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Scholte-Stalenhoef AN, Boyette LL, Begemann M, Schirmbeck F, Hasson-Ohayon I, Cahn W, de Haan L, Pijnenborg GHM. Response to psychotic experiences: Impact of personality traits on perceived levels of distress. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:282-290. [PMID: 38583258 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the influence of personality traits on (subclinical) positive symptom distress in patients with a psychotic disorder, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls. METHODS Data were obtained from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study (GROUP), a Dutch longitudinal multicenter cohort study. Data from 140 patients, 216 unaffected siblings and 102 healthy controls was available for baseline levels of Five Factor Model personality traits and frequency and distress due to psychotic experiences three years later, assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experience questionnaire. Main effects of all five personality traits on symptom distress were investigated as well as moderating effects of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness on positive symptom frequency and positive symptom distress. Age, gender, symptom frequency and IQ were controlled for. RESULTS In both patients and siblings, the observed main effects of Neuroticism and Openness on (subclinical) positive symptom distress three years later either lost significance or had a very small effect size when controlling for covariates, mainly due to the correction for the effect of positive symptoms on personality traits at baseline. In both groups, levels of Openness at baseline moderated the association between positive symptom frequency and positive symptom distress three years later, in the direction that higher levels of Openness were associated with weaker associations between positive symptom frequency and - distress, even when covariates were controlled for. DISCUSSION The level of Openness to Experiences influences the perceived distress from (subclinical) positive symptoms in both patients and siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Neeltje Scholte-Stalenhoef
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lindy-Lou Boyette
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Begemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Altrecht Science, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical and Neurodevelopmental Neuropsychology, the Netherlands; Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, the Netherlands
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Conneely M, Roe D, Hasson-Ohayon I, Pijnenborg GHM, van der Meer L, Speyer H. Antipsychotics and Identity: The Adverse Effect No One is Talking About. Community Ment Health J 2024:10.1007/s10597-024-01255-w. [PMID: 38427277 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
People who take antipsychotics, and people who are prescribed antipsychotics without taking them, experience effects which are not frequently discussed: effects on their identity and sense of self. Qualitative research indicates the relationship between taking APs and identity is multilayered, and changeable. Taking APs can restore people to their earlier, pre-symptom sense of self. Being prescribed and taking APs can also, on the other hand, be experienced as damaging, erasing and dulling people's sense of who they are. This complexity deserves exploration in clinical practice, which we believe is currently not done routinely. More work is needed to understand whether, and how, the relationship between identity and APs is being addressed. We outline the importance of having discussions in a clinical space around identity, and a sense of agency, on the grounds that true recovery-oriented care, which enacts shared decision-making principles, demands it. Further, we argue that it will allow for better therapeutic alliance and trust to be forged between clinician and client, ultimately leading to better care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conneely
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, W1T 7BN, London, UK.
| | - D Roe
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - I Hasson-Ohayon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - L van der Meer
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H Speyer
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jansen JL, Bruggeman R, Kiers HAL, Pijnenborg GHM, Castelein S, Veling W, Visser E, Krabbendam L, Koerts J. Financial dissatisfaction in people with psychotic disorders - A short report on its prevalence and correlates in a large naturalistic psychosis cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:302-306. [PMID: 38185076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders have a strong negative impact on multiple aspects of daily life, including people's financial situation. This exploratory study examines the level of financial dissatisfaction and its correlates in a large cohort of people with psychotic disorders. Data from the first assessments of people with psychotic disorders (n = 5271) who were included in the Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey (PHAMOUS; 2006-2020), which is conducted in the northern Netherlands, were used. The Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA) was used to measure financial dissatisfaction. In addition, sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics, substance use and global and social functioning were assessed. One-fifth to one-third of people with psychotic disorders report financial dissatisfaction, fluctuating over the year in which they were assessed. These proportions are considerably higher than in the general population. Cannabis and other substance use were associated with higher levels of financial dissatisfaction (small to medium effect). The other significant associations showed (very) small effect sizes. Therefore, we conclude that financial dissatisfaction in people with psychotic disorders appears to be relatively independent of other demographic and psychiatric characteristics, and global and social functioning. These findings are an important first step for increasing knowledge on financial dissatisfaction among people with psychotic disorders. The findings can also contribute to raising awareness about the topic for healthcare professionals working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Jansen
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Bruggeman
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - H A L Kiers
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA, Assen, the Netherlands.
| | - S Castelein
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lentis Research, Hereweg 78a, 9725 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - W Veling
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E Visser
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L Krabbendam
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Koerts
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Meins IA, Muijsson-Bouwman DC, Nijman SA, Greaves-Lord K, Veling W, Pijnenborg GHM, van der Stouwe ECD. VR-SOAP, a modular virtual reality treatment for improving social activities and participation of young people with psychosis: a study protocol for a single-blind multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:278. [PMID: 37061694 PMCID: PMC10105944 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with a psychotic disorder have the same social goals as their healthy peers, but their social networks are smaller, they participate less often in leisure activities and are less successful in work and education. Causes of these problems are multifaceted, but culminate in difficulties with interacting in daily life social situations. Current treatments have only moderate effects on social functioning and often target one specific domain. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to improve the treatment of social interaction difficulties. We developed a modular VR treatment for social functioning and participation (VR-SOAP). In this study, the effect of this intervention will be investigated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS A total of 116 participants (age 18-40) with a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder and problems with social functioning will be recruited from mental healthcare institutes in the Netherlands. Participants will be randomized to the experimental condition (VR-SOAP) or active VR control condition (VRelax). VR-SOAP consists of 14 sessions and 5 modules addressing causes of impaired social functioning: four optional modules (1-4) and one fixed module (5). Vrelax consists of 14 sessions that entail psychoeducation, stress management, relaxation techniques, and the exploration of relaxing environments in VR. Primary outcomes are quantity and quality of social contacts, leisure activities and social participation, measured with the experience sampling method (ESM). Secondary outcomes are psychiatric symptoms, social behaviour, social cognition, self-esteem, self-stigma and paranoid thoughts. Treatment effects will be compared at pre-treatment (baseline), post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. DISCUSSION If VR-SOAP proves to be effective, it provides therapists with a much-needed tool to improve social functioning of young adults with a psychotic disorder. Additionally, since the treatment consists of multiple modules targeting different transdiagnostic factors, this trial might provide input for new treatments to improve social functioning in a range of symptoms and disorders, e.g. mood, autism spectrum and anxiety disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION On the 10th of November 2021, this trial was registered prospectively in the Dutch Trial Register as NL9784 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Alexander Meins
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- GGZ Drenthe, Langdurige Zorg, Assen, Netherlands.
