1
|
Tuovinen N, Hofer A. Resting-state functional MRI in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1127508. [PMID: 37554635 PMCID: PMC10406237 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) may present insight into individual clinical symptoms. Specifically, functional connectivity irregularities may provide potential biomarkers for treatment response or treatment resistance, as such changes can occur before any structural changes are visible. We reviewed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) findings from the last decade to provide an overview of the current knowledge on brain functional connectivity abnormalities and their associations to symptoms in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and ultra-treatment-resistant schizophrenia (UTRS) and to look for support for the dysconnection hypothesis. METHODS PubMed database was searched for articles published in the last 10 years applying rs-fMRI in TRS patients, i.e., who had not responded to at least two adequate treatment trials with different antipsychotic drugs. RESULTS Eighteen articles were selected for this review involving 648 participants (TRS and control cohorts). The studies showed frontal hypoconnectivity before the initiation of treatment with CLZ or riluzole, an increase in frontal connectivity after riluzole treatment, fronto-temporal hypoconnectivity that may be specific for non-responders, widespread abnormal connectivity during mixed treatments, and ECT-induced effects on the limbic system. CONCLUSION Probably due to the heterogeneity in the patient cohorts concerning antipsychotic treatment and other clinical variables (e.g., treatment response, lifetime antipsychotic drug exposure, duration of illness, treatment adherence), widespread abnormalities in connectivity were noted. However, irregularities in frontal brain regions, especially in the prefrontal cortex, were noted which are consistent with previous SCZ literature and the dysconnectivity hypothesis. There were major limitations, as most studies did not differentiate between TRS and UTRS (i.e., CLZ-resistant schizophrenia) and investigated heterogeneous cohorts treated with mixed treatments (with or without CLZ). This is critical as in different subtypes of the disorder an interplay between dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways involving frontal, striatal, and hippocampal brain regions in separate ways is likely. Better definitions of TRS and UTRS are necessary in future longitudinal studies to correctly differentiate brain regions underlying the pathophysiology of SCZ, which could serve as potential functional biomarkers for treatment resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noora Tuovinen
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grey matter covariation and the role of emotion reappraisal in mental wellbeing and resilience after early life stress exposure. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:85. [PMID: 35220403 PMCID: PMC8882193 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience is a process of adaptive recovery crucial in maintaining mental wellbeing after stress exposure. A psychological factor known to buffer stress and promote positive wellbeing outcomes is the ability to regulate emotions. However, the neural networks underlying resilience, and the possible mediating role of emotion regulation, remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the association between resilience and grey matter covariation (GMC) in healthy adults with and without early life stress (ELS) exposure, and whether emotion regulation mediated this brain-resilience association. Source-based morphometry was used to identify spatial patterns of common GMC in 242 healthy participants. Wellbeing was measured using the COMPAS-W Wellbeing Scale. Linear mixed models were run to establish associations between GMC and wellbeing scores. Moderated mediation models were used to examine a conditional mediating effect of emotion regulation on the brain-wellbeing relationship, moderated by ELS exposure. Distinct ELS-related morphometric patterns were found in association with resilience. In participants without ELS exposure, decreased GMC in the temporo-parietal regions was associated with wellbeing. In participants with ELS exposure, we observed increased patterns of covariation in regions related to the salience and executive control networks, and decreased GMC in temporo-parietal areas, which were associated with resilience. Cognitive reappraisal mediated the brain-wellbeing relationship in ELS-exposed participants only. Patterns of stronger GMC in regions associated with emotional and cognitive functioning in ELS-exposed participants with high levels of wellbeing may indicate possible neural signatures of resilience. This may be further heightened by utilising an adaptive form of emotion regulation.
