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Norton B, Sheen J, Burns L, Enticott PG, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Kirkovski M. Overlap of eating disorders and neurodivergence: the role of inhibitory control. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:454. [PMID: 38890597 PMCID: PMC11186180 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties with inhibitory control have been identified in eating disorders (EDs) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs; including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder), and there appear to be parallels between the expression of these impairments. It is theorised that impairments in inhibitory control within NDs may represent a unique vulnerability for eating disorders (EDs), and this same mechanism may contribute to poorer treatment outcomes. This review seeks to determine the state of the literature concerning the role of inhibitory control in the overlap of EDs and neurodivergence. METHOD A scoping review was conducted to summarise extant research, and to identify gaps in the existing knowledge base. Scopus, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, and ProQuest were systematically searched. Studies were included if the study measured traits of ADHD or autism, and symptoms of ED, and required participants to complete a performance task measure of inhibitory control. Where studies included a cohort with both an ND and ED, these results had to be reported separately from cohorts with a singular diagnosis. Studies were required to be published in English, within the last 10 years. RESULTS No studies explored the relationship between autism and EDs using behavioural measures of inhibitory control. Four studies exploring the relationship between ADHD and EDs using behavioural measures of inhibitory control met selection criteria. These studies showed a multifaceted relationship between these conditions, with differences emerging between domains of inhibitory control. ADHD symptoms predicted poorer performance on measures of response inhibition in a non-clinical sample; this was not replicated in clinical samples, nor was there a significant association with EDs. Both ADHD and ED symptoms are associated with poor performance on attentional control measures; where these diagnoses were combined, performance was worse than for those with a singular diagnosis of ADHD. This was not replicated when compared to those with only ED diagnoses. CONCLUSION Impairments in attentional control may represent a unique vulnerability for the development of an ED and contribute to poor treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the role of inhibitory control in EDs, ADHD and autism, including the use of both self-report and behavioural measures to capture the domains of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Norton
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Jade Sheen
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewis Burns
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Melissa Kirkovski
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Griggs MA, Parr B, Vandegrift NS, Jelsone-Swain L. The effect of acute exercise on attentional control and theta power in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2509-2520. [PMID: 37670008 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has a profound impact on one's health, and it is becoming increasingly accepted that exercise also benefits cognitive functioning. Yet, the neural mechanism for which cognitive enhancement occurs is less understood. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to experimentally test whether an acute exercise activity was able to increase theta power and behavioral performance during an executive functioning attentional control task. Participants were randomly assigned to either a stationary-bike exercise or a resting control condition. Thereafter, they completed the Eriksen flanker task, and most participants completed this while EEG data were recorded. From the flanker task data, we demonstrated an interaction effect from both accuracy and reaction time measurements. Importantly, the exercise group was more accurate than the control group in incongruent trials. From the EEG data, theta power was overall higher in the exercise group, especially during the congruent trials, compared to controls. Our results add to the limited but growing body of research that suggests acute exercise produces a general increase in theta power, which in turn may play a role in enhancing cognitive performance. These results, combined with previous research, could have widespread implications in multiple settings such as in the investigation of a biomarker of physical fitness, neurorehabilitation, and in education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Griggs
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Aiken, 471 University Pkwy, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA
| | - Brian Parr
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Aiken, 471 University Pkwy, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA
| | - Nathan S Vandegrift
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Aiken, 471 University Pkwy, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA
| | - Laura Jelsone-Swain
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Aiken, 471 University Pkwy, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA.