| | | | - Saskia Anne Nijman
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- GGZ Drenthe, Langdurige Zorg, Assen, Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Veling
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- GGZ Drenthe, Langdurige Zorg, Assen, Netherlands
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Nijman SA, Pijnenborg GHM, Vermeer RR, Zandee CER, Zandstra DC, van der Vorm D, de Wit-de Visser AC, Meins IA, Geraets CNW, Veling W. Dynamic Interactive Social Cognition Training in Virtual Reality (DiSCoVR) versus Virtual Reality Relaxation (VRelax) for People With a Psychotic Disorder: A Single-Blind Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:518-530. [PMID: 36413388 PMCID: PMC10016415 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Social cognition training (SCT), an intervention for social cognition and social functioning, might be improved by using virtual reality (VR), because VR may offer better opportunities to practice in a potentially more realistic environment. To date, no controlled studies have investigated VR-SCT. This study investigated a VR-SCT, "DiSCoVR". We hypothesized that DiSCoVR would improve social cognition and social functioning. STUDY DESIGN Participants were randomized to DiSCoVR (n = 41) or VR relaxation ('VRelax', n = 40), an active control condition, and completed 16 twice-weekly sessions. Three assessments (baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up) were performed by blinded assessors. The primary outcome was social cognition (emotion perception and theory of mind). Secondary outcomes included social functioning (measured with an interview and experience sampling), psychiatric symptoms, information processing, and self-esteem. Data were analyzed using mixed-models regression analysis. Treatment effects were evaluated by the time by condition interaction terms. STUDY RESULTS No significant time by condition interactions were found for any of the outcome variables, indicating an absence of treatment effects. Between-group effect sizes ranged from negligible to moderate (Cohen's d < |0.53|). Main effects of time were found for several outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DiSCoVR was not effective, possibly because of inadequate simulation of emotional expressions in VR. This lack of efficacy may indicate that current SCT protocols are relatively unsuitable for improving social functioning. Previous studies showed small to moderate effects on higher order social cognition, but the SCT approach may need critical reevaluation, as it may not sufficiently lead to functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Nijman
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, PO Box 30007, 9404 LA, Assen, The Netherlands.,University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, PO Box 30007, 9404 LA, Assen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R R Vermeer
- GGZ Delfland, Sint Jorisweg 2, 2612 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C E R Zandee
- GGZ Delfland, Sint Jorisweg 2, 2612 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D C Zandstra
- Zeeuwse Gronden, Axelsestraat 8/A, 4537 AJ, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - D van der Vorm
- GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, PO Box 371, 4600AJ, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - A C de Wit-de Visser
- GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, PO Box 371, 4600AJ, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands.,Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Professor Cobbenhagenlaan 125, PO Box 90153, 5000LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - I A Meins
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, PO Box 30007, 9404 LA, Assen, The Netherlands.,University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C N W Geraets
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Veling
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Scholte-Stalenhoef AN, Pijnenborg GHM, Hasson-Ohayon I, Boyette LL. Personality traits in psychotic illness and their clinical correlates: A systematic review. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:348-406. [PMID: 36804473 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review focuses on personality traits according to both the Five Factor Model and Cloninger Psychobiological Model in relation to treatment related outcome variables across all stages of clinical psychotic illness. Search of Pubmed and Psychinfo databases led to final inclusion of 65 studies, which were ranked on quality and analyzed according to the associations between personality and outcome. Main findings are that higher levels of Harm Avoidance and Neuroticism are associated with higher symptom levels, tendency towards passive coping, greater self-stigma, lower quality of life, and Harm Avoidance to higher suicidality. Higher levels of Extraversion and higher levels of Self-Directedness are associated with more preference for active coping, more intrinsic motivation and higher self-esteem. Higher Novelty Seeking is related to more substance use and aggression, in men specifically. On outcome of trauma, care consumption and duration of untreated illness no consistent associations with personality traits were found. Combined evidence from both personality models however reveals a consistent pattern of personality traits related to clinical outcome in psychotic disorder, which is discussed in a dimensional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Neeltje Scholte-Stalenhoef
- Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Department of Psychiatry, Almelo, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Psychology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Lindy-Lou Boyette
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Huurman ME, Pijnenborg GHM, Sportel BE, van Rijsbergen GD, Hasson-Ohayon I, Boonstra N. Communicating diagnoses to individuals with a first episode psychosis: A qualitative study of individuals perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1098224. [PMID: 36873199 PMCID: PMC9980435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receiving the label of a psychotic disorder influences self-perception and may result in negative outcomes such as self-stigma and decreased self-esteem. The way the diagnosis is communicated to individuals may affect these outcomes. AIMS This study aims to explore the experiences and needs of individuals after a first episode of psychosis with regard to the way in which information about diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis is communicated with them. DESIGN AND METHODS A descriptive interpretative phenomenological approach was used. Fifteen individuals who experienced a first episode of psychosis participated in individual semi-structured open-ended interviews on their experiences and needs regarding the process of providing information about diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews. RESULTS Four recurring themes where identified (1) timing (when); (2) content (what); and (3) the way information is provided (how). Individuals also reported that the provided information could elicit an emotional reaction, for which they would require specific attention, therefore the fourth theme is (4) reactions and feelings. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the experiences and specific information needed by individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Results suggest that individuals have different needs regarding the type of (what), how and when to receive information about diagnosis and treatment options. This requires a tailor-made process of communicating diagnosis. A guideline on when, how and what to inform, as well as providing personalized written information regarding the diagnosis and treatment options, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Bouwina Esther Sportel
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Assen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nynke Boonstra
- Department of Healthcare and Welfare, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,KieN VIP Mental Health Care Services, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Huntjens RJC, Otgaar H, Pijnenborg GHM, Wessel I. The elusive search for a biomarker of dissociative amnesia: A reaction to Dimitrova et al. (2021) - CORRIGENDUM. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2848. [PMID: 35924602 PMCID: PMC9647540 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J C Huntjens
- Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Otgaar
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - I Wessel
- Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Van Kranenburg GD, Diekman WJ, Van den Brink RHS, Mulder WG, Pijnenborg GHM, Mulder CL. Determinants of Quality of Life and Treatment Satisfaction During Long-Term Involuntary In-patient Treatment of Dual-Diagnosis Patients. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:801826. [PMID: 35222117 PMCID: PMC8869301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.801826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment resistance and disengagement from mental health services are major obstacles in the treatment of dual diagnosis patients with Severe Mental Illness. The patients in this study were admitted to a long-term involuntary treatment facility. AIM OF THE STUDY To study which patient experiences and perceptions are related to the outcome measures Subjective Quality of Life (SQOL) and Treatment Satisfaction (TS) during the long-term involuntary treatment. METHODS Patients were invited for an interview by an independent researcher, which included self-report questionnaires. The structured interviews included self-assessing Helping Alliance, Insight, Attitude toward involuntary admission, Perceived coercion and Perceived benefit were studied as determinants of SQOL and TS. The relationship between the determinants and the outcomes were analyzed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS Patient reported outcomes from dual diagnosis patients in a long-term treatment facility, showed that most of the patients, in spite of the involuntary character of the treatment, were satisfied with the treatment. With respect to the determinants of SQOL and TS the perceptions that "My opinion is taken into account" and "Perceived benefits of the treatment" are strong predictors of both the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that the most important aspects for treatment satisfaction and quality of life of dual-diagnosis patients admitted involuntary to long-term treatment, are being listened to (being taken seriously) and experiencing improvements during treatment. These qualities reflect the goals of Shared Decision Making and Perceived Procedural Justice in treatment. The study also corroborates earlier findings that even when treated involuntarily, patients might not hold particular negative views regarding their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wout J Diekman
- Addiction Service North Netherlands, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rob H S Van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, Drenthe Mental Healthcare Organization, Assen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - C L Mulder
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Schulze T, Hahn E, Hahne I, Bergmann N, Fuchs LM, Mähler F, Zierhut MM, Ta TMT, Pijnenborg GHM, Böge K. Yoga-Based Group Intervention for In-patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders-A Qualitative Approach. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:715670. [PMID: 34484004 PMCID: PMC8414901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yoga may pose a promising complementary therapy in the multimodal treatment of in-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). However, to date, no studies have qualitatively examined in-patients' with SSD experiences of Yoga as well as their perceptions of its limitations and benefits as a treatment component. This qualitative study aimed to explore for the first time the mechanisms and processes of Yoga-based Group Intervention (YoGI) for in-patients with SSD in Germany by asking for their subjective experiences. Findings could serve as a preliminary basis for developing an effective and evidence-based YoGI manual tailored to this patient group. Materials and Methods: In total, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted directly after YoGI, for which responses were either noted down by hand or audio-recorded. The interview guide was pilot-tested and consisted of 14 questions to explore the personal articulated experiences of participation in YoGI from in-patients with SSD. Positive, negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms were assessed during a diagnostic interview and through questionnaires. The interview data was transcribed, coded by two independent researchers, and analysed using an inductive thematic approach. The research team collaboratively discussed emerging categories to reduce redundancy and form meaningful themes and subthemes. Results: The analysis revealed seven main themes. YoGI was perceived as feasible and focusing on individual adaptation, captured by the theme inclusivity. Nevertheless, participants encountered challenges; thus, physical limitations need to be considered. While practising together, participants experienced interconnectedness and developed a mindful stance as they accepted their limitations and adapted exercises with self-compassion. Patients described that following the flow of the asanas required physical persistence, which ultimately led many participants to experience confidence and relaxation. YoGI affected symptom representation as heightened awareness led participants to notice impeding as well as improved symptoms. Conclusion: YoGI showed various promising effects on in-patients with SSD. Future research should examine to what extent these effects can be sustained and how the mindful approach during YoGI can be transferred to areas outside the Yoga class. Furthermore, a randomised controlled trial could investigate the effectiveness of a manualised YoGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Hahne