Collapse
|
3
|
MRI-Based Markers of Changes in the Supragranular Cortical Layer in Individuals at Clinically High Risk of Endogenous Psychosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:483-488. [PMID: 34553301 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed morphometric MRI parameters indirectly attesting to structural changes in the supragranular layer in 33 non-converted individuals at clinical high risk for endogenous psychosis (follow-up period of 6.7±0.6 years) and in 34 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. In the group of clinical high-risk individuals, changes indicative of potential predominance of supragranular thinning in comparison with a decrease of infragranular cortical layer thickness were revealed. The results are discussed in the context of the concepts of resilience and risk markers of developing endogenous psychosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ge Y, Hare S, Chen G, Waltz JA, Kochunov P, Elliot Hong L, Chen S. Bayes estimate of primary threshold in clusterwise functional magnetic resonance imaging inferences. Stat Med 2021; 40:5673-5689. [PMID: 34309050 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clusterwise statistical inference is the most widely used technique for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analyses. Clusterwise statistical inference consists of two steps: (i) primary thresholding that excludes less significant voxels by a prespecified cut-off (eg, p < . 001 ); and (ii) clusterwise thresholding that controls the familywise error rate caused by clusters consisting of false positive suprathreshold voxels. The selection of the primary threshold is critical because it determines both statistical power and false discovery rate (FDR). However, in most existing statistical packages, the primary threshold is selected based on prior knowledge (eg, p < . 001 ) without taking into account the information in the data. In this article, we propose a data-driven approach to algorithmically select the optimal primary threshold based on an empirical Bayes framework. We evaluate the proposed model using extensive simulation studies and real fMRI data. In the simulation, we show that our method can effectively increase statistical power by 20% to over 100% while effectively controlling the FDR. We then investigate the brain response to the dose-effect of chlorpromazine in patients with schizophrenia by analyzing fMRI scans and generate consistent results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Ge
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James A Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vargas T, Damme KSF, Ered A, Capizzi R, Frosch I, Ellman LM, Mittal VA. Neuroimaging Markers of Resiliency in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Qualitative Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:166-177. [PMID: 32788085 PMCID: PMC7725930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are highly debilitating and constitute a major public health burden. Identifying markers of psychosis risk and resilience is a necessary step toward understanding etiology and informing prevention and treatment efforts in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. In this context, it is important to consider that neural risk markers have been particularly useful in identifying mechanistic determinants along with predicting clinical outcomes. Notably, despite a growing body of supportive literature and the promise of recent findings identifying potential neural markers, the current work on CHR resilience markers has received little attention. The present review provides a brief overview of brain-based risk markers with a focus on predicting symptom course. Next, the review turns to protective markers, examining research from nonpsychiatric and schizophrenia fields to build an understanding of framing, priorities, and potential, applying these ideas to contextualizing a small but informative body of resiliency-relevant CHR research. Four domains (neurocognition, emotion regulation, allostatic load, and sensory and sensorimotor function) were identified and are discussed in terms of behavioral and neural markers. Taken together, the literature suggests significant predictive value for brain-based markers for individuals at CHR for psychosis, and the limited but compelling resiliency work highlights the critical importance of expanding this promising area of inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
| | | | - Arielle Ered
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Riley Capizzi
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle Frosch
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei Q, Zhao L, Zou Y, Wang J, Qiu Y, Niu M, Kang Z, Liu X, Tang Y, Li C, Zhang J, Fan X, Huang R, Han Z. The role of altered brain structural connectivity in resilience, vulnerability, and disease expression to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109917. [PMID: 32169560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly heritable disorder associated with brain connectivity changes. Although the mechanism of disease expression and vulnerability of SCZ have been reported by previous studies, the mechanism of resilience to SCZ based on the brain structural connectivity is poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to identify the structural brain connectivity related with the resilience to SCZ, which is defined here as the capacity to avoid or delay the onset of SCZ in unaffected siblings of SCZ probands. METHOD We collected diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data of 49 medication-naive, first-episode SCZ (FE-SCZ) patients, 56 unaffected siblings of SCZ probands (SIB-SCZ), and 90 healthy controls. Then we used graph theoretical approach to calculate the topological properties of the brain structural network, including global, subnetwork, and regional parameters. Finally, we compared the parameters between the three groups, and identified the brain structural network related to the resilience, vulnerability and disease expression to SCZ. RESULTS With respect to resilience, only the SIB-SCZ showed significantly increased connectivity in the subnetworks of the left cuneus-precuneus and left posterior cingulate gyrus-precuneus, and in brain areas of right supramarginal gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus. With respect to vulnerability, both the FE-SCZ and SIB-SCZ had decreased cluster coefficients and local efficiency, and decreased nodal efficiency in the right medial superior frontal gyrus and right medial orbital superior frontal gyrus compared with the healthy controls. With respect to disease expression, only the FE-SCZ group showed decreased or increased global, subnetwork, and nodal connectivity in broader brain regions compared with the healthy controls. CONCLUSION Difference in the topological properties of brain structural connectivity not only reflect the underlying mechanism of vulnerability but also that of resilience to schizophrenia. Alteration in the brain structural connectivity associating with resilience and disease expression may contribute to the onset of SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinling Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjing Wang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meiqi Niu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanxia Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Yiyang Central Hospital,118 Kangfu Road,Yiyang, Hunan Province 413000, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinbei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, One Biotech, Suite 100, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zili Han