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3
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Davis MC, Hill AT, Fitzgerald PB, Bailey NW, Stout JC, Hoy KE. Neurophysiological correlates of non-motor symptoms in late premanifest and early-stage manifest huntington's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 153:166-176. [PMID: 37506604 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find sensitive neurophysiological correlates of non-motor symptoms in Huntington's disease (HD), which are essential for the development and assessment of novel treatments. METHODS We used resting state EEG to examine differences in oscillatory activity (analysing the isolated periodic as well as the complete EEG signal) and functional connectivity in 22 late premanifest and early stage people with HD and 20 neurotypical controls. We then assessed the correlations between these neurophysiological markers and clinical measures of apathy and processing speed. RESULTS Significantly lower theta and greater delta resting state power was seen in the HD group, as well as significantly greater delta connectivity. There was a significant positive correlation between theta power and processing speed, however there were no associations between the neurophysiological and apathy measures. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that these changes in oscillatory power and connectivity reflect ongoing, frontally concentrated degenerative and compensatory processes associated with HD. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings support the potential utility of quantitative EEG as a proximate marker of processing speed, but not apathy in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Davis
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Statewide Progressive Neurological Disease Service, Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Neil W Bailey
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Monarch Research Institute Monarch Mental Health Group, 225 Clarence Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Julie C Stout
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Bionics Institute of Australia, 384-388 Albert St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
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4
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Tavares VDDO, Rossell SL, Schuch FB, Herring M, Menezes de Sousa G, Galvão-Coelho NL, Hallgren M. Effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in adults with serious mental illness: A meta analytic review. Psychiatry Res 2023; 321:115081. [PMID: 36780866 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive performance is usually impaired in those with serious mental illness (SMI). Exercise may improve cognitive functioning, but studies examining the effects of exercise in SMI indicate heterogenous findings. To estimate the effects of exercise on cognitive outcomes in people with SMI. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the acute or chronic effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in SMI were searched from inception to December 26th, 2022 on major electronic databases. Random effect meta-analyses were conducted to assess the effects of exercise on over the cognitive domains and Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the effect size measure. Funnel plots and Egger's test of effect size and the Trim and Fill procedure applied if evidence of publication bias was noted. Methodological quality was assessed using RoB 2. A total of 15 chronic (1 acute), 936 participants (46.7% women). Exercise showed large effects on reasoning and problem solving; small effects on executive functioning. Per diagnosis, exercise showed moderate positive effects on executive functioning and large effects on processing speed in people with depression; large effects on reasoning and problem solving in people with schizophrenia. The present study indicates a large beneficial effect of chronic physical exercise on reasoning and problem solving and small effects on executive functioning in people with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Deuel de O Tavares
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Susan L Rossell
- School of Health Sciences, Center for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felipe B Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Matthew Herring
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Geovan Menezes de Sousa
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Mats Hallgren
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Robledo-Castro C, Castillo-Ossa LF, Corchado JM. Artificial Cognitive Systems Applied in Executive Function Stimulation and Rehabilitation Programs: A Systematic Review. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022; 48:2399-2427. [PMID: 36185593 PMCID: PMC9516512 DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic review of studies on cognitive training programs based on artificial cognitive systems and digital technologies and their effect on executive functions. The aim has been to identify which populations have been studied, the characteristics of the implemented programs, the types of implemented cognitive systems and digital technologies, the evaluated executive functions, and the key findings of these studies. The review has been carried out following the PRISMA protocol; five databases have been selected from which 1889 records were extracted. The articles were filtered following established criteria, to give a final selection of 264 articles that have been used for the purposes of this study in the analysis phase. The findings showed that the most studied populations were school-age children and the elderly. The most studied executive functions were working memory and attentional processes, followed by inhibitory control and processing speed. Many programs were commercial, customizable, gamified, and based on classic tasks. Some more recent initiatives have begun to incorporate user-machine interfaces, robotics, and virtual reality, although studies on their effects remain scarce. The studies recognize multiple benefits of computerized neuropsychological stimulation and rehabilitation programs for executive functions in different age groups, but there is a lack of studies in specific population sectors and with more rigorous research designs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13369-022-07292-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Robledo-Castro