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Mähler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Matthäus Zierhut
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kerem Böge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, A Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Poppe A, Bais L, van Duin D, Ćurčić-Blake B, Pijnenborg GHM, van der Meer L. Improving cognition in severe mental illness by combining cognitive remediation and transcranial direct current stimulation: study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled pilot trial (HEADDSET). Trials 2021; 22:275. [PMID: 33849658 PMCID: PMC8042354 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A fundamental challenge for many people with severe mental illness (SMI) is how to deal with cognitive impairments. Cognitive impairments are common in this population and limit daily functioning. Moreover, neural plasticity in people with SMI appears to be reduced, a factor that might hinder newly learned cognitive skills to sustain. The objective of this pilot trial is to investigate the effects of cognitive remediation (CR) on cognitive and daily functioning in people dependent on residential settings. In addition, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used to promote neural plasticity. It is expected that the addition of tDCS can enhance learning and will result in longer-lasting improvements in cognitive and daily functioning. Methods This is a pragmatic, triple-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled, pilot trial following a non-concurrent multiple baseline design with the participants serving as their own control. We will compare (1) CR to treatment as usual, (2) active/sham tDCS+CR to treatment as usual, and (3) active tDCS+CR to sham tDCS+CR. Clinical relevance, feasibility, and acceptability of the use of CR and tDCS will be evaluated. We will recruit 26 service users aged 18 years or older, with a SMI and dependent on residential facilities. After a 16-week waiting period (treatment as usual), which will serve as a within-subject control condition, participants will be randomized to 16 weeks of twice weekly CR combined with active (N = 13) or sham tDCS (N = 13). Cognitive, functional, and clinical outcome assessments will be performed at baseline, after the control (waiting) period, directly after treatment, and 6-months post-treatment. Discussion The addition of cognitive interventions to treatment as usual may lead to long-lasting improvements in the cognitive and daily functioning of service users dependent on residential facilities. This pilot trial will evaluate whether CR on its own or in combination with tDCS can be a clinically relevant addition to further enhance recovery. In case the results indicate that cognitive performance can be improved with CR, and whether or not tDCS will lead to additional improvement, this pilot trial will be extended to a large randomized multicenter study. Trial registration Dutch Trial Registry NL7954. Prospectively registered on August 12, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Poppe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lagerhout E35, 9741 KE, Zuidlaren, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Bais
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lagerhout E35, 9741 KE, Zuidlaren, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle van Duin
- Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Phrenos Center of Expertise, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van der Meer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lagerhout E35, 9741 KE, Zuidlaren, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Bruins J, Pijnenborg GHM, Visser E, Castelein S. The association of cannabis use with quality of life and psychosocial functioning in psychosis. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:229-234. [PMID: 33461022 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is highly prevalent among people with a psychotic disorder. They often report sociality, coping with unpleasant affect and having positive experiences as important reasons for cannabis use, suggesting that cannabis improves their quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial functioning. However, based on previous studies we hypothesize that cannabis use is negatively associated with long-term subjective QoL and psychosocial functioning in people with a psychotic disorder. METHODS We included 2994 people with a psychotic disorder (36.4% female), mean age 44.4 (SD 11.9), mean illness duration 17.2 years (SD 11.1), who participated in two yearly routine outcome assessments between 2014 and 2018 (interval 9-15 months) from the naturalistic PHAMOUS cohort study. Linear regression analyses were used to examine whether first assessment cannabis use was associated with QoL (ManSA) and psychosocial functioning (HoNOS). Changes in outcomes between assessments were analyzed with AN(C)OVA, to examine differences between continuers (n = 255), discontinuers (n = 85), starters (n = 83) and non-users (n = 2571). RESULTS At first assessment, 11.4% was using cannabis. They had lower QoL (B = -2.93, p < 0.001) and worse psychosocial functioning (B = 1.03, p = 0.002) than non-users. After one year, changes in QoL and psychosocial functioning were not significantly different between continuers, starters, discontinuers and non-users. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users were less satisfied with their family relations and financial situation and showed more aggressive and disruptive behavior and self-harm than non-users. These differences are likely the result of patients having used cannabis for many years. Starting or discontinuing cannabis did not lead to changes in QoL and psychosocial functioning within one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruins
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lentis Research, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institution, Assen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - E Visser
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - S Castelein
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lentis Research, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Kuis DJ, van de Giessen T, de Jong S, Sportel BE, Boonstra N, van Donkersgoed R, Lysaker PH, Hasson-Ohayon I, Pijnenborg GHM. Empathy and Its Relationship With Social Functioning in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:730092. [PMID: 34858222 PMCID: PMC8632546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Social functioning is often impaired in the ultra-high-risk (UHR) phase of psychosis. There is some evidence that empathy is also impaired in this phase and that these impairments may underlie difficulties in social functioning. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether cognitive and affective empathy are lower in people in the UHR phase of psychosis in comparison to healthy controls, and whether possible impairments have the same magnitude as in people with schizophrenia. A second aim was to examine whether there is a relationship between empathy and social functioning in individuals in the UHR phase. Method: Forty-three individuals at UHR for psychosis, 92 people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and 49 persons without a psychiatric disorder completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), and Faux Pas as instruments to measure empathy. The Time Use survey was used to measure social functioning. MAN(C)OVA was used to analyse differences between groups on empathy and social functioning, and correlations were calculated between empathy measures and social functioning for each group. Results: The UHR group presented significantly lower levels of self-reported cognitive empathy than the healthy controls, but not compared to patients with SSD, while performance-based cognitive empathy was unimpaired in the UHR group. On the affective measures, we found that people with UHR and patients with SSD had significantly higher levels of self-reported distress in interpersonal settings compared to healthy controls. In the UHR group, perspective-taking was negatively associated with time spent on structured social activities. In the SSD group, we found that structured social activities were positively associated with perspective-taking and negatively associated with personal distress in interactions with others. Lastly, in people without mental illness, social activities were positively associated with performance-based perspective-taking. Conclusion: Impairments in subjective cognitive empathy appear to be present in the UHR phase, suggesting that difficulties in interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others precede the onset of psychotic disorders. This can inform future interventions in the UHR phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Jan Kuis
- Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Tara van de Giessen
- Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Lentis Research, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bouwina Esther Sportel
- Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Nynke Boonstra
- Research Group Care and Innovation in Psychiatry, NHL Stenden University for Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,KieN Early Intervention Service, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Rozanne van Donkersgoed
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences (BSS), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences (BSS), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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14
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Veling W, Sizoo B, van Buuren J, van den Berg C, Sewbalak W, Pijnenborg GHM, Boonstra N, Castelein S, van der Meer L. [Are conspiracy theorists psychotic? A comparison between conspiracy theories and paranoid delusions]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2021; 63:775-781. [PMID: 34851516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conspiracy theories are popular during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conspiratorial thinking is characterised by the strong conviction that a certain situation that one sees as unjust is the result of a deliberate conspiracy of a group of people with bad intentions. Conspiratorial thinking appears to have many similarities with paranoid delusions. AIM To explore the nature, consequences, and social-psychological dimensions of conspiratorial thinking, and describe similarities and differences with paranoid delusions. METHOD Critically assessing relevant literature about conspiratorial thinking and paranoid delusions. RESULTS Conspiratorial thinking meets epistemic, existential, and social needs. It provides clarity in uncertain times and connection with an in-group of like-minded people. Both conspiratorial thinking and paranoid delusions involve an unjust, persistent, and sometimes bizarre conviction. Unlike conspiracy theorists, people with a paranoid delusion are almost always the only target of the presumed conspiracy, and they usually stand alone in their conviction. Furthermore, conspiracy theories are not based as much on unusual experiences of their inner self, reality, or interpersonal contacts. CONCLUSIONS Conspirational thinking is common in uncertain circumstances. It gives grip, certainty, moral superiority and social support. Extreme conspirational thinking seems to fit current psychiatric definitions of paranoid delusions, but there are also important differences. To make a distinction with regard to conspiratorial thinking, deepening of conventional definitions of delusions is required. Instead of the strong focus on the erroneous content of delusions, more attention should be given to the underlying idiosyncratic, changed way of experiencing reality.
