cited for choosing alternative terms were to avoid miscommunication (71% of responders) and to avoid offending the patient (78% of responders). CONCLUSIONS There are practical alternatives to standard psychiatric terminology that may improve communication with patients and be more respectful choices, as well. The suggestions of the psychiatrists responding to this survey might be of immediate value to others in their practices and might be worthy of consideration by those writing the next versions of the standard manuals, both the DSM and the ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Cohen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Dost Öngür
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Suzann M Babb
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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Gonzales L, Kois LE, Chen C, López-Aybar L, McCullough B, McLaughlin KJ. Reliability of the Term "Serious Mental Illness": A Systematic Review. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:1255-1262. [PMID: 35895839 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The term "serious mental illness" (SMI) is widely used across research, practice, and policy settings. However, there is no consistent operational definition, and its reliability has not been systematically evaluated. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive qualitative content analysis of "SMI" empirical research, including study and sample characteristics and SMI operational definitions. These data can provide important considerations for how stakeholders conceptualize SMI. METHODS Systematic review of PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and PubMed databases from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019, identified 788 original empirical studies that characterized the sample as having "SMI." RESULTS Descriptive content analysis indicated that most studies (85%) provided no operational definition for SMI. Only 15% defined the term, and an additional 26% provided examples of SMI that included only psychiatric diagnostic categories (e.g., SMI, such as schizophrenia). Of the 327 studies that provided any description of SMI, variability was noted regarding whether criteria included any mental health diagnosis (N=31) or only specified diagnoses (N=289), functional impairment (N=73), or any specified duration of symptoms (N=39). Across all studies that characterized samples as having SMI, substantial variability was noted regarding included diagnostic classifications. CONCLUSIONS Referencing "SMI" is second nature for many stakeholders. Findings suggest that evidence-based practice and policy efforts should weigh the level of research support indicating that the construct and the term "SMI" lacks generalizability. Researchers and stakeholders are encouraged to develop precise and agreed-upon diagnostic language in their efforts to support and advocate for people with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gonzales
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
| | - Lauren E Kois
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
| | - Crystal Chen
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
| | - Laura López-Aybar
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
| | - Brittany McCullough
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
| | - Kendra J McLaughlin
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York (Gonzales, Chen, López-Aybar, McCullough); Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (Kois); Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal (McLaughlin)
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Aker S, Kahve AC. What do psychiatrists think about renaming schizophrenia in Turkey? Schizophr Res 2022; 248:8-13. [PMID: 35907348 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the opinions of psychiatrists in Turkey on whether to change the name of schizophrenia in order to reduce stigma. This cross-sectional survey was conducted with psychiatrists (resident in psychiatry, specialist, and lecturer) in Turkey. An online survey was created via the Google Forms public web address. Online questionnaires were delivered through Google Forms by emailing and messaging on WhatsApp, Telegram, Google and Yahoo groups and asking them to pass the questionnaire to other possible participants in their network. The study was performed between June 20, 2021 and July 10, 2021. 460 psychiatrists participated in the study. Forty-five-point 2 % of psychiatrists think that the name of schizophrenia should be renamed to reduce stigma. Forty-two-point 8 % of those who support the name change state that this change should be done as soon as possible. While 64.1 % of psychiatrists stated that naming the disease with another (new) name instead of schizophrenia could increase the hopes of patients and their relatives for recovery, 12.6 % stated that renaming would not cause any positive or negative changes. There is no statistical difference between psychiatrists who have a relative diagnosed with schizophrenia and psychiatrists who do not, in terms of thinking that the name of schizophrenia should be renamed to reduce stigma. In order to remove the stigma on schizophrenia, many interventions are required in social, cultural, economic and political fields. Renaming schizophrenia may be a good start for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Aker
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Aybeniz Civan Kahve
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Bilkent, Turkey
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Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenetic, Diagnostic and Treatment Aspects. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175040. [PMID: 36078967 PMCID: PMC9457502 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is currently conceptualized as being characterized as a syndrome that includes a collection of signs and symptoms, there is strong evidence of heterogeneous and complex underpinned etiological, etiopathogenetic, and psychopathological mechanisms, which are still under investigation. Therefore, the present viewpoint review is aimed at providing some insights into the recently investigated schizophrenia research fields in order to discuss the potential future research directions in schizophrenia research. The traditional schizophrenia construct and diagnosis were progressively revised and revisited, based on the recently emerging neurobiological, genetic, and epidemiological research. Moreover, innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are pointed to build a new construct, allowing the development of better clinical and treatment outcomes and characterization for schizophrenic individuals, considering a more patient-centered, personalized, and tailored-based dimensional approach. Further translational studies are needed in order to integrate neurobiological, genetic, and environmental studies into clinical practice and to help clinicians and researchers to understand how to redesign a new schizophrenia construct.