- Currículo, Universidad y Sociedad Research Group, Universidad del Tolima, Calle 42 1-02, 730006299 Ibagué, Colombia
- Ingeniería del Software Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua Estación del Ferrocarril, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Castillo-Ossa
- Ingeniería del Software Research Group, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Antigua Estación del Ferrocarril, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
- Inteligencia Artificial Research Group, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 26-10, 170002 Manizales, Colombia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Indutrial, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, 170001 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juan M. Corchado
- BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub, 37188 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Electronics, Information and Communication, Osaka Institute of Technology, 535-8585 Osaka, Japan
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6
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Borgnis F, Baglio F, Pedroli E, Rossetto F, Riva G, Cipresso P. A Simple and Effective Way to Study Executive Functions by Using 360° Videos. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:622095. [PMID: 33912001 PMCID: PMC8072005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.622095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive dysfunctions constitute a significant public health problem due to their high impact on everyday life and personal independence. Therefore, the identification of early strategies to assess and rehabilitate these impairments appears to be a priority. The ecological limitations of traditional neuropsychological tests and the numerous difficulties in administering tests in real-life scenarios have led to the increasing use of virtual reality (VR) and 360° environment-based tools for assessing executive functions (EFs) in real life. This perspective aims at proposing the development and implementation of Executive-functions Innovative Tool 360° (EXIT 360°), an innovative, enjoyable, and ecologically valid tool for a multidimensional and multicomponent evaluation of executive dysfunctions. EXIT 360° allows a complete and integrated executive functioning assessment through an original task for EFs delivered via a mobile-powered VR headset combined with eye tracker (ET) and electroencephalograms (EEG). Our tool is born as a 360°-based instrument, easily accessible and clinically usable, that will radically transform clinicians’ and patient’s assessment experience. In EXIT 360°, patients are engaged in a “game for health,” where they must perform everyday subtasks in 360° daily life environments. In this way, the clinicians can obtain quickly more ecologically valid information about several aspects of EFs (e.g., planning, problem-solving). Moreover, the multimodal approach allows completing the assessment of EFs by integrating verbal responses, reaction times, and physiological data (eye movements and brain activation). Overall, EXIT 360° will allow obtaining simultaneously and in real time more information about executive dysfunction and its impact in real life, allowing clinicians to tailor the rehabilitation to the subject’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgnis
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy.,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
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7
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Thérond A, Pezzoli P, Abbas M, Howard A, Bowie CR, Guimond S. The Efficacy of Cognitive Remediation in Depression: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 284:238-246. [PMID: 33631438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with major depressive disorder often experience cognitive deficits. Cognitive remediation (CR) is an intervention aimed at improving cognition in psychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy on global and specific domains of cognition in adults with depression requires systematic investigation. Further, given individual differences in treatment outcome, moderators of CR effects in depression need to be identified. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published controlled trials of CR in adults with depression. We analyzed results from eight studies to estimate the efficacy of CR on global cognition and on six cognitive domains. We also examined three potential moderators, namely session format (individual vs. group), treatment duration, and participants' age. RESULTS CR was found to improve global cognition (g = 0.44), verbal memory (g = 0.60), attention/processing speed (g = 0.41), working memory (g = 0.35), and executive functioning (g = 0.30). No significant improvements emerged for visuospatial memory and verbal fluency. Furthermore, no significant moderating effect of participant's age, session duration or session format were observed. LIMITATIONS Conclusions are limited by the small number of studies, the heterogeneity in cognitive measures, and the lack of indicators of everyday functioning. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis supports the use of CR in improving global cognition in adults with major depressive disorder with a moderate effect size and this efficacy varies between cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Thérond
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrizia Pezzoli
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Abbas
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Counselling, Psychotherapy and Spirituality, Saint-Paul University, 223 Main Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Howard
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R Bowie
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Synthia Guimond
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave E, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Département de psychoéducation et psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada.