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15
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van der Meer L, Jonker T, Wadman H, Wunderink C, van Weeghel J, Pijnenborg GHM, van Setten ERH. Targeting Personal Recovery of People With Complex Mental Health Needs: The Development of a Psychosocial Intervention Through User-Centered Design. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:635514. [PMID: 33897494 PMCID: PMC8060492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term admissions in psychiatric facilities often result in a gradual erosion of the identity of people diagnosed with severe mental illnesses (SMIs) into merely "patient." Moreover, experiences of loss often reduced people's sense of purpose. Although regaining a multidimensional identity and a sense of purpose are essential for personal recovery, few interventions specifically address this, while at the same time take people's often considerable cognitive and communicative disabilities into consideration. This study describes the development process of a new intervention through user-centered design (UCD). UCD is an iterative process in which a product (in this case, an intervention) is developed in close cooperation with future users, such that the final product matches their needs. The design process included three phases: an analysis, design, and evaluation phase. In the analysis phase, the "problem" was defined, users' needs were identified, and design criteria were established. In the design phase, the collected information served as input to create a testable prototype using a process of design and redesign, in close collaboration with service users and other stakeholders. This resulted in an intervention entitled "This is Me" (TiM) in which service users, together with a self-chosen teammate, actively engage in new experiences on which they are prompted to reflect. Finally, in the evaluation phase, TiM was implemented and evaluated in a real-life setting. In a small feasibility pilot, we found indications that some people indeed demonstrated increased reflection on their identity during the intervention. Furthermore, TiM seemed to benefit the relationship between the service users and the mental health professionals with whom they underwent the experiences. The pilot also revealed some aspects of the (implementation of) TiM that can be improved. Overall, we conclude that UCD is a useful method for the development of a new psychosocial intervention. The method additionally increased our knowledge about necessary factors in targeting personal recovery for people with complex mental health needs. Moreover, we conclude that TiM is a promising tool for supporting people with SMI in redeveloping a multidimensional identity and a renewed sense of purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette van der Meer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health Care, Zuidlaren, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Jonker
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health Care, Zuidlaren, Netherlands
| | - Heleen Wadman
- BuurtzorgT Mental Health Institution, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Wunderink
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health Care, Zuidlaren, Netherlands.,Research and Innovation Center for Rehabilitation, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Weeghel
- Department of TRANZO, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Parnassia Group, Parnassia Noord Holland, Castricum, Netherlands.,Phrenos Center of Expertise on Severe Mental Illness, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Ellie R H van Setten
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health Care, Zuidlaren, Netherlands.,Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Ben-Pazi A, Goldzweig G, Pijnenborg GHM, Roe D, Hasson-Ohayon I. Parental Efficacy Moderates the Association Between Empathy and Burden Among Parents of Children Admitted to a Psychiatric Ward. Fam Process 2020; 59:1664-1671. [PMID: 31845327 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Empathy is considered a positive aspect of caregiving, although in certain circumstances, being empathic might increase the burden of caregivers. The current study assessed the associations between empathy, parental efficacy, and family burden among parents of children who were hospitalized in a psychiatric unit. Specifically, we examined whether the association between empathy and family burden was moderated by the parents' sense of self-efficacy. Seventy parents of children with psychiatric disorders, hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric unit, filled out questionnaires of empathy, parental efficacy, and family burden. Results supported a moderating role of parental efficacy between empathy and family burden (interaction effect: β = -1.72, p = .0406). Specifically, empathy was positively related to family burden among parents with low self-efficacy (conditional effect = 0.70, p = .032) and negatively related to family burden among parents with high self-efficacy (conditional effect = -0.39, p = N.S). Implications for practice include the importance of self-efficacy and address the possible negative implications of empathy among parents of children treated in a psychiatric hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Ben-Pazi
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Eitanim Psychiatric Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Roe
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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17
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van Dam MT, van Weeghel J, Castelein S, Pijnenborg GHM, van der Meer L. Evaluation of an Adaptive Implementation Program for Cognitive Adaptation Training for People With Severe Mental Illness: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e17412. [PMID: 32831184 PMCID: PMC7477665 DOI: 10.2196/17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive Adaptation Training is a psychosocial intervention that focuses on reducing the negative effects of cognitive disorders, especially executive functions such as planning and targeted action. International research has shown that Cognitive Adaptation Training enhances multiple aspects of daily functioning in people with severe mental illnesses. Despite this evidence, implementation of the intervention into routine care remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE In this implementation research, a newly developed implementation program based on previous experience and scientific literature, is tested. The primary aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the implementation program. The secondary aim of this study is to evaluate the factors that impede or facilitate the implementation of Cognitive Adaptation Training. METHODS To test the effectiveness of the implementation program, a multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing the implementation program to a single training program in four mental health institutions in The Netherlands. Focus groups, semistructured interviews, and questionnaires were used at multiple levels of service delivery (service user, professional, team, organization) to identify factors that may hamper or facilitate implementation. The RE-AIM framework was applied to measure the implementation effectiveness. Following this framework, the primary outcomes were Reach, Intervention Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. These are assessed before, during, and after implementation. The research had a total duration of 14 months, with a follow-up measurement at 14 months. Data will be analyzed using multilevel modeling. RESULTS The study was funded in April 2018. Data collection occurred between November 2018 and January 2020. In total, 21 teams of 4 mental health institutions agreed to participate. Data analysis is ongoing and results are expected to be published in December 2020. CONCLUSIONS This implementation research may provide important information about the implementation of psychosocial interventions in practice and may result in a program that is useful for Cognitive Adaptation Training, and possibly for psychosocial interventions in general. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Netherlands Trial Register (NL7989); https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7989. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Thalia van Dam
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren, Netherlands.,Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Weeghel
- Parnassia Group, Parnassia Noord-Holland, Castricum, Netherlands.,Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Wellbeing, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Stynke Castelein
- Research Department, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands
| | - Lisette van der Meer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Nijman SA, Veling W, Greaves-Lord K, Vos M, Zandee CER, Aan Het Rot M, Geraets CNW, Pijnenborg GHM. Dynamic Interactive Social Cognition Training in Virtual Reality (DiSCoVR) for People With a Psychotic Disorder: Single-Group Feasibility and Acceptability Study. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e17808. [PMID: 32763880 PMCID: PMC7442939 DOI: 10.2196/17808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with a psychotic disorder commonly experience problems in social cognition and functioning. Social cognition training (SCT) improves social cognition, but may inadequately simulate real-life social interactions. Virtual reality (VR) provides a realistic, interactive, customizable, and controllable training environment, which could facilitate the application of skills in daily life. OBJECTIVE We developed a 16-session immersive VR SCT (Dynamic Interactive Social Cognition Training in Virtual Reality [DiSCoVR]) and conducted a single-group feasibility pilot study. METHODS A total of 22 people with a psychotic disorder and reported problems in social cognition participated. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed using a survey for participants and therapists, and by examining relevant parameters (eg, dropouts). We analyzed preliminary treatment effects on social cognition, neurocognition, and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS A total of 17 participants completed the study. Participants enjoyed DiSCoVR (mean 7.25, SD 2.05; range 3-10), thought it was useful for daily social activities (mean 7.00, SD 2.05; range 3-10), and enjoyed the combination of VR and a therapist (mean 7.85, SD 2.11; range 3-10). The most frequently mentioned strength of DiSCoVR was the opportunity to practice with personalized social situations (14/20, 70%). A significant improvement of emotion perception was observed (Ekman 60 Faces; t16=-4.79, P<.001, d=-0.67), but no significant change was found in other measures of social cognition, neurocognition, psychiatric symptoms, or self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS DiSCoVR was feasible and acceptable to participants and therapists, and may improve emotion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Anne Nijman
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands.,University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim Veling
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Greaves-Lord
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Autism Team Northern-Netherlands of Jonx, Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Yulius Autism, Yulius, Dordrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Vos
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Marije Aan Het Rot
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Neeltje Wil Geraets
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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19