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Askevis-Leherpeux F, Hazo JB, Agoub M, Baleige A, Barikova V, Benmessaoud D, Brunet F, Carta MG, Castelpietra G, Crepaz-Keay D, Daumerie N, Demassiet V, Fontaine A, Grigutyte N, Guernut M, Kishore J, Kiss M, Koenig M, Laporta M, Layoussif E, Limane Y, Lopez M, Mura G, Pelletier JF, Raharinivo M, Reed G, Richa S, Robles-Garcia R, Saxena S, Skourteli M, Tassi F, Stona AC, Thévenon C, Triantafyllou M, Vasilopoulos F, Wooley S, Roelandt JL. Accessibility of psychiatric vocabulary: An international study about schizophrenia essential features. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:463-464. [PMID: 35292181 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Askevis-Leherpeux
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France; Equipe Inserm-Eceve (UMR 1123), Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Hazo
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France; Equipe Inserm-Eceve (UMR 1123), Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Agoub
- Centre Psychiatrique Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Antoine Baleige
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | | | - Dalila Benmessaoud
- Etablissement HospitaloUniversitaire Spécialisé de Psychiatrie Mahfoud BOUCEBCI, Chéraga, Algeria
| | - Floriane Brunet
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | - Mauro-Giovanni Carta
- Centro di Psichiatria e Psicosomatica Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Trieste, Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
| | | | - Nicolas Daumerie
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | - Vincent Demassiet
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France; French Hearing Voices Network, France
| | - Audrey Fontaine
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | | | - Mathilde Guernut
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | | | - Marta Kiss
- Community Psychiatry Centre of Semmelweis University, Awakenings Foundation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marie Koenig
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | - Marc Laporta
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, WHO CC, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Marcelino Lopez
- Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Integración Social de Personas con Enfermedad Mental (FAISEM), Svilla, Spain
| | - Gioia Mura
- Centro di Psichiatria e Psicosomatica Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jean-François Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Geoffrey Reed
- World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sami Richa
- Hôpital Hôtel de Dieu de France, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Rebecca Robles-Garcia
- Instituto National Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Shekhar Saxena
- World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marina Skourteli
- Association for Regional Development and Mental Health (EPAPSY), Athens, Greece
| | - Fabio Tassi
- University of Udine, Mental Health Department of Trieste, Italy
| | - Anne-Claire Stona
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France
| | | | | | - Fotis Vasilopoulos
- Association for Regional Development and Mental Health (EPAPSY), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jean-Luc Roelandt
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, French WHO CC, Armentières, France; French WHO CC, Lille-Hellemes, France; Equipe Inserm-Eceve (UMR 1123), Paris, France
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Past due: improving the naming of psychiatric disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:264-266. [PMID: 34998479 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Galderisi S, Giordano GM. We are not ready to abandon the current schizophrenia construct, but should be prepared to do so. Schizophr Res 2022; 242:30-34. [PMID: 34924240 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current schizophrenia construct as delineated in the latest editions of the DSM and the ICD has some strengths, but also many weaknesses. It improved the reliability of the diagnosis, made communication among clinicians, users and families less ambiguous, is useful for education and training, and for reimbursement and insurance purposes. However, many serious weaknesses should be considered. The term "Schizophrenia" does not recognize the heterogeneity of the disorder and might nourish the belief that schizophrenia represents a unitary disease. In addition, there is no agreement on the existence and nature of a "core aspect" of the disorder. Stable dimensions, in particular negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, which are key determinants of functioning, are not de facto regarded as core aspects. Finally, the construct is associated to the notion of a poor outcome, to a high level of stigma and has acquired a derogatory connotation. We are not ready but should be prepared to abandon the current schizophrenia construct. Clinicians and researchers should be encouraged to complement the ICD/DSM diagnosis with an in-depth characterization of the individual clinical picture, along with other variables, such as family history, comorbidities, vulnerability factors and personal trajectory. The "Primary Psychoses" construct, together with improved cross-sectional and longitudinal phenotypes from representative population and patient cohorts, and the availability of artificial intelligence methods, could lead to a new and more precise taxonomy of psychotic disorders, and increase the probability of identifying meaningful biomarkers to improve prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for people suffering from psychotic disorders.
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Granier C, Brunel L. Remission of schizophrenia after an EMDR session. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2014660. [PMID: 35140878 PMCID: PMC8820797 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2014660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case study of the remission of a chemically resistant schizophrenia disorder after a single session of EMDR. Our patient had been followed-up for schizophrenia according to DSM5 criteria, since 4 years. During our subject's fourth hospitalization for major delirious decompensation, a single EMDR session, according to the standard protocol, resulted in a complete and total remission of the delirious disorder and the disorganization/dissociative syndrome in 8 weeks. This allowed us to interrupt the patient's antipsychotic treatment without relapse at 18 months. This case study allows us to highlight, as many authors have previously done, the necessity of researching the traumatic history of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in order to provide therapies focused on traumatic dissociation. It also questions the relevance of our diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and other dissociative disorders.
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Nasrallah HA. To change the label of schizophrenia, first revise the construct. Schizophr Res 2021; 238:201-202. [PMID: 34800757 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Nasrallah
- Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
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Mesholam-Gately RI, Varca N, Spitzer C, Parrish EM, Hogan V, Behnke SH, Larson L, Rosa-Baez C, Schwirian N, Stromeyer C, Williams MJ, Saks ER, Keshavan MS. Are we ready for a name change for schizophrenia? A survey of multiple stakeholders. Schizophr Res 2021; 238:152-160. [PMID: 34688117 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
About one in 100 people worldwide are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Many people advocate for a name change for the condition, pointing to the stigma and discrimination associated with the term "schizophrenia", as well as to how the name poorly characterizes features of the illness. The purpose of this project was to collect opinions from a broad, diverse sample of stakeholders about possible name changes for schizophrenia. The project represented a partnership between researchers, clinicians, and those with lived experience with psychosis. The group developed a survey to assess opinions about the need for change in the name schizophrenia as well as potential alternate names. We accumulated 1190 responses from a broad array of community stakeholders, including those with lived experience of mental illness, family members, clinicians, researchers, government officials, and the general public. Findings indicated that the majority of respondents (74.1%) favored a name change for schizophrenia. Most (71.4%) found the name stigmatizing. Of the proposed alternate names, those with the most support included "Altered Perception Syndrome", "Psychosis Spectrum Syndrome", and "Neuro-Emotional Integration Disorder". Survey findings provide strong support for renaming schizophrenia. Most expressed hope that a name change will reduce stigma and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nicole Varca
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Courtney Spitzer
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma M Parrish
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Victoria Hogan
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen H Behnke
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linda Larson
- Consumer Advisory Board, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Rosa-Baez
- Consumer Advisory Board, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nate Schwirian
- Consumer Advisory Board, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles Stromeyer
- Consumer Advisory Board, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Williams
- Consumer Advisory Board, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elyn R Saks