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8
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Le TP, Lucas HD, Schwartz EK, Mitchell KR, Cohen AS. Frontal alpha asymmetry in schizotypy: electrophysiological evidence for motivational dysfunction. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:371-386. [PMID: 32873177 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1813096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Schizotypy is defined as personality traits reflecting an underlying risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. As yet, there is a dearth of suitable objective markers for measuring schizotypy. Frontal alpha asymmetry, characterised by reduced left versus right frontal region activity, reflects trait-like diminished approach-related systems and has been found in schizophrenia. Methods: The present study used electroencephalography (EEG) recorded on a consumer-grade mobile headset to examine asymmetric resting-state frontal alpha, beta, and gamma power within the multidimensional schizotypy (e.g. positive, negative, disorganised) during a three-minute "eyes closed" resting period in college undergraduates (n=49). Results: Findings suggest that schizotypy was exclusively related to reduced left versus right-lateralised power in the alpha frequency (8.1-12.9 Hz., R2= .16). Follow-up analysis suggested that positive schizotypy was uniquely associated with increased right alpha activity, indicating increased withdrawal motivation. Conclusions: Frontal asymmetry is a possible ecologically valid objective marker for schizotypy that may be detectable using easily accessible, consumer-grade technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh P Le
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Heather D Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elana K Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kyle R Mitchell
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Clementz BA, Trotti RL, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Gershon ES, Keedy SK, Ivleva EI, McDowell JE, Tamminga CA. Testing Psychosis Phenotypes From Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes for Clinical Application: Biotype Characteristics and Targets. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:808-818. [PMID: 32600898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatry aspires to the molecular understanding of its disorders and, with that knowledge, to precision medicine. Research supporting such goals in the dimension of psychosis has been compromised, in part, by using phenomenology alone to estimate disease entities. To this end, we are proponents of a deep phenotyping approach in psychosis, using computational strategies to discover the most informative phenotypic fingerprint as a promising strategy to uncover mechanisms in psychosis. METHODS Doing this, the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) has used biomarkers to identify distinct subtypes of psychosis with replicable biomarker characteristics. While we have presented these entities as relevant, their potential utility in clinical practice has not yet been demonstrated. RESULTS Here we carried out an analysis of clinical features that characterize biotypes. We found that biotypes have unique and defining clinical characteristics that could be used as initial screens in the clinical and research settings. Differences in these clinical features appear to be consistent with biotype biomarker profiles, indicating a link between biological features and clinical presentation. Clinical features associated with biotypes differ from those associated with DSM diagnoses, indicating that biotypes and DSM syndromes are not redundant and are likely to yield different treatment predictions. We highlight 3 predictions based on biotype that are derived from individual biomarker features and cannot be obtained from DSM psychosis syndromes. CONCLUSIONS In the future, biotypes may prove to be useful for targeting distinct molecular, circuit, cognitive, and psychosocial therapies for improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rebekah L Trotti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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10
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García-Galant M, Blasco M, Reid L, Pannek K, Leiva D, Laporta-Hoyos O, Ballester-Plané J, Miralbell J, Caldú X, Alonso X, Toro-Tamargo E, Meléndez-Plumed M, Gimeno F, Coronas M, Soro-Camats E, Boyd R, Pueyo R. Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial of home-based computerized executive function training for children with cerebral palsy. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 31910803 PMCID: PMC6945450 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is frequently associated with specific cognitive impairments, such as executive dysfunction which are related to participation and quality of life (QOL). The proposed study will examine whether a computerized executive function (EF) training programme could provide superior benefits for executive functioning, participation, QOL and brain plasticity, as compared to usual care. METHODS A single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) design will be performed. Thirty children with CP aged 8 to 12 years will participate in a home-based computerized multi-modal executive training programme (12 weeks, 5 days a week, 30 min a day training, total dose = 30 h). Thirty children with CP matched by age, sex, motor and intelligence quotient (IQ) will compose the waitlist group. Cognitive, behavioural, emotional, participation and QOL measures will be obtained at three time points: before, immediately after and 9 months after completing the training. Additionally, structural and functional (resting state) magnetic resonance images (MRI) will be obtained in a subsample of 15 children from each group. Outcomes between groups will be compared following standard principles for RCTs. DISCUSSION The study will test whether the cognitive training programme exerts a positive effect not only on neuropsychological and daily functioning of children with CP but also on other measures such as participation and QOL. We will also use brain MRI to test brain functional and structural changes after the intervention. If this on-line and home-based training programme proves effective, it could be a cost-effective intervention with short- and long-term effects on EF, participation or QOL in CP. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04025749. Registered 19 July 2019. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Galant