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Hasson-Ohayon I, Scholte-Stalenhoef AN, Schirmbeck F, de Haan L, Cahn W, Pijnenborg GHM, Boyette LL. Insight, personality, and symptoms among individuals with psychosis: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:243-250. [PMID: 32527677 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports on the relationship between clinical insight and psychotic symptoms have shown inconsistent results, and the association between clinical insight and personality has rarely been addressed. The aim of this study was to examine whether personality is correlated cross-sectionally with insight level, and longitudinally with change in insight, beyond symptoms. METHODS Participants were a sub-sample of the Dutch Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) project. Two hundred and eleven participants diagnosed with non-affective psychotic disorders took part in the cross-sectional part of the study, of whom 136 took part in the three-year follow-up assessment. They were administered with self-report Birchwood insight scale and NEO-Five Factor Inventory, and clinicians assessed them according to PANSS and CDS symptoms scales. RESULTS Cross-sectional analysis showed baseline self-report insight was positively related to neuroticism and agreeableness and negatively related to extraversion. Longitudinal analysis showed change in level of self-reported insight was predicted by baseline-insight and change in symptoms of disorganization. Personality factors did not predict insight change (as measured either by self-report or by clinician assessment). DISCUSSION The cross-sectional findings showed self-report insight (as opposed to clinician-rated) is associated with personality traits, suggesting negative affect is related to higher level of insight and that having insight may be influenced by the wish to comply with views of professionals, or a tendency to cover up problems. The longitudinal findings imply that not personality but change in severity of symptoms of disorganization, and possibly other variables, predicts change in insight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lindy-Lou Boyette
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Pijnenborg GHM, Larabi DI, Xu P, Hasson-Ohayon I, de Vos AE, Ćurčić-Blake B, Aleman A, Van der Meer L. Brain areas associated with clinical and cognitive insight in psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:301-336. [PMID: 32569706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past years, ample interest in brain abnormalities related to clinical and cognitive insight in psychosis has contributed several neuroimaging studies to the literature. In the current study, published findings on the neural substrates of clinical and cognitive insight in psychosis are integrated by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. Coordinate-based meta-analyses were performed with the parametric coordinate-based meta-analysis approach, non-coordinate based meta-analyses were conducted with the metafor package in R. Papers that could not be included in the meta-analyses were systematically reviewed. Thirty-seven studies were retrieved, of which 21 studies were included in meta-analyses. Poorer clinical insight was related to smaller whole brain gray and white matter volume and gray matter volume of the frontal gyri. Cognitive insight was predominantly positively associated with structure and function of the hippocampus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Impaired clinical insight is not associated with abnormalities of isolated brain regions, but with spatially diffuse global and frontal abnormalities suggesting it might rely on a range of cognitive and self-evaluative processes. Cognitive insight is associated with specific areas and appears to rely more on retrieving and integrating self-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA, Assen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - D I Larabi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, A. Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518054, China; Great Bay Neuroscience and Technology Research Institute (Hong Kong), Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
| | - I Hasson-Ohayon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - A E de Vos
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA, Assen, the Netherlands
| | - B Ćurčić-Blake
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, A. Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA, Assen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, A. Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - L Van der Meer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Mental Health Care, PO box 128, 9470 KA, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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de Jong S, Hasson-Ohayon I, van Donkersgoed R, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GHM. A qualitative evaluation of the effects of Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy: 'Living more consciously'. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:223-240. [PMID: 30548375 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extensive research showed that one of the major difficulties that people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders are struggling with involves their ability to reflect on their own and others' mental activities, also defined as metacognition. Several new psychotherapies have been developed to assist patients (re)gain metacognitive capacity, including Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT). The current study investigated the client's subjective experience of psychotherapy, to determine whether service users found MERIT effective and whether these gains align with quantitative findings, which processes they considered responsible for these benefits, in which ways participants found MERIT similar or different from other interventions, and whether they experienced non-desirable factors and outcomes. DESIGN All participants who had participated in a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of MERIT were offered a structured post-therapy interview by an independent assessor. Fourteen out of 18 (77%) participants, all of whom had completed therapy, responded. RESULTS Most participants (10/14) indicated that they had experienced the therapy as beneficial to their recovery, and in general contributed to their understanding of their own thinking, which maps closely onto the quantitative findings reported elsewhere. They mainly attributed these changes to their own active role in therapy, the intervention letting them vent and self-express, and forming an alliance with the therapist. CONCLUSIONS Participants reports of change map closely onto the quantitative findings from the randomized controlled trial. Findings are discussed in the frameworks of the metacognitive model of psychosis and the integrative intersubjective model of psychotherapy for psychosis emphasizing the role of the clients as active agent of change. PRACTITIONER POINTS The use of a systematic, qualitative interview at the conclusion of therapy may yield important information regarding process and outcome. Analysis of the interview revealed that clients' perceptions regarding change within themselves closely maps onto quantitative findings. MERIT may not be the appropriate intervention for all clients; some may prefer a more solution-oriented approach such as CBTp or Metacognition-Oriented Social Skills training. Self-expressing with a trained clinician may be therapeutic in itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - André Aleman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Noord-Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
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22
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van Kranenburg GD, van den Brink RHS, Mulder WG, Diekman WJ, Pijnenborg GHM, Mulder CL. Clinical effects and treatment outcomes of long-term compulsory in-patient treatment of treatment-resistant patients with severe mental illness and substance-use disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:270. [PMID: 31481048 PMCID: PMC6724243 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of homeless dual-diagnosis patients (i.e., those with severe mental illness and substance-use disorder) is difficult and often fails. For patients in the Netherlands who had not responded to earlier voluntary and compulsory treatment, a new treatment facility - Sustainable Residence (SuRe) - was developed to offer long-term compulsory in-patient treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY To study patterns of changes in clinical and functional outcomes during treatment at SuRe and how these relate to eventual treatment outcome. METHODS On the basis of the intensity of care needed after four years, three groups of patients were distinguished (total n = 165): those discharged to a less restrictive and less supportive setting (n = 70, 42%), those still hospitalized at SuRe at the end of the four-year study period (n = 69, 42%) and those referred to a more appropriate setting (n = 26, 16%). Random coefficient analysis was used to examine differences between groups regarding changes in clinical and functional outcomes during treatment. During treatment, outcomes were monitored using Routine Outcome Assessment. RESULTS All three groups made small but significant improvements on global psychosocial functioning, distress and therapeutic alliance (effect sizes (ES) 0.11 to 0.16 per year). Patients who were discharged to a less restrictive setting showed small to moderate improvement in risk to self and others, psychiatric symptoms, and skills for daily living (ES 0.19-0.33 per year and 0.42-0.73 for their mean 2.2-year treatment period). Patients remaining at SuRe showed a small increase in risk to self (ES 0.20 per year; 0.80 for their treatment period of four years or more). Oppositional behaviour was consistently greater in referred patients than in the other groups (ES 0.74-0.75). CONCLUSION Long-term compulsory treatment appeared to have helped improve clinical and functional outcomes in a substantial proportion (42%) of previously severely dysfunctional, treatment-resistant dual-diagnosis patients, who could then be discharged to a less restrictive and less supportive environment. However, risk-to-self increased in a similar proportion. A smaller number of patients (16%) showed marked oppositional behaviour and needed a higher level of care and protection in another facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D van Kranenburg
- Drenthe Mental Health Organisation, P.O. Box: 30007, 9400, RA, Assen, Sustainable Residence, Beilen, The Netherlands.
| | - R H S van den Brink
- University of Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - W J Diekman
- Addiction Service North Netherlands, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Drenthe Mental Healthcare Organisation, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Assen, Department of Clinical, Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C L Mulder
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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van Donkersgoed RJM, de Jong S, Aan Het Rot M, Wunderink L, Lysaker PH, Hasson-Ohayon I, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GHM. Measuring empathy in schizophrenia: The Empathic Accuracy Task and its correlation with other empathy measures. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:153-159. [PMID: 31006615 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Empathy is an interpersonal process impaired in schizophrenia. Past studies have mainly used questionnaires or performance-based tasks with static cues to measure cognitive and affective empathy. We used the Empathic Accuracy Task (EAT) designed to capture dynamic aspects of empathy by using videoclips in which perceivers continuously judge emotionally charged stories. We compared individuals with schizophrenia with a healthy comparison group and assessed correlations among EAT and three other commonly used empathy measures. METHOD Patients (n = 92) and a healthy comparison group (n = 42) matched for age, gender and education completed the EAT, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy and Faux Pas. Differences between groups were analyzed and correlations were calculated between empathy measurement instruments. RESULTS The groups differed in EAT performance, with the comparison group outperforming patients. A moderating effect was found for emotional expressivity of the target: while both patients and the comparison group scored low when judging targets with low expressivity, the comparison group performed better than patients with more expressive targets. Though there were also group differences on the empathy questionnaires, EAT performance did not correlate with questionnaire scores. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with schizophrenia benefit less from the emotional expressivity of other people than the comparison group, which contributes to their impaired empathic accuracy. The lack of correlation between the EAT and the questionnaires suggests a distinction between self-report empathy and actual empathy performance. To explore empathic difficulties in real life, it is important to use instruments that take the interpersonal perspective into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J M van Donkersgoed
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; Dijk en Duin Parnassia Groep, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Westzijde 120, 1506 GB Zaandam, the Netherlands.