- Gould School of Law, University of Southern California, 699 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sengutta M, Karow A, Gawęda Ł. Anomalous self-experiences (ASE) in relation to clinical high risk for psychosis (CHRP), childhood trauma and general psychopathology among adolescent and young adult help seekers. Schizophr Res 2021; 237:182-189. [PMID: 34536752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous self-experiences (ASE) are suggested as a phenotypic core feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and present in at risk samples as well. In our study, we investigated the relation between ASE and clinical high risk state for psychosis (CHRP) against the background of further influencing factors like childhood trauma and general psychopathology. METHODS 126 help-seeking adolescents were included. CHR-P patients were identified using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS). ASE were assessed with the Inventory of Psychotic-like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE). Childhood trauma, depression and anxiety were assessed with well-established questionnaires (CTQ; PHQ-9; GAD-7). RESULTS CHR-P subgroup (n = 50, 39.7%) show significantly higher scores in IPASE total (t (81.07) = -5.150, p = .000) and CTQ total (t (85.95) = -2.75, p = .007) in comparison with the non CHR-P subgroup. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that IPASE total could predict CHR-P status (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04, p = .000). Furthermore, CTQ total and IPASE total show moderate to strong positive correlation (r = 0.44, p < .001) as well as CTQ total with both IPASE subdomains Cognition (r = 0.404, p < .001) and Self- Awareness (r = 0.443, p < .001). CONCLUSION The CHR-P subgroup shows significantly more ASE than the non CHR-P subgroup. Further, ASE predicted CHR-P status. Our results indicated that ASE could play a considerable role in the identification of high risk for developing schizophrenia spectrum disorder and could complement CHR-P testing. Importantly, it seems that ASE may be related to exposure to childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sengutta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anne Karow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Seery C, Bramham J, O’Connor C. Effects of a psychiatric diagnosis vs a clinical formulation on lay attitudes to people with psychosis. PSYCHOSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2021.1901302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Seery
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Bramham
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Maatz A, Ilg Y. The Ins and Outs of 'Schizophrenia': Considering Diagnostic Terms as Ordinary Linguistic Expressions. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2021; 42:387-404. [PMID: 32002725 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-019-09587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic terms in psychiatry like 'schizophrenia' and 'bipolar disorder' are deeply contested in the professional community, by mental health activists and the public. In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for considering diagnostic terms as ordinary linguistic expressions and illustrate this approach by a corpus linguistic analysis of 'schizophrenia.' Our aim is to show how a focus on language itself can inform current and future debates about psychiatric terminology and provide new insights on relevant processes concerning their actual usage and change over time. We hope that this contributes to enhancing mutual understanding between different discourse spheres and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Maatz
- Centre for Social Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Militärstrasse 8, 8004, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yvonne Ilg
- Department of German Studies, University of Zurich, Schönberggasse 9, Zürich, 8001, Switzerland
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17
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Guloksuz S, van Os J. En attendant Godot: Waiting for the Funeral of "Schizophrenia" and the Baby Shower of the Psychosis Spectrum. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:618842. [PMID: 34122159 PMCID: PMC8193729 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Lasalvia A, Vita A, Bellomo A, Tusconi M, Favaretto G, Bonetto C, Zanalda E, Mencacci C, Carpiniello B. Renaming schizophrenia? A survey among psychiatrists, mental health service users and family members in Italy. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:502-509. [PMID: 32593734 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This survey explores how psychiatrists, service users and family members in Italy perceive the term schizophrenia and if they consider a name change a useful option in order to overcome the stigma attached to it. Opinions on the term schizophrenia were collected by a self-rated questionnaire used in previous international surveys. Questionnaires were delivered members of the Italian Psychiatric Association. Survey of mental health users was conducted among members of the main users' association of the Veneto region; survey of family members was conducted among one of the most representative Italian family association. Overall, 350 psychiatrists, 71 mental health users and 110 family members filled in the questionnaires. Considering the whole sample, 41.5% found the term inappropriate, 67.6% stigmatizing and 72.3% advocated a name change. Among psychiatrists 57% reported that schizophrenia was inappropriate, 70% considered the term stigmatizing and 71% was in favor of a name change. Similarly, 56% of service users and 71% of family members found schizophrenia a stigmatizing term and, respectively, 75% and 77% advocated a name change. Conflicting results were found on possible alterative terms: psychiatrists proposed a wide range of possible options, most of which referred to the term 'psychosis' (53%), whereas users and family members preferred terms referring to the broad category of 'mental health suffering'. Overall, most of respondents in the three stakeholders' groups agree that schizophrenia should be renamed to reduce the stigma attached to it; the main challenge, however, is the lack of consensus on the best alternative term to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lasalvia
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Psichiatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Tusconi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Favaretto
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Authority ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Zanalda
- Integrated Mental Health Department ASL TO 3 and AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Mencacci
- Department of Neuroscience, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Pribadi T, Lin ECL, Chen PS, Lee SK, Fitryasari R, Chen CH. Factors associated with internalized stigma for Indonesian individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in a community setting. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2020; 27:584-594. [PMID: 32009270 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Internalized stigma in people diagnosed with mental illness has several negative outcomes; however, it remains unclear in an Indonesian context. The human rights of people diagnosed with mental illness in Indonesia have been routinely violated because of the existing stigma against mental illness and deficiencies in the country's mental healthcare services. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the level of internalized stigma and related factors among Indonesians diagnosed with schizophrenia. Almost one-third of the subjects had moderate-to-severe levels of internalized stigma, among which discrimination was the strongest type. Specifically, younger and unemployed people with more psychotic symptoms had higher levels of internalized stigma. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The provision of adequate pharmacological and psychosocial treatments to help people manage their psychotic symptoms is extremely important to ameliorate stigma. Vocational rehabilitation and employment support for unemployed people may potentially reduce their internalized stigma and promote recovery. ABSTRACT: Introduction The human rights of people diagnosed with mental illness in Indonesia have been routinely violated because of societal stigma associated with mental illness and deficiencies in the country's mental healthcare services. Knowledge about internalized stigma among people diagnosed with schizophrenia in lower middle-income Muslim countries is also scarce. Aim To identify the level of internalized stigma and related factors among people diagnosed with schizophrenia in Indonesia. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a purposive sample of 300 people diagnosed with schizophrenia from an urban Indonesian psychiatric hospital. Results Almost one-third of the subjects had moderate-to-severe levels of internalized stigma, among which discrimination was the strongest type. Younger age, unemployment status and having psychotic symptoms significantly increased the risk of internalized stigma when analysed in a multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Discussion The present study firstly identified the high levels of internalized stigma among Indonesian individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Implications for practice Mental health nurses are suggested to provide early anti-stigma illness management and family psychoeducation interventions to people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their family caregivers, helping them to develop an optimistic understanding about the concept of schizophrenia and mitigating the negative consequences of public and internalized stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Pribadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Malahayati University, Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Esther C-L Lin
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) and Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Po-See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) and Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tsaotun Township, Nantou County, Taiwan
| | - Reziki Fitryasari
- Lecturer of Faculty of Nursing, Airlangga University, Surayaba, Indonesia
| | - Chih-Hsuan Chen
- Special Education Center, National Taitung University, Taitung City, Taiwan
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20