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Montse Blasco
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Lee Reid
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brockway 65, Brisbane, 6014, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerstin Pannek
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brockway 65, Brisbane, 6014, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Graham 62, Brisbane, 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Leiva
- Departament de Psicologia Social i Psicologia Quantitativa, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Olga Laporta-Hoyos
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Júlia Ballester-Plané
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Júlia Miralbell
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Xavi Caldú
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Xènia Alonso
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Esther Toro-Tamargo
- Servei de Rehabilitació i Medicina Física, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Mar Meléndez-Plumed
- Servei de Rehabilitació i Medicina Física, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Francisca Gimeno
- Serveis de Rehabilitació, Associació de la Paràlisi Cerebral (ASPACE), Camí Tres Pins 31-35, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Marc Coronas
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament i Psicologia de l'Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Unitat de Tècniques Augmentatives de Comunicació (UTAC), Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Emili Soro-Camats
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament i Psicologia de l'Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Unitat de Tècniques Augmentatives de Comunicació (UTAC), Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Roslyn Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Graham 62, Brisbane, 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roser Pueyo
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, Barcelona, 08950, Spain.
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11
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Liu T, Zhang J, Dong X, Li Z, Shi X, Tong Y, Yang R, Wu J, Wang C, Yan T. Occipital Alpha Connectivity During Resting-State Electroencephalography in Patients With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis and Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:553. [PMID: 31474882 PMCID: PMC6706463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients always show cognitive impairment, which is proved to be related to hypo-connectivity or hyper-connectivity. Further, individuals with an ultra-high risk for psychosis also show abnormal functional connectivity-related cognitive impairment, especially in the alpha rhythm. Thus, the identification of functional networks is essential to our understanding of the disorder. We investigated the resting-state functional connectivity of the alpha rhythm measured by electroencephalography (EEG) to reveal the relation between functional network and clinical symptoms. The participants included 28 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 28 individuals with ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR), and 28 healthy controls (HC). After the professional clinical symptoms evaluation, all the participants were instructed to keep eyes closed for 3-min resting-state EEG recording. The 3-min EEG data were segmented into artefact-free epochs (the length was 3 s), and the functional connectivity of the alpha phase was estimated using the phase lag index (PLI), which measures the phase differences of EEG signals. The FES and UHR groups displayed increased resting-state PLI connectivity compared with the HC group [F(2,74) = 10.804, p < 0.001]. Significant increases in the global efficiency, the local efficiency, and the path length were found in the FES and UHR groups compared with those of the HC group. FES and UHR showed an increased degree of connectivity compared with HC. The degree of the left occipital lobe area was higher in the UHR group than in the FES group. The hypothesis of disconnection is confirmed. Furthermore, differences between the UHR and FES group were found, which is valuable for producing clinical significance before the onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhucheng Li
- College of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Tong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruobing Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Kenny RPW, Eaves DL, Martin D, Behmer LP, Dixon J. The Effects of Textured Insoles on Cortical Activity and Quiet Bipedal Standing With and Without Vision: An EEG Study. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:489-501. [PMID: 31379265 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1648237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Wearing textured insoles (TIs) can reduce static postural sway, but the neurophysiological mechanisms by which these changes occur are not well understood. To address this issue, cortical activity was investigated in this study using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from 19 scalp locations, in 15 healthy young adults (5 females; mean age = 27 ± 4.09 years) during quiet bipedal standing, under different insole conditions (textured versus smooth), with and without vision. Compared to smooth insoles (SIs), TIs significantly reduced postural sway in two measures; anterior-posterior range and standard deviation. In the EEG data, whole-head analyses showed cortical activity in the upper alpha power band was significantly reduced for textured compared to SIs. Exploratory analyses revealed this effect was significant both with and without vision, and was more pronounced over the parietal, compared to central regions, and over central compared to frontal regions. This trend was observed in low alpha and theta bands, but the effect of insole type was not significant. Textured insoles thus appear to affect not only balance outcomes but also cortical activity. The cortical activity adaptation may represent greater information becoming readily available at the cortical level, enhancing the representation of the body in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P W Kenny