| | - S de Jong
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-B, 1018 WT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Aan Het Rot
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Wunderink
- GGZ Friesland, Sixmastraat 2, 8932 PA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - P H Lysaker
- Roudeboush VA Medical Center, 1481 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 W 10th St #6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - I Hasson-Ohayon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Aleman
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; BCN Neuro Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Noord-Drenthe, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands
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24
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Pijnenborg GHM, de Vos AE, Timmerman ME, Van der Gaag M, Sportel BE, Arends J, Koopmans EM, Van der Meer L, Aleman A. Social cognitive group treatment for impaired insight in psychosis: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:362-369. [PMID: 30429078 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of people with schizophrenia has impaired insight, which is related to a poorer outcome. In this study, we evaluate a new psychosocial intervention 'REFLEX' aimed at improving insight in people with schizophrenia. REFLEX focuses on targeting stigma-sensitivity, perspective taking and self-reflection in people with schizophrenia and low insight. Primary objective is to improve insight and subsequently to improve functional outcome and symptoms. METHOD A total of 121 people diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM IV criteria with impaired insight was included in 2012-2015 from seven sites in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. REFLEX was compared to an active control condition consisting of group-wise simplified cognitive remediation training. Primary outcome of the study were the preconditions of insight: internalized stigma, self-reflection, mental flexibility and perspective taking. Clinical insight and cognitive insight were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Although perspective taking, self-reflection, mental flexibility and stigma sensitivity remained unchanged after the intervention, results showed a significant improvement of clinical insight in both conditions directly after treatment (SAI-E Rater, p < .001, PANSS G12, p < .005) and at follow-up (SAI-E Rater, p < .01, SAI-E interview, p < .001, PANSS G12, p < .0001). Improvement of clinical insight directly after treatment was larger in the REFLEX condition (SAI-E Rater, p < .05). Other outcomes (self-esteem, quality of life and depression) remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Though insight improved in both conditions, REFLEX was not superior to simplified drill-and-practice cognitive remediation training. Nevertheless, this study indicates that structured interventions can significantly improve insight. Further research on the underlying mechanisms of both conditions is needed, as insight is unlikely to improve spontaneously in chronic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Dept. of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands; Dept. of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A E de Vos
- Dept. of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands
| | - M E Timmerman
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Van der Gaag
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dept. of Psychosis Research, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Zoutkeetsingel 40, 2512 HN The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - B E Sportel
- Dept. of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands
| | - J Arends
- Dept. of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, the Netherlands
| | - E M Koopmans
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands
| | - L Van der Meer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands; Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Aleman
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands; Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Hasson-Ohayon I, Goldzweig G, Lavi-Rotenberg A, Roe D, Pijnenborg GHM. Illness representations among parents of children and adults with serious mental disorders: A systematic review and theoretical model. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 58:27-37. [PMID: 30769239 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive representations of an illness have an important impact on psychological outcomes. The current systematic review explored 1) the characteristics of illness representations held by parents of children and adults with serious mental illness (SMI), and 2) the associations of these representations with both parents' and patients' psychological outcomes. METHOD PSYINFO and PUBMED were screened for eligible studies published between January 2000 and August 2018. Selection was based on PRISMA guidelines. Reference lists of these papers were checked for additional references. Two independent coders extracted all relevant data. RESULTS The search resulted in 31 relevant studies, which were divided, by type of methodology, into three sections: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed quantitative-qualitative. In each section, findings were divided in accordance with the two research questions. CONCLUSION Parents struggle to make meaning of their child's illness, often holding stigmatizing ideas about the illness and blaming themselves for its existence. More longitudinal studies that include both of the child's parents, as well as interventional studies, are needed to expand our knowledge of ways to help parents construct more beneficial representations of their children's illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo, Israel
| | | | - David Roe
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Assen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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26
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Malda A, Boonstra N, Barf H, de Jong S, Aleman A, Addington J, Pruessner M, Nieman D, de Haan L, Morrison A, Riecher-Rössler A, Studerus E, Ruhrmann S, Schultze-Lutter F, An SK, Koike S, Kasai K, Nelson B, McGorry P, Wood S, Lin A, Yung AY, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Armando M, Vicari S, Katsura M, Matsumoto K, Durston S, Ziermans T, Wunderink L, Ising H, van der Gaag M, Fusar-Poli P, Pijnenborg GHM. Individualized Prediction of Transition to Psychosis in 1,676 Individuals at Clinical High Risk: Development and Validation of a Multivariable Prediction Model Based on Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:345. [PMID: 31178767 PMCID: PMC6537857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Clinical High Risk state for Psychosis (CHR-P) has become the cornerstone of modern preventive psychiatry. The next stage of clinical advancements rests on the ability to formulate a more accurate prognostic estimate at the individual subject level. Individual Participant Data Meta-Analyses (IPD-MA) are robust evidence synthesis methods that can also offer powerful approaches to the development and validation of personalized prognostic models. The aim of the study was to develop and validate an individualized, clinically based prognostic model for forecasting transition to psychosis from a CHR-P stage. Methods: A literature search was performed between January 30, 2016, and February 6, 2016, consulting PubMed, Psychinfo, Picarta, Embase, and ISI Web of Science, using search terms ("ultra high risk" OR "clinical high risk" OR "at risk mental state") AND [(conver* OR transition* OR onset OR emerg* OR develop*) AND psychosis] for both longitudinal and intervention CHR-P studies. Clinical knowledge was used to a priori select predictors: age, gender, CHR-P subgroup, the severity of attenuated positive psychotic symptoms, the severity of attenuated negative psychotic symptoms, and level of functioning at baseline. The model, thus, developed was validated with an extended form of internal validation. Results: Fifteen of the 43 studies identified agreed to share IPD, for a total sample size of 1,676. There was a high level of heterogeneity between the CHR-P studies with regard to inclusion criteria, type of assessment instruments, transition criteria, preventive treatment offered. The internally validated prognostic performance of the model was higher than chance but only moderate [Harrell's C-statistic 0.655, 95% confidence interval (CIs), 0.627-0.682]. Conclusion: This is the first IPD-MA conducted in the largest samples of CHR-P ever collected to date. An individualized prognostic model based on clinical predictors available in clinical routine was developed and internally validated, reaching only moderate prognostic performance. Although personalized risk prediction is of great value in the clinical practice, future developments are essential, including the refinement of the prognostic model and its external validation. However, because of the current high diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic heterogeneity of CHR-P studies, IPD-MAs in this population may have an limited intrinsic power to deliver robust prognostic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaltsje Malda
- GGZ Friesland Mental Health Institute, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nynke Boonstra
- GGZ Friesland Mental Health Institute, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Barf
- NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Aleman
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marita Pruessner
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dorien Nieman
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony Morrison
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erich Studerus
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Suk Kyoon An
- Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behaviour (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behaviour (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Wood
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alison Y Yung
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Armando
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Preventive Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Ziermans
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lex Wunderink
- GGZ Friesland Mental Health Institute, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helga Ising
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychosis Research, Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerdina Hendrika Maria Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Care Center, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Assen, Netherlands
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de Jong S, van Donkersgoed RJM, Timmerman ME, Aan Het Rot M, Wunderink L, Arends J, van Der Gaag M, Aleman A, Lysaker PH, Pijnenborg GHM. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) for patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2019; 49:303-313. [PMID: 29692285 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired metacognition is associated with difficulties in the daily functioning of people with psychosis. Metacognition can be divided into four domains: Self-Reflection, Understanding the Other's Mind, Decentration, and Mastery. This study investigated whether Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT) can be used to improve metacognition. METHODS This study is a randomized controlled trial. Patients in the active condition (n = 35) received forty MERIT sessions, the control group (n = 35) received treatment as usual. Multilevel intention-to-treat and completers analyses were performed for metacognition and secondary outcomes (psychotic symptomatology, cognitive insight, Theory of Mind, empathy, depression, self-stigma, quality of life, social functioning, and work readiness). RESULTS Eighteen out of 35 participants finished treatment, half the drop-out stemmed from therapist attrition (N = 5) or before the first session (N = 4). Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that in both groups metacognition improved between pre- and post-measurements, with no significant differences between the groups. Patients who received MERIT continued to improve, while the control group returned to baseline, leading to significant differences at follow-up. Completers analysis (18/35) showed improvements on the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS-A) scales Self Reflectivity and metacognitive Mastery at follow-up. No effects were found on secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS On average, participants in the MERIT group were, based on MAS-A scores, at follow-up more likely to recognize their thoughts as changeable rather than as facts. MERIT might be useful for patients whose self-reflection is too limited to benefit from other therapies. Given how no changes were found in secondary measures, further research is needed. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Jong
- GGZ Noord-Drenthe,Department of Psychotic Disorders,Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen,the Netherlands
| | - R J M van Donkersgoed
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology,Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - M E Timmerman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology,Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - M Aan Het Rot
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology,Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - L Wunderink
- GGZ Friesland,PO Box 932 8901 BS Leeuwarden,the Netherlands
| | - J Arends
- GGZ Noord-Drenthe,Department of Psychotic Disorders,Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen,the Netherlands
| | - M van Der Gaag
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute,Zoutkeetsingel 40 2512 HN Den Haag,the Netherlands
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology,Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences,University of Groningen,Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - P H Lysaker
- Roudeboush VA Medical Center,1481 West 10th Street,Indianapolis, IN 46202,USA
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- GGZ Noord-Drenthe,Department of Psychotic Disorders,Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen,the Netherlands
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28
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Kreuze LJ, Pijnenborg GHM, de Jonge YB, Nauta MH. Cognitive-behavior therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of secondary outcomes. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 60:43-57. [PMID: 30447493 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) effectively reduces anxiety in children and adolescents. An important remaining question is to what extent anxiety-focused CBT also affects broader outcome domains. Additionally, it remains unclear whether parental involvement in treatment may have impact on domains other than anxiety. A meta-analysis (nstudies = 42, nparticipants = 3239) of the effects of CBT and the moderating role of parental involvement was conducted on the following major secondary outcomes: depressive symptoms, externalizing behaviors, general functioning, and social competence. Randomized controlled trials were included when having a waitlist or active control condition, a youth sample (aged<19) with a primary anxiety disorder diagnosis receiving anxiety-focused CBT and reported secondary outcomes. Controlled effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated employing random effect models. CBT had a large effect on general functioning (-1.25[-1.59;0.90], nstudies = 17), a small to moderate effect on depressive symptoms (-0.31[-0.41;-0.22], nstudies = 31) and a small effect on externalizing behaviors (-0.23[-0.38;-0.09], nstudies = 12) from pre-to post-treatment. Effects remained or even further improved at follow-up. Social competence only improved at follow-up (nstudies = 6). Concluding, anxiety-focused CBT has a positive effect on broader outcome domains than just anxiety. Higher parental involvement seemed to have beneficial effects at follow-up, with improvements in general functioning and comorbid symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kreuze
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe, Department of Psychotic Disorders, Assen, The Netherlands.