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Bonell S, Murphy SC, Austen E, Griffiths S. When (fake) beauty turns ugly: Plastic surgery as a moral violation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Coleshill MJ, Aung E, Carland JE, Faasse K, Stocker S, Day RO. Rebranding Gout: Could a Name Change for Gout Improve Adherence to Urate-Lowering Therapy? Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:138-141. [PMID: 32661926 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in men, yet both patients and the public often do not recognise gout as a form of arthritis. Instead, due to historical misconceptions, gout is typically seen as a lifestyle disease caused by poor diet. In reality, there are a number of risk factors that contribute to gout, including genetic factors. Views of gout as precipitated by lifestyle alone can lead to stigma, and maladaptive beliefs that it should be treated primarily through dietary changes. This is thought to contribute to poor uptake of, and adherence to, effective pharmaceutical treatments. Gout has some of the poorest medication adherence rates of any chronic disease, contributing to suboptimal health outcomes for patients. Recent research suggests that when gout is referred to as 'urate crystal arthritis' (a rarely used name for gout), the perception of the disease by members of the public was more accurate. It was viewed as being less under personal control (i.e. less appropriately managed by behaviours such as dietary intake), and more appropriately managed by long-term medical treatment. This finding raises the possibility that patients themselves might also benefit from gout being explicitly labelled as arthritis. Indeed, parallels can be drawn between this case and other diseases that have recently had their names changed to improve outcomes, namely primary biliary cirrhosis and schizophrenia. A movement away from the term gout may benefit those living with the disease by changing illness perceptions and increasing uptake of, and adherence to, guideline-recommended treatment(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Coleshill
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Level 2 Xavier Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Eindra Aung
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Level 2 Xavier Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jane E Carland
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Level 2 Xavier Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kate Faasse
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie Stocker
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Level 2 Xavier Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Richard O Day
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, & Toxicology, Therapeutics Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Level 2 Xavier Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
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22
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Huang G, Osorio D, Guan J, Ji G, Cai JJ. Overdispersed gene expression in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:9. [PMID: 32245959 PMCID: PMC7125213 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe, highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with varied clinical presentations. The polygenic genetic architecture of SCZ makes identification of causal variants a daunting task. Gene expression analyses hold the promise of revealing connections between dysregulated transcription and underlying variants in SCZ. However, the most commonly used differential expression analysis often assumes grouped samples are from homogeneous populations and thus cannot be used to detect expression variance differences between samples. Here, we applied the test for equality of variances to normalized expression data, generated by the CommonMind Consortium (CMC), from brains of 212 SCZ and 214 unaffected control (CTL) samples. We identified 87 genes, including VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), that showed a significantly higher expression variance among SCZ samples than CTL samples. In contrast, only one gene showed the opposite pattern. To extend our analysis to gene sets, we proposed a Mahalanobis distance-based test for multivariate homogeneity of group dispersions, with which we identified 110 gene sets with a significantly higher expression variability in SCZ, including sets of genes encoding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex and several others involved in cerebellar cortex morphogenesis, neuromuscular junction development, and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development. Taken together, our results suggest that SCZ brains are characterized by overdispersed gene expression-overall gene expression variability among SCZ samples is significantly higher than that among CTL samples. Our study showcases the application of variability-centric analyses in SCZ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzao Huang
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Daniel Osorio
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jinting Guan
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guoli Ji
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - James J Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Valle R. Schizophrenia in ICD-11: Comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2020; 13:95-104. [PMID: 32336596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The conceptualization of schizophrenia has changed from its initial conception in the 19th century to the recent publication of the ICD-11. The changes incorporated in this latest version were made based on the evaluation of the current ICD, the available scientific evidence, and the consensus reached by its developers. In this paper we describe the conceptualization changes (diagnostic criteria and specifiers) of ICD-11 schizophrenia with respect to those of ICD-10 and DSM-5. The changes found are discussed based on the scientific literature published in Medline, Scopus and Scielo until July 2019 and the information on the Wordl Health Organization and American Psychiatric Association websites. Given that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on the diagnostic criteria of the diagnostic classification systems, it is important to know the changes made in its conceptualization and the evidence supporting such modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Valle
- Centro de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Medicina Basada en Evidencias, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú; DEIDAE de Adultos y Adultos Mayores, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental «Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi», Lima, Perú.
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24
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Rainteau N, Salesse RN, Macgregor A, Macioce V, Raffard S, Capdevielle D. Why you can't be in sync with schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:504-506. [PMID: 31839550 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most individuals with schizophrenia will be confronted with some form of stigma. In recent years, clinicians and family members have increasingly contested the term "schizophrenia". Many of them discuss changing this name, as a means to fight stigma. Up until now, surprisingly, most research has been conducted using self-reports and behavioral research is lacking. The aim of our study was to assess through an experimental design if the term "schizophrenia" itself modifies social behaviours. Forty participants were asked to engage in a synchronization task with a dot displayed on a screen and moved by another person. Non-clinicians participants had to synchronize their movements as accurately as possible with either a "schizophrenia" patient, a patient with "neuro-emotional integration disorder" or a "healthy" subject, kept out of sight. Each condition was counterbalanced between participants. In fact, the movements of the dot were pre-recorded (five trajectories) and were therefore identical for all three conditions. Measuring the error between the displayed and performed trajectories, participants exhibited more errors when they thought they were interacting with a patient in comparison to the "healthy" subject. Post-hoc analysis revealed an even higher difference between "schizophrenia" and "healthy" conditions. Altogether, our results show a significant behavioral impact of the term "schizophrenia" with possibly negative consequences on social interactions. The effect of changing the name reduces this impact but remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rainteau
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Robin N Salesse
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; SAS Mooven, Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers, France.
| | - Alexandra Macgregor
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Macioce
- Clinical Research and Epidemiology Unit, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Epsylon Laboratory EA 4556, University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hôpital de la Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Inserm, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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25
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Henckes N. Schizophrenia Infrastructures: Local and Global Dynamics of Transformation in Psychiatric Diagnosis-Making in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries. Cult Med Psychiatry 2019; 43:548-573. [PMID: 31209651 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-019-09636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article uses the concept of "diagnosis infrastructures" to propose a framework for narrating the history of schizophrenia as a global category in the twentieth century. Diagnosis infrastructures include the material and architectural arrangements, legal requirements, and professional models that enable both the ways in which patients come to clinics and navigate the world of schizophrenia as well as the means through which clinicians organize their diagnostic work. These infrastructures constitute a framework for how schizophrenia has been identified as a disorder. This article explores three moments in the history of schizophrenia infrastructures in the twentieth century. The first is the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider's discussion of first- and second-rank symptoms in the interwar period. The second is the research on criteria for defining schizophrenia within the framework of the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia at the turn of the 1970s. The third corresponds to the changing infrastructures of mental health care in the context of both global mental health and the changing landscape of schizophrenia research over the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Henckes
- CNRS - Centre de Recherche Médecine, Sciences, Santé, Santé mentale et Société (CERMES3), Paris, France.