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Daniel L Eaves
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Denis Martin
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - John Dixon
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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13
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Best MW, Milanovic M, Tran T, Leung P, Jackowich R, Gauvin S, Leibovitz T, Bowie CR. Motivation and engagement during cognitive training for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2019; 19:100151. [PMID: 31828022 PMCID: PMC6889769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2019.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Motivation and engagement are important factors associated with therapeutic outcomes in cognitive training for schizophrenia. The goals of the present report were to examine relations between objective treatment engagement (number of sessions attended, amount of homework completed) and self-reported motivation (intrinsic motivation and perceived competence to complete cognitive training) with neurocognitive and functional outcomes from cognitive training. Methods Data from a clinical trial comparing two cognitive training approaches in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were utilized in the current report (n = 38). Relations were examined between baseline intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, homework completion, and session attendance with improvements in neurocognition, functional competence, and community functioning. Results Number of sessions attended (r = 0.38) and time doing homework (r = 0.51) were significantly associated with improvements in neurocognition. Homework completion was associated with change in community functioning at a trend-level (r = 0.30). Older age was associated with greater treatment engagement (β = 0.37) and male biological sex was associated with greater self-reported motivation (β = 0.43). Homework completion significantly mediated the relationship between session attendance and neurocognitive treatment outcomes. Conclusions Objective measures of treatment engagement were better predictors of treatment outcomes than subjective measures of motivation. Homework completion was most strongly related to treatment outcomes and mediated the relationship between session attendance and treatment outcomes, suggesting continued engagement with cognitive stimulation may be an especially important component of cognitive remediation programs. Future research should examine methods to improve homework completion and session attendance to maximize therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher R. Bowie
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6 Kingston, ON, Canada.
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14
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Best MW, Milanovic M, Iftene F, Bowie CR. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Executive Functioning Training Compared With Perceptual Training for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Effects on Neurophysiology, Neurocognition, and Functioning. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:297-306. [PMID: 30845819 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive remediation is an efficacious treatment for schizophrenia. However, different theoretical approaches have developed without any studies to directly compare them. This is the first study to compare the two dominant approaches to cognitive remediation (training of executive skills and training of perceptual skills) and employed the broadest assessment battery in the literature to date. METHODS Outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were randomly assigned to receive either executive training or perceptual training. Electrophysiological activity, neurocognition, functional competence, case manager-rated community functioning, clinical symptoms, and self-report measures were assessed at baseline, immediately after treatment, and at a 12-week posttreatment follow-up assessment. RESULTS Perceptual training improved the EEG mismatch negativity significantly more than executive training immediately after treatment, although the effect did not persist at the 12-week follow-up. At the follow-up, executive training improved theta power during an n-back task, neurocognition, functional competence, and case manager-rated community functioning to a greater extent than perceptual training. These effects were not observed immediately after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both perceptual training and executive training improved neurophysiological mechanisms specific to their domains of intervention, although only executive training resulted in improvement in neurocognition and functioning. Improvements in favor of executive training did not appear immediately after treatment but emerged 12 weeks after the end of active treatment. Thus, short-term intervention targeting higher-order cognitive functions may prime further cognitive and functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Best
- From the Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Best, Milanovic, Bowie); and the Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Iftene)
| | - Melissa Milanovic
- From the Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Best, Milanovic, Bowie); and the Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Iftene)
| | - Felicia Iftene
- From the Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Best, Milanovic, Bowie); and the Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Iftene)
| | - Christopher R Bowie
- From the Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Best, Milanovic, Bowie); and the Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (Iftene)
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