| | - Y B de Jonge
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M H Nauta
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Bruins J, Jörg F, van den Heuvel ER, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Corpeleijn E, Muskiet FAJ, Pijnenborg GHM, Bruggeman R. The relation of vitamin D, metabolic risk and negative symptom severity in people with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:513-518. [PMID: 28927862 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bruins
- Lentis Mental Health Institution, Hereweg 80, 9725 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - F Jörg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Friesland Mental Health Institution, Sixmastraat 2, 8932 PA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - E R van den Heuvel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, P.O. Box 513, MetaForum, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Bartels-Velthuis
- Lentis Mental Health Institution, Hereweg 80, 9725 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Corpeleijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - F A J Muskiet
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Postbus 30.001 (EA40), 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institution, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, The Netherlands.
| | - R Bruggeman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Hanzeplein 1 (CC72), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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van der Stouwe ECD, van Busschbach JT, de Vries B, Cahn W, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GHM. Neural correlates of exercise training in individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:287-301. [PMID: 30023171 PMCID: PMC6050351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A body of evidence has revealed positive effects of physical exercise on behavioral, cognitive and physical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Notably, the effect of exercise at the neural level may be particularly relevant as well as it is hypothesized that exercise may stimulate the brain in a way that might normalize neural alterations related to the disorder. The aim of the current systematic review was to provide an up to date overview of studies investigating the neural effects of exercise in individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy individuals. The majority of included studies focused on hippocampal effects, reporting beneficial effects of exercise. In addition, in schizophrenia increased extrastriate body area (EBA) activation and increased white matter fiber integrity in tracts relevant to the disorder were found and in healthy individuals decreased connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) indicating greater cognitive efficiency was reported. Comparing individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy individuals within a similar age range, most studies found similar effects on hippocampal volume and white matter tracts for both groups, although the effect in schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be attenuated which is in line with previous literature on brain plasticity. The current review indicates a lack of studies investigating neural correlates other than the hippocampus. Although those studies that did focus on other neural correlates revealed promising results, these have not been replicated in other studies and call for replication. Furthermore, future studies should expand their focus, by investigating neural mechanisms underlying positive effects of physical exercise on positive symptoms, negative symptoms and symptoms such as depression, social withdrawal and social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C D van der Stouwe
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J T van Busschbach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017, CA, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - B de Vries
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - W Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heigelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404, LA, Assen, The Netherlands.
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de Jager J, Wolters HA, Pijnenborg GHM. [Young adult with psychotic disorders have problems relating to sexuality, intimacy and relationships. An explanatory study based on focus group]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2016; 58:223-227. [PMID: 26979854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that young adults with psychotic disorders frequently have problems relating to sexuality, intimacy and relationships. Such problems are often neglected in clinical practice. AIM To perform a study that explores, on the basis of focus groups, how issues such as sexuality, intimacy and relationships can be addressed as part of the treatment of adolescents suffering from a psychotic disorder. METHOD We created eight focus groups consisting of clients attending the department of psychotic disorders and caregivers who worked there. The meetings of each focus group were fully transcribed and analysed by means of Nvivo. RESULTS Clients indicated they wanted to address the topics of sexuality, intimacy and relationships in a group setting. They expressed the wish to have mixed gender groups and decided that in the group discussions the main focus should be on the exchange of personal experiences. CONCLUSION In our view, it is desirable that psychiatry should pay more attention to the subject of sexuality. By giving adolescents suffering from psychotic disorders the opportunity to discuss their experiences, problems and feelings of insecurity in a group setting and in a low-threshold environment, psychiatrists can greatly improve the quality of care that they provide for their patients.
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32
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de Jong S, van Donkersgoed RJM, Arends J, Lysaker PH, Wunderink L, van der Gaag M, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GHM. [Metacognition in psychotic disorders: from concepts to intervention]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2016; 58:455-462. [PMID: 27320509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with a psychotic disorder commonly experience difficulties with what is considered to be metacognitive capacity. In this article we discuss several definitions of this concept, the measurement instruments involved and the clinical interventions that target this concept. AIM To present a review of various frequently used definitions of metacognition and related concepts and to describe the measurement instruments involved and the treatment options available for improving the metacognitive capacity of persons with a psychotic disorder. METHOD We present an overview of several definitions of metacognition in psychotic disorders and we discuss frequently used measurement instruments and treatment options. The article focuses on recent developments in a model devised by Semerari et al. The measurement instrument involved (Metacognition Assessment Scale - A) is discussed in terms of it being an addition to existing methods. RESULTS On the basis of the literature it appears that metacognition and related concepts are measurable constructs, although definitions and instruments vary considerably. The new conceptualisation of social information processing also leads to the development of a new form of psychotherapy that aims to help patients suffering from psychotic disorders to improve metacognitive capacity. CONCLUSION There seems to be evidence that metacognitive abilities are a possible target for treatment, but further research is needed.
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33
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de Jong S, van Donkersgoed R, Pijnenborg GHM, Lysaker PH. Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT) With a Patient With Severe Symptoms of Disorganization. J Clin Psychol 2015; 72:164-74. [PMID: 26636663 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One recent development within the realm of psychotherapeutic interventions for schizophrenia has been a shift in focus from symptom management to consideration of metacognition, or the processes by which people synthesize information about themselves and others in an integrated manner. One such approach, metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT); in particular, offers a description of 8 therapeutic activities that should occur in each session, resulting in the stimulation and growth of metacognitive capacity. In this report, we present a description of 12 sessions with a patient suffering from schizophrenia manifesting significantly disorganized symptoms. Each MERIT element is described along with observed clinical and metacognitive gains. As illustrated in this report, these procedures helped the patient move from a state of having no complex ideas about himself or others, to one in which he could begin to develop integrated and realistic ideas about himself and others and use that capacity to think about life challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul H Lysaker
- Roudeboush VA Medical Center.,Indiana University School of Medicine
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34
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Pijnenborg GHM, Timmerman ME, Derks EM, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Aleman A. Differential effects of antipsychotic drugs on insight in first episode schizophrenia: Data from the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:808-16. [PMID: 25907250 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although antipsychotics are widely prescribed, their effect of on improving poor illness insight in schizophrenia has seldom been investigated and therefore remains uncertain. This paper examines the effects of low dose haloperidol, amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone on insight in first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform disorder. The effects of five antipsychotic drugs in first episode psychosis on insight were compared in a large scale open randomized controlled trial conducted in 14 European countries: the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST). Patients with at least minimal impairments in insight were included in the present study (n=455). Insight was assessed with item G12 of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), administered at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after randomization. The use of antipsychotics was associated with clear improvements in insight over and above improvements in other symptoms. This effect was most pronounced in the first three months of treatment, with quetiapine being significantly less effective than other drugs. Effects of spontaneous improvement cannot be ruled out due to the lack of a placebo control group, although such a large spontaneous improvement of insight would seem unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M E Timmerman
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E M Derks
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - W W Fleischhacker
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychiatry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Wiersma D, Visser E, Bähler M, Bruggeman R, Delespaul PA, van der Gaag M, de Haan L, Keet IPM, Nijssen Y, van Os J, Pijnenborg GHM, Slooff C, Swildens W, de Vos AE, van Weeghel J, Wunderink L, Mulder CL. [Functional remission of people with serious mental illness (SMI): psychometric properties of a new ROM-instrument]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2015; 57:395-404. [PMID: 26073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Instruments are used for routine outcome monitoring of patients with severe mental illness in order to measure psychiatric symptoms, care needs and quality of life. By adding an instrument for measuring functional remission a more complete picture can be given of the complaints, the symptoms and general functioning, which can give direction to providing care for patients with severe mental illness. AIM To describe the development and testing of a new instrument of functional remission (FR) among people with a psychotic disorder or another serious mental disorder (SMI) as an addition to the symptomatic remission (SR), according to international criteria. METHOD The FR-assessment involves assessment by a mental health professional who conducts a semi-structured interview with the patient and his or her family and/or uses patient files relating to the three areas of functioning: daily living and self-care; work, study and housekeeping; and social contacts. These areas are rated on a three-point scale of 0: independent; 1: partially independent; 2: dependent. The assessment covers a period of six months, in accordance with the measurement of symptomatic remission and should be part of regular routine outcome monitoring (ROM) procedures. The FR-instrument was used in 2012 with 840 patients from eight Dutch mental care institutions and included a one-year follow-up among 523 patients (response 62%). RESULTS The results showed that the instrument is relatively easily to complete. It was also relevant for clinical practice, although further research is needed because of the raters' low response. Intra- and inter-rater reliability, discriminating and convergent validity, and sensitivity to change were rated sufficient to good. CONCLUSION If the FR-instrument becomes part of regular ROM-procedures and is used as a measure of societal participation, it could be a useful addition to current measures of symptomatic remission.