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26
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Abstract
Aims and methodSchizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that is stereotypically stigmatised as untreatable and associated with violence. Several authorities have suggested that changing the name, for example to psychosis, would reduce such stigmatisation. We aimed to compare attitudes to schizophrenia and psychosis on Twitter to see if psychosis was associated with less negative attitudes. Tweets containing the terms 'schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic', 'psychosis' or 'psychotic' were collected on www.twitter.com and were captured with NCapture. On NVivo, tweets were coded into categories based on user type, tweet content, attitude and stigma type by two independent raters. We compared the content and attitudes of tweets referring to schizophrenia/schizophrenic and psychosis/psychotic. RESULTS: A total of 1120 tweets referring to schizophrenia/schizophrenic and 1080 referring to psychosis/psychotic were identified over two 7-day periods; 424 original tweets for schizophrenia and 416 original tweets for psychosis were included in the analysis. Psychosis was significantly more commonly included in tweets expressing negative attitudes (n=131, 31.5%) than schizophrenia (n=41, 9.7%) (χ² = 237.03, P < 0.0001). Of the personal opinions or dyadic interactions, 125 (53.4%) in the psychosis data set were stigmatising, compared with 33 (24.6%) of those in the schizophrenia set (χ² = 44.65, P < 0.0001).Clinical implicationsThe terms psychosis/psychotic are associated with a significantly higher number of tweets with negative content than schizophrenia/schizophrenic. Together with other evidence, this suggests that changing the name of schizophrenia to psychosis will not reduce negative attitudes toward the condition.Declaration of interestS.L. has received personal fees from Otsuka and Sunovion, and personal and research fees from Janssen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgianna L Passerello
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,University of Edinburgh,UK
| | - James E Hazelwood
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,University of Edinburgh,UK
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27
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Kochunov P, Thompson PM, Hong LE. Toward High Reproducibility and Accountable Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia Research. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:680-681. [PMID: 30969327 PMCID: PMC6757339 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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28
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Abstract
There had been a long way to go before we felt comfortable about even discussing the issues revolving around the concept of 'schizophrenia', let alone reckoning on mere semantic revision. In this editorial, we aim to extend our discussion on the reasons behind the slow death of the concept of 'schizophrenia' and the benefits of changing the name and embracing a spectrum approach with an umbrella psychosis spectrum disorder (PSD) category (similar to autism spectrum disorder) that goes further than a mere semantic revision. We attempted to cover the topic of the renaming by providing five most pertinent points categorised under five domains: reasons, signals, challenges, promises and steps for the change. Admittedly, even a modest revision, such as classifying all psychotic disorder categories under an umbrella category of PSD, and abolishing the term schizophrenia requires careful deliberation and some effort in the beginning, but the revision is well worth the effort considering the benefits in the long run. Renaming a particular form of mental suffering should be accompanied by a broader debate of the entire diagnosis-evidence-based-practice (EBP)-symptom-reduction model as the normative factor driving the content and organisation of mental health services that may be detached from patients' needs and reality, overlooks the trans-syndromal structure of mental difficulties, appraises the significance of the technical features over the relational and ritual components of care, and underestimates the lack of EBP group-to-individual generalisability. Individuals may make great strides in attaining well-being by accommodating to living with mental vulnerabilities through building resilience in the social and existential domains. Changing the name and the concept of 'schizophrenia', which goes beyond a mere semantic revision, may become the first step that allows catalysation of the process of modernising psychiatric science and services worldwide.
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Gaebel W, Kerst A. The debate about renaming schizophrenia: a new name would not resolve the stigma. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 28:258-261. [PMID: 30203732 PMCID: PMC6999022 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796018000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept and name of schizophrenia have been questioned in the scientific community and among various stakeholders. A name change is seen as a means and an opportunity to reduce stigmatizing beliefs and to improve mental health care. Some Asian countries have already taken the step of a name change. So far, however, the scientific community of western countries has not yet come to an agreement on any alternative name. Meeting relevant criteria for a new name, finding agreement among all involved groups and replacing the established term is a complex process. For now, the concept of schizophrenia has proven its reliability, clinical utility and validity, although schizophrenia is a stigmatised mental disorder like many others. Renaming cannot be the only answer to negative beliefs, prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- WHO Collaborating Center for Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A. Kerst
- Department of Psychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- WHO Collaborating Center for Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany
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La stigmatisation sociale des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie : une revue systématique de la littérature. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dua D, Singh SM. Schizophrenia: A disorder in search of a new name. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 42:55-56. [PMID: 30953885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devakshi Dua
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Shubh Mohan Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The principles of the Armed Forces Covenant state that Armed Forces Veterans should be at no disadvantage resulting from their service compared with a general adult population. However, despite being at increased risk of experiencing common mental health difficulties, evidence indicates that 82% of Armed Forces Veterans receive no treatment, compared with 63% of the general adult population. AIM To gain a better appreciation of factors that inform the type of adaptations to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for depression and mainstream service promotion materials to enhance acceptability for Armed Forces Veterans. METHOD This is a qualitative study employing a focus group of 12 participants to examine the main impacts of depression on Armed Forces Veterans alongside attitudes towards terminology and visual imagery. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and sub-themes with rigour established through two researchers independently developing thematic maps to inform a final agreed thematic map. RESULTS A behavioural activation intervention supporting re-engagement with activities to overcome depression had good levels of acceptability when adapted to reflect an Armed Forces culture. Preferences regarding terminology commonly used within CBT adapted for Armed Forces Veterans were identified. Concerns were expressed with respect to using imagery that emphasized physical rather than mental health difficulties. CONCLUSIONS There is the need to consider the Armed Forces community as a specific institutional culture when developing CBT approaches with potential to enhance engagement, completion and recovery rates. Results have potential to inform the practice of CBT with Armed Forces Veterans and future research.
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Abstract
Do psychiatry and clinical psychology have an “other”? This article critically addresses the clinical-scientific fascination with diagnostic challenges and other psychiatric mysteries, focusing on the example of “schizophrenia,” often seen as the most severe and enigmatic of all mental disorders. Over a century of clinical and scientific discourse on schizophrenia has painted a portrait of something indecipherable at the very foundation of psychiatric inquiry. Despite entrenched beliefs, mounting evidence from both qualitative-phenomenological and quantitative research suggests that the experience of psychosis can be meaningfully understood. Further, there is a wealth of data indicating that persons with lived experience of psychosis can lead self-actualized lives, and new studies have revealed that psychotic experiences are common in non-clinical populations. Yet traditional views of psychosis persist in the face of this mounting evidence. I suggest that the key to de-othering schizophrenia may lie in an emerging body of research on “social defeat,” marginalization, and alienation. More specifically, the experiences and behaviors commonly designated as psychosis arise in social and interpersonal contexts that are distinctly alienating, including the psychiatric encounter. It follows that schizophrenia may not be the elusive empirical object of debates about unintelligibility or “ununderstandability,” but rather a social configuration that is manifest within the deadlock of this debate itself.