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo S, He N, Liu Z, Linli Z, Tao H, Palaniyappan L. Brain-Wide Functional Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia: Parsing Diathesis, Resilience, and the Effects of Clinical Expression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2020; 65:21-29. [PMID: 31775531 PMCID: PMC6966251 DOI: 10.1177/0706743719890174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional dysconnectivity observed from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in schizophrenia is also seen in unaffected siblings indicating its association with the genetic diathesis. We intended to apportion resting-state dysconnectivity into components that represent genetic diathesis, clinical expression or treatment effect, and resilience. METHODS fMRI data were acquired from 28 schizophrenia patients, 28 unaffected siblings, and 60 healthy controls. Based on Dosenbach's atlas, we extracted time series of 160 regions of interest. After constructing functional network, we investigated between-group differences in strength and diversity of functional connectivity and topological properties of undirected graphs. RESULTS Using analysis of variance, we found 88 dysconnectivities. Post hoc t tests revealed that 62.5% were associated with genetic diathesis and 21.6% were associated with clinical expression. Topologically, we observed increased degree, clustering coefficient, and global efficiency in the sibling group compared to both patients and controls. CONCLUSION A large portion of the resting-state functional dysconnectivity seen in patients represents a genetic diathesis effect. The most prominent network-level disruption is the dysconnectivity among nodes of the default mode and salience networks. Despite their predisposition, unaffected siblings show a pattern of resilience in the emergent connectomic topology. Our findings could potentially help refine imaging genetics approaches currently used in the pursuit of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuixia Guo
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning He
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqiang Linli
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojuan Tao
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chan NK, Kim J, Shah P, Brown EE, Plitman E, Carravaggio F, Iwata Y, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Resting-state functional connectivity in treatment response and resistance in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophr Res 2019; 211:10-20. [PMID: 31331784 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and treatment-responsive schizophrenia may exhibit distinct pathophysiology. Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have used resting-state functional connectivity analyses (rs-FC) in TRS patients to identify markers of treatment resistance. However, to date, existing findings have not been systematically evaluated. METHODS A systematic literature search using Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ProQuest, PUBMED, and Scopus was performed. The query sought fMRI articles investigating rs-FC in treatment response or resistance in patients with schizophrenia. Only studies that examined treatment response, operationalized as the explicit categorization of patients by their response to antipsychotic medication, were considered eligible. Pairwise comparisons between patient groups and controls were extracted from each study. RESULTS The search query identified 159 records. Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Five studies examined not TRS (NTRS), and 8 studies examined TRS. Differences in rs-FC analysis methodology precluded direct comparisons between studies. However, disruptions in areas involved in visual and auditory information processing were implicated in both patients with TRS and NTRS. Changes in connectivity with sensorimotor network areas tended to appear in the context of TRS but not NTRS. Moreover, there was some indication that this connectivity could be affected by clozapine. CONCLUSIONS Functional connectivity may provide clinically meaningful biomarkers of treatment response and resistance in schizophrenia. Studies generally identified similar areas of disruption, though methodological differences largely precluded direct comparison between disruption effects. Implementing data sharing as standard practice will allow future reviews and meta-analyses to identify rs-FC correlates of TRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Chan
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Kim
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parita Shah
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric E Brown
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Carravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Muthuraman M, Chirumamilla VC, Vogt J, Groppa S. Brain Networks Reorganization During Maturation and Healthy Aging-Emphases for Resilience. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:601. [PMID: 30519196 PMCID: PMC6258799 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation and aging are important life periods that are linked to drastic brain reorganization processes which are essential for mental health. However, the development of generalized theories for delimiting physiological and pathological brain remodeling through life periods linked to healthy states and resilience on one side or mental dysfunction on the other remains a challenge. Furthermore, important processes of preservation and compensation of brain function occur continuously in the cerebral brain networks and drive physiological responses to life events. Here, we review research on brain reorganization processes across the lifespan, demonstrating brain circuits remodeling at the structural and functional level that support mental health and are parallelized by physiological trajectories during maturation and healthy aging. We show evidence that aberrations leading to mental disorders result from the specific alterations of cerebral networks and their pathological dynamics leading to distinct excitability patterns. We discuss how these series of large-scale responses of brain circuits can be viewed as protective or malfunctioning mechanisms for the maintenance of mental health and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Venkata C. Chirumamilla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Not just risk: there is also resilience and we should understand its neurobiological basis. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:293-294. [PMID: 28826999 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|