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36
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de Jong S, Renard SB, van Donkersgoed RJM, van der Gaag M, Wunderink L, Pijnenborg GHM, Lysaker PH. The influence of adjunctive treatment and metacognitive deficits in schizophrenia on the experience of work. Schizophr Res 2014; 157:107-11. [PMID: 24908620 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing work function is now widely considered a core element of comprehensive schizophrenia treatment. While research efforts have illuminated factors that influence how well patients perform at work, less is known about the factors influencing the subjective experience of work. It is not known how, and to what extent, symptoms, cognitive deficits or metacognitive capacities impact job satisfaction and whether treatment can have an effect on job satisfaction. To explore this issue, data from a trial in which participants in a six-month vocational program were assigned to either a standard support group or a cognitive behavioral group therapy, and asked to fill in weekly self-reports of job satisfaction was analyzed. Work satisfaction and the consistency of these ratings were compared between the two groups and the moderating influence of metacognitive capacity was analyzed. A significant interaction effect revealed that higher metacognitive capacity predicted higher average job satisfaction only in the CBT group. Additionally, higher metacognitive capacity led to a more varied appraisal of work satisfaction only in the support group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Jong
- GGZ Noord-Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S B Renard
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J M van Donkersgoed
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - M van der Gaag
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands; VU University, Dept of Clinical Psychology, EMGO Institute of Health and Care Research, The Netherlands
| | | | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Noord-Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - P H Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
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37
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Quee PJ, van der Meer L, Krabbendam L, de Haan L, Cahn W, Wiersma D, van Beveren N, Pijnenborg GHM, Mulder CL, Bruggeman R, Aleman A. Insight change in psychosis: relationship with neurocognition, social cognition, clinical symptoms and phase of illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 129:126-33. [PMID: 23600752 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired insight is an important and prevalent symptom of psychosis. It remains unclear whether cognitive disturbances hamper improvements in insight. We investigated the neurocognitive, social cognitive, and clinical correlates of changes in insight. METHOD One hundred and fifty-four patients with a psychotic disorder were assessed at baseline (T0 ) and after three years (T3 ) with the Birchwood Insight Scale, the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale, measures of neurocognition and social cognition. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine to what extend neurocognition, social cognition, clinical symptoms and phase of illness could uniquely predict insight change. Subsequently, changes in these factors were related to insight change. RESULTS Better neurocognitive performance and fewer clinical symptoms at baseline explained insight improvements. The additional effect of clinical symptoms over and above the contribution of neurocognition was significant. Together, these factors explained 10% of the variance. Social cognition and phase of illness could not predict insight change. Changes in clinical symptoms, but not changes in neurocognitive performance were associated with insight change. CONCLUSION Neurocognitive abilities may predict, in part, the development of insight in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Quee
- Department of Psychiatry & Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands
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Pijnenborg GHM, Spikman JM, Jeronimus BF, Aleman A. Insight in schizophrenia: associations with empathy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:299-307. [PMID: 23076736 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many people with schizophrenia (50-80%) demonstrate impaired insight, something which has been associated with a poorer outcome. Two types of empathy can be distinguished: affective empathy via shared emotions and cognitive empathy, also referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM can be subdivided into cognitive ToM (knowledge about beliefs of other people via perspective taking) and affective ToM (knowledge about other people's emotions via perspective taking). Recent studies show a relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and insight. However, the relationship between affective empathy and insight in schizophrenia was not examined previously. This was the aim of the present study. We expected that affective empathy would show a stronger relationship with insight than both cognitive and affective ToM. We assessed forty-six patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and fifty-three healthy controls were assessed with a test battery consisting of tests of social cognition (a self-rating scale for affective empathy, a ToM task assessing both cognitive and affective ToM, and two tests of emotion perception), verbal memory, executive functioning, psychomotor speed, and intelligence. Insight was assessed with item G12 of the PANSS-interview. A regression equation showed that affective empathy made the strongest unique contribution to insight, followed closely by affective ToM. Together, they explained 45% of the variance in insight. None of the other independent variables made a unique contribution to the prediction of insight. Both affective ToM and affective empathy are associated with insight in schizophrenia. Being able to take empathize with other peoples feeling at both the affective and cognitive level may enhance insight in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA Assen, The Netherlands.
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Pijnenborg GHM, Van der Gaag M, Bockting CLH, Van der Meer L, Aleman A. REFLEX, a social-cognitive group treatment to improve insight in schizophrenia: study protocol of a multi-center RCT. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:161. [PMID: 21975132 PMCID: PMC3222612 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insight is impaired in a majority of people with schizophrenia. Impaired insight is associated with poorer outcomes of the disorder. Based on existing literature, we developed a model that explains which processes may possibly play a role in impaired insight. This model was the starting point of the development of REFLEX: a brief psychosocial intervention to improve insight in schizophrenia. REFLEX is a 12-sessions group training, consisting of three modules of four sessions each. Modules in this intervention are: "coping with stigma", "you and your personal narrative", and "you in the present". METHODS/DESIGN REFLEX is currently evaluated in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Eight mental health institutions in the Netherlands participate in this evaluation. Patients are randomly assigned to either REFLEX or an active control condition, existing of cognitive remediation exercises in a group. In a subgroup of patients, fMRI scans are made before and after training in order to assess potential haemodynamic changes associated with the effects of the training. DISCUSSION REFLEX is one of the few interventions aiming specifically to improving insight in schizophrenia and has potential value for improving insight. Targeting insight in schizophrenia is a complex task, that comes with several methodological issues. These issues are addressed in the discussion of this paper. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN50247539.
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Affiliation(s)
- GHM Pijnenborg
- Dept. of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404 LA, Assen, the Netherlands
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Van der Gaag
- VU University and EMGO+ Institute of Health and Care Research, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Prinsegracht 63, 2512 EX The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Claudi LH Bockting
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette Van der Meer
- Lentis, Center for Mental Healthcare, Department of Longterm Rehabilitation, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Pijnenborg GHM, Withaar FK, Brouwer WH, Timmerman ME, van den Bosch RJ, Evans JJ. The efficacy of SMS text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Br J Clin Psychol 2009; 49:259-74. [PMID: 19735607 DOI: 10.1348/014466509x467828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many people with schizophrenia have severe cognitive impairments that hamper their activities. The effect of pharmacological and behavioural interventions on cognitive functioning has been demonstrated, but even after successful intervention considerable impairments can remain. Therefore, we sought for alternative ways to help patients cope with the effects of their cognitive impairments. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of short message service (SMS) text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia in daily life. DESIGN A waiting list controlled trial was conducted: patients were quasi-randomly assigned to an A-B-A (baseline-intervention-follow-up) condition or an A-A-B-A condition that included an additional 7-week waiting list. The waiting list was included to control for the effect of time on relevant outcome. METHOD Sixty-two people with schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders were included in the study. All patients showed impaired goal-directed behaviour in daily life-situations. Patients were prompted with SMS text messages to improve their everyday functioning. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of goals achieved. RESULTS The overall percentage of goals achieved increased with prompting, while performance dropped to baseline level after withdrawing the prompts. Keeping appointments with mental health workers and carrying out leisure activities increased with prompting, while medication adherence and attendance at training sessions remained unchanged. A majority of the patients enjoyed receiving the SMS text messages. DISCUSSION Prompting can significantly improve achievement of a number of relevant goals. For other goals, combining prompting with interventions that enhance motivation seems indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This paper aims to report on the perception of emotional prosody in schizophrenia and to discuss its relationship with performance on neurocognitive measures. It consists of a comparison of 20 clinically stable schizophrenia patients with 20 healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients were impaired in emotional prosody perception, in particular in the perception of negative emotions. This impairment could not be explained on the basis of task difficulty or a general impairment in the decoding of speech intonation. Emotional prosody perception correlated moderately strongly with neurocognitive measures. We did not find a negative bias in the perception of emotional prosody.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
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Pijnenborg GHM, van Beilen M, Arends J, Holthausen EAE, Withaar FK. Disturbed cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms: two independent problem areas in schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2003; 15:280-3. [PMID: 26983657 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research findings on the relationship between cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results. Although several models were postulated linking cognition and symptoms, the most recent studies point in the direction of cognition and symptoms being relatively independent disease processes. OBJECTIVE The hypothesis that cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms are independent disease processes was tested. METHODS The relationship between cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms was examined in a large sample of 100 schizophrenia patients. RESULTS The hypothesis was largely confirmed. CONCLUSION No convincing evidence was found that symptoms and cognition were related.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M van Beilen
- 1Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen
| | - J Arends
- 1Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen
| | - E A E Holthausen
- 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F K Withaar
- 1Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Assen
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