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Pietrini F, Albert U, Ballerini A, Calò P, Maina G, Pinna F, Vaggi M, Boggian I, Fontana M, Moro C, Carpiniello B. The modern perspective for long-acting injectables antipsychotics in the patient-centered care of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1045-1060. [PMID: 31118640 PMCID: PMC6503342 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s199048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic syndrome involving different clinical dimensions, and causes significant disability with a negative impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. Current guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia focus on maximizing a patient's adaptive functioning and quality of life in a recovery-oriented approach that encourages active collaboration among patients, caregivers, and mental health professionals to design and manage a customized and comprehensive care plan. In the present study, a panel of experts (psychiatrists, psychologists, nurse, and social worker) gathered to review and explore the need for contemporary use of second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables (SGA LAIs) in "recovery-oriented" and "patient-centered" care of schizophrenia. Starting from the available data and from sharing personal attitudes and experiences, the panel selected three clinical dimensions considered useful in characterizing each patient: phase of disease, adherence to treatment, and level of functioning. For each clinical dimension, perspectives of patients and caregivers with regard to needs, expectations, and personal experiences were reviewed and the role of SGA LAIs in achieving shared goals examined. The experts concluded that from today's modern perspectives, SGA-LAIs may play an important role in breaking the spiral of desocialization and functional decline in schizophrenia, thus favoring the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pietrini
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Central Tuscany NHS Trust, Florence, Italy
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballerini
- Department of Health Sciences, Florence University School of Medicine, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Calò
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Psychiatry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Vaggi
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Addiction ASL 3 Genoa, Azienda Sanitaria 3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ileana Boggian
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Ulss 9 Scaligera, Legnago, Italy
| | - Maria Fontana
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cesare Moro
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Psychiatric Clinical Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Psychiatry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Pingani L, Sampogna G, Borghi G, Nasi A, Coriani S, Luciano M, Galeazzi GM, Evans-Lacko S, Fiorillo A. How the use of the term "schizo*" has changed in an Italian newspaper from 2001 to 2015: Findings from a descriptive analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:792-800. [PMID: 30551327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to report the number of newspaper articles including the word "schizo" in the period 2001 - 2015 and to identify possible predictors reinforcing negative stereotypes about people with schizophrenia. The electronic archives of the Italian newspaper "La Stampa" have been searched for the term "schizo". Selected articles were grouped in articles related to mental health (rMH) or article not related to mental health (nrMH). 946 articles were identified. Schizophrenia-related terms were used in 356 (36.03%) article rMH, which mainly reinforce negative stereotypes regarding mental illness both in rMH and nrMH groups. Over time, only in the rMH group a significant reduction of articles reinforcing negative stereotypes was found. Several factors have been identified as predictors of article reinforcing negative stereotypes: unnecessarily dramatic or sensational headline or content; inaccurate or not in the correct context use of medical terminology; emphasis to the illness rather than to the person; mental disorders are the same; disclosure of particular individual has a mental illness. Although there has been a significant reduction in stigmatizing articles, in the rMH group one article out of three reinforces negative stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pingani
- Human Resources Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; Degree Course in Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Borghi
- Degree Course in Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nasi
- Health Professionals Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandra Coriani
- Health Professionals Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Katschnig H. Psychiatry's contribution to the public stereotype of schizophrenia: Historical considerations. J Eval Clin Pract 2018; 24:1093-1100. [PMID: 30112785 PMCID: PMC6174929 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The public stereotype of schizophrenia is characterized by craziness, a split personality, unpredictable and dangerous behaviour, and by the idea of a chronic brain disease. It is responsible for delays in help-seeking, encourages social distance and discrimination, and furthers self-stigmatization. This paper discusses the circumstances of the origins of the idea of a chronic brain disease (Emil Kraepelin, 1856-1926), of the split personality concept derived from the term "schizophrenia" (Eugen Bleuler, 1857-1939), and the craziness idea reflected in the "first rank symptoms", which are all hallucinations and delusions (Kurt Schneider, 1887-1967). It shows how Emil Kraepelin's scientific search for homogenous groups of patients with a common aetiology, symptom pattern, and prognosis materialized in the definition of "dementia praecox" as a progressing brain disease; how Eugen Bleuler's life and professional circumstances facilitated an "empathic" approach to his patients and prompted him to put in the foreground incoherence of cognitive and affective functioning, and not the course of the disease; finally, how Kurt Schneider in his didactic attempt to teach general practitioners how to reliably diagnose schizophrenia, neglected what Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler had emphasized decades earlier and devised his own criteria, consisting exclusively of hallucinations and delusions. In a strange conglomerate, the modern operational diagnostic criteria reflect all three approaches, by claiming to be Neo-Kraepelinean in terms of defining a categorical disease entity with a suggestion of chronicity, by keeping Bleuler's ambiguous term schizophrenia, and by relying heavily on Kurt Schneider's hallucinations and delusions. While interrater reliability may have improved with operational diagnostic criteria, the definition of schizophrenia is still arbitrary and has no empirical validity-but induces stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Katschnig
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,IMEHPS, Research Institute for Social Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
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Lysaker PH, Zalzala AB, Ladegaard N, Buck B, Leonhardt BL, Hamm JA. A Disorder by Any Other Name: Metacognition, Schizophrenia, and Diagnostic Practice. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167818787881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Humanistic psychology has made us aware that any understanding of schizophrenia must see persons diagnosed with this condition as whole persons who are making sense of what wellness and recovery mean to them. This has raised questions about what the diagnosis of schizophrenia means and whether the diagnostic label of schizophrenia is helpful when we try to conceptualize the actions and aims of treatment. To examine this issue we propose it is essential to consider what is systematically occuring psychologicaly in recovery when persons experience, interpret and agentically respond to emerging challenges. We then review how the integrated model of metacognition provides a systematic, person-centered, evidence-based approach to understanding psychological processes which impact recovery, and discuss how this guides a form of psychotherapy, metacognitive reflection and insight therapy, which promotes metacognitive abilities and support recovery. We suggest this work indicates that metacognitive capacity is something that can be diagnosed without stigmatizing persons. It can be used to meaningfully inform clinical practice across various theoretical models and offers concrete implications for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aieyat B. Zalzala
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Buck
- Puget Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bethany L. Leonhardt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Eskenazi Health—Midtown Community Mental Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jay A. Hamm
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Eskenazi Health—Midtown Community Mental Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Cho JW, Jang EY, Woo HJ, Park YC, Kim SH, Hong KS, Lee YS, Kwon JS. Effects of Renaming Schizophrenia in Korea: from "Split-Mind Disorder" to "Attunement Disorder". Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:656-662. [PMID: 30032592 PMCID: PMC6056692 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.02.18.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Korean Neuropsychiatric Association changed the Korean name of schizophrenia from 'Split-mind Disorder' to 'Attunement Disorder' in 2012. This study assessed attitudes towards the renaming of schizophrenia among mental health practitioners (n=440), patients with schizophrenia and their guardians (n=396), and the university students (n=140) using self-administered questionnaires. METHODS The questionnaire included items related to participants' perception of the renaming of the disease, the nature of informing about the disease to confirm the effect of the name change. RESULTS It was confirmed the notification rate of disease name by mental health practitioners was increased significantly after the renaming. Among patients and their guardians, 24.9% and 15.0%, respectively, perceived their own or the family member's illness as 'attunement disorder'. CONCLUSION Patients and their guardians continue to display a low awareness about the name of the disease as 'attunement disorder.' However, mental health practitioners were found to be able to easily use the name 'attunement disorder' as a result of the increased notification rate of the new disease name.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Won Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Jang
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Honam University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Woo
- Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sang Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yong-In Mental Hospital, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rathod S, Irfan M, Bhargava R, Pinninti N, Scott J, Mohammad Algahtani H, Guo Z, Gupta R, Nadkarni P, Naeem F, Howells F, Sorsdahi K, Thorne K, Osman-Hicks V, Pallikadavath S, Phiri P, Carr H, Graves L, Kingdon D. Multinational comparative cross-sectional survey of views of medical students about acceptable terminology and subgroups in schizophrenia. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021461. [PMID: 29880569 PMCID: PMC6009566 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to inform thinking around the terminology for 'schizophrenia' in different countries. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate: (1) whether medical students view alternative terminology (psychosis subgroups), derived from vulnerability-stress models of schizophrenia, as acceptable and less stigmatising than the term schizophrenia; (2) if there are differences in attitudes to the different terminology across countries with different cultures and (3) whether clinical training has an impact in reducing stigma. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional survey that examined the attitudes of medical students towards schizophrenia and the alternative subgroups. SETTING The study was conducted across eight sites: (1) University of Southampton, UK; (2) All India Institute of Medical Science, India; (3) Rowan University, USA; (4) Peshawar Medical College, Pakistan; (5) Capital Medical University, China; (6) College of Medicine and Medical sciences, Bahrain; (7) Queens University, Kingston, Canada and (8) University of Cape Town, South Africa. METHOD This study extended an initial pilot conducted by the Royal College of Psychiatrists on the term schizophrenia and psychosis subgroups to assess whether the subgroup terminology might have an effect on the attitudes of a convenience sample of medical students from eight different countries and potentially play a role in reducing stigmatisation. RESULTS 1873 medical students completed a questionnaire recording their attitudes to schizophrenia and the psychosis subgroups. A reduction in negative perceptions were found for the psychosis subgroups, especially for the stress sensitivity psychosis and anxiety psychosis subgroups. Negative perceptions were found for drug-related psychosis. Participants who had undergone clinical training had overall positive attitudes. Differences across different countries were found. CONCLUSION The attitudes towards psychosis subgroups used in this study have shown mixed results and variation across countries. Further research is warranted to investigate acceptability of terminology. Methods of reducing stigma are discussed in line with the findings. ETHICS The study received ethical approval from ERGO (Ethics and Research Governance Online; ID: 15972) and subsequently from the ethics committee at each site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaya Rathod
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
- Portsmouth-Brawijaya Centre for Global Health, Population, and Policy, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Rachna Bhargava
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narsimha Pinninti
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Scott
- Maine Behavioural Health Organization, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | | | - Zhihua Guo
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Fleur Howells
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Division of Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Sorsdahi
- Division of Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kerensa Thorne
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Victoria Osman-Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sasee Pallikadavath
- Portsmouth-Brawijaya Centre for Global Health, Population, and Policy, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Peter Phiri
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hannah Carr
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Lizi Graves
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - David Kingdon
- Clinical Trials Facility, Tom Rudd Unit, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
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Magliano L, Petrillo M, Ruggiero G, Schioppa G. Schizophrenia and psychosis: Does changing the label change the beliefs? Schizophr Res 2018; 193:482-483. [PMID: 28802818 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Magliano
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - M Petrillo
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - G Ruggiero
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - G Schioppa
- Department of Psychology, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Abstract
SUMMARYProfessionals, patients and patient organisations have advocated for the renaming of ‘schizophrenia’, seeing the term as misleading, stigmatising and a barrier to specialised care. In countries where a name change has occurred (e.g. Japan), the advantages of renaming seem to far outweigh disadvantages. Nevertheless, a name change would be a long and complex process that would not be useful if it were not accompanied by parallel changes in legislation, services and the education of professionals and the public.DECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
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43
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Abstract
The concept of schizophrenia only covers the 30% poor outcome fraction of a much broader multidimensional psychotic syndrome, yet paradoxically has become the dominant prism through which everything 'psychotic' is observed, even affective states with mild psychosis labelled 'ultra-high risk' (for schizophrenia). The inability of psychiatry to frame psychosis as multidimensional syndromal variation of largely unpredictable course and outcome - within and between individuals - hampers research and recovery-oriented practice. 'Psychosis' remains firmly associated with 'schizophrenia', as evidenced by a vigorous stream of high-impact but non-replicable attempts to 'reverse-engineer' the hypothesized biological disease entity, using case-control paradigms that cannot distinguish between risk for illness onset and risk for poor outcome. In this paper, the main issues surrounding the concept of schizophrenia are described. We tentatively conclude that with the advent of broad spectrum phenotypes covering autism and addiction in DSM5, the prospect for introducing a psychosis spectrum disorder - and modernizing psychiatry - appears to be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,the Netherlands
| | - J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,the Netherlands
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Lampropoulos D, Wolman A, Apostolidis T. Analyzing the presentation and the stigma of schizophrenia in French newspapers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1541-1547. [PMID: 29101446 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been suggested that the stigmatizing presentation of people with schizophrenia by newspapers is an example of structural stigma. In this study, we explore how French newspapers contribute to the stigma of people with schizophrenia. METHODS All the articles of eight major newspapers (four national and four regional) that include the term schizophr* and that were published in 2015 were therefore analyzed using a coding scheme that we developed inductively. RESULTS This analysis showed that among the identified themes, 40.4% of the articles used the term schizophrenia metaphorically and 28.3% referred to dangerousness. The first concerned mostly national newspapers, while the second were mostly published by regional newspapers. A more selective analysis was also carried out on these major themes in order to investigate how the "us" against "them" distinction is created and how negative stereotypes are associated with this distinction. In the case of the metaphorical use of the term, schizophrenia was presented as a "split personality" disorder and the label used in order to devalue the political opposition. Schizophrenia was presented either as a deterministic cause of dangerousness or as a potential cause of crime. In either case, the question of control was clearly present in these articles. CONCLUSIONS These results are discussed in terms of the "us" against "them" distinction as a double process of stigmatization of people with schizophrenia and of reinforcement of one's own identity and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Lampropoulos
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Aix-Marseille Université, 29 avenue Robert Schuman, 13621, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Angelika Wolman
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Aix-Marseille Université, 29 avenue Robert Schuman, 13621, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thémis Apostolidis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Aix-Marseille Université, 29 avenue Robert Schuman, 13621, Aix-en-Provence, France
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45
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Cross Talk: The Microbiota and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:490. [PMID: 28966571 PMCID: PMC5605633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved within a microbial ecosystem resulting in an interlinked physiology. The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via the immune system, the vagus nerve or other host-microbe interactions facilitated by gut hormones, regulation of tryptophan metabolism and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), to influence brain development, function and behavior. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in shaping cognitive networks encompassing emotional and social domains in neurodevelopmental disorders. Drawing upon pre-clinical and clinical evidence, we review the potential role of the gut microbiota in the origins and development of social and emotional domains related to Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Small preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated gut microbiota alterations in both ASD and schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. However, we await the further development of mechanistic insights, together with large scale longitudinal clinical trials, that encompass a systems level dimensional approach, to investigate whether promising pre-clinical and initial clinical findings lead to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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46
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Benoit L, Moro MR, Falissard B, Henckes N. Psychosis risk research versus daily prognosis uncertainties: A qualitative study of French youth psychiatrists' attitudes toward predictive practices. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179849. [PMID: 28723956 PMCID: PMC5516970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last twenty years, predicting psychosis has become a priority of both research and policies. Those approaches include the use of the At Risk Mental State category (ARMS) and of standardized predictive tools. In comparison to most developed countries, early interventions programs are only little developed in France. However, cases of young patients presenting unclear symptoms that might be a beginning psychosis or might as well reflect some adolescent unease are commonplace in psychiatry. Yet little is known about the routine practices of youth psychiatrists regarding psychosis risk management. Do they anticipate mental disorders? Method The Grounded Theory is an agreed-upon qualitative method in social science field that links subjective experiences (individual narratives) to social processes (professional norms and mental health policies). 12 French youth psychiatrists were interviewed about psychosis early management and their daily prognosis practices with teenagers. Results If all participants were aware of early intervention programs, most of them did not make use of standardized scales. Psychiatrists’ reluctance toward a psychosis risk standardized assessment was shaped by three difficulties: first the gap between theoretical knowledge and practice; second their impossibility to make reliable prognoses; and third, the many uncertainties surrounding medical judgment, adolescence and the nature of psychosis. Nevertheless, they provided their young patients with multiple months follow up without disclosing any risk category. Conclusion Anticipating a psychosis onset remains a highly uncertain task for psychiatrists. In France, psychiatrists’ inconspicuous risk management might be supported by the universal costs coverage that is not conditional on a diagnosis disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laelia Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry at Cochin hospital, Paris, France
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- Department of Psychiatry at Cochin hospital, Paris, France
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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47
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Yamaguchi S, Mizuno M, Ojio Y, Sawada U, Matsunaga A, Ando S, Koike S. Associations between renaming schizophrenia and stigma-related outcomes: A systematic review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:347-362. [PMID: 28177184 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renaming schizophrenia is a potential strategy to reduce the stigma attached to people with schizophrenia. However, the overall associations between renaming schizophrenia and stigma-related outcomes have not been fully elucidated. We conducted a systematic review of studies that empirically examined the outcomes between new or alternative terms and old or existing terms for schizophrenia. We searched for relevant articles in eight bibliographic databases, conducted a Google search, examined reference lists, and contacted relevant experts. We found a total of 2601 reference records, and 23 articles were included in this review. Overall, in countries where schizophrenia has been renamed, the name changes may be associated with improvements in adults' attitudes toward people with schizophrenia, and with increased diagnosis announcement. However, studies conducted in countries where schizophrenia has not been renamed report inconsistent findings. In addition, renaming may not influence portrayals of schizophrenia in the media. Most studies included in our review had a risk of bias in their methodology, and we employed a vote-counting method to synthesize study results; therefore, the impacts of renaming are still inconclusive. Future studies are needed to address the following issues: use of univariate descriptive statistics, adjustment for confounding variables, use of reliable measures, and employing a question that addresses the image of split or multiple personalities. Evidence is limited regarding the associations between renaming and stigma experienced by both people with schizophrenia and their families (e.g., perceived stigma, self-stigma, discrimination experience, and burden). Further research in these populations is needed to confirm the effects of renaming schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Utako Sawada
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Asami Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Koike S, Yamaguchi S, Ohta K, Ojio Y, Watanabe KI, Ando S. Mental-health-related stigma among Japanese children and their parents and impact of renaming of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:170-179. [PMID: 27470981 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mental-health-related stigma affects help-seeking behavior and service utilization among young people. Whether mental-health-related stigma is different or correlated between parents and their children is unknown. It is also unknown whether the name change of schizophrenia in 2002 has had long-term effects on reducing stigma for adults in the general population. METHODS We recruited 143 parent-child pairs (mean ages [SD]: 51.5 [3.6] and 21.2 [1.2] years, respectively) to complete self-report questionnaires regarding mental-health-related stigma and experience. We also assessed negative stereotypes for three psychiatric disease names (old and new names of schizophrenia, and depression), and for diabetes mellitus as a physical illness comparison. The questionnaires also asked respondents to identify the old and new names of schizophrenia and dementia, respectively, among 10 names for mental and physical illnesses and conditions. RESULTS Parents showed lower stigma levels toward mental illness and diabetes mellitus, but similar or greater stigma levels toward schizophrenia, compared with their children. Stigma levels toward mental illness in parents and their children were significantly correlated. The rate of correct identification of the old and new names for schizophrenia was higher in parents than in their children (64.7% vs 41.4%, P < 0.001). Parents who responded correctly endorsed more negative stereotypes toward the new name of schizophrenia compared with those who responded incorrectly (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that stigma toward mental illness is shared between family members, and the name change of schizophrenia has effectively reduced stigma levels toward this disorder in adults of various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazusa Ohta
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Physical and Health Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Mannsåker H. Er schizofrenitermen moden for skraphaugen? TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2017; 137:459-461. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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50
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Seré L, Cardona D, Flichtentrei D, López P, Prats M, Mastandueno R, Miorelli A, Maruta T, Cetkovich M. Schizophrenia: Is it time to rename it? The opinions of Latin American psychiatrists. Schizophr Res 2016; 178:102-103. [PMID: 27595550 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Seré
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dolores Cardona
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Flichtentrei
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pablo López
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Prats
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Mastandueno
- www.intramed.net. Fray Justo Sarmiento 230, Olivos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Miorelli
- Princess Anne Hospital, Department of Psychological Medicine. Mailpoint 622. Coxford Road, Southampton SO16 5YA, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Toshimasa Maruta
- The Health Management Center/Department of Psychology, Psychiatry and Welfare, Seitoku University. Iwase 550, Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture 271-8555, Japan.
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (ITCN), Ineco Fundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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