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Palmer T, Kadri K, Fakra E, Scholl J, Fouragnan E. Differential relationship between meditation methods and psychotic-like and mystical experiences. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309357. [PMID: 39636885 PMCID: PMC11620446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Much work has investigated beneficial effects of mindfulness-based meditation methods, but less work has investigated potential risks and differences across meditation methods. We addressed this in a large pre-registered online survey including 613 mediators where we correlated participants' experience with fifty meditation techniques to psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and mystical experiences. We found a positive correlation for both PLEs and mystical experiences with techniques aiming at reducing phenomenological content ('null-directed', NDM) or classified as non-dual or less embodied. In contrast, methods aiming at achieving an enhanced cognitive state (CDM), also described as 'attentional' or strongly embodied, showed negative correlations with PLEs. Interestingly, participants' subjectively perceived that all types of meditation techniques were preventative of PLEs but less so for NDM. Participants differed in their reasons for meditating, broadly grouped into associated with spiritual exploration and associated with health. Participants who meditated for spiritual reasons were more likely to choose NDM techniques and more likely to experience PLEs. In contrast, participants who meditated for health-related reasons were more likely to choose CDM techniques. This study provides important information for meditators about the relationship of different techniques with PLEs and the moderating influences of individual traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Palmer
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Center, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kenza Kadri
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Center, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Fakra
- University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- PSYR2, CNRL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, Bron, France
| | - Jacqueline Scholl
- INSERM, CRNL U1028 UMR5292, PsyR2, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, BRON Cedex, France
- Oxford Centre of Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa Fouragnan
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Brain Research Imaging Center, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Johnstone S, Wong C, Pun C, Girard TA, Kim HS. Endorsement of psychotic-like experiences and problematic cannabis use associated with worse executive functioning performance in undergraduates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 254:111054. [PMID: 38091900 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging adults who endorse more positive psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; bizarre experiences, delusional ideations) may experience greater cannabis-related impairments in executive function. Negative and depressive PLEs are also associated with cannabis use, however, less is known about their relation to executive functioning. Here, we hypothesize that high positive PLEs and cannabis use are associated with worse performance on computerized versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Card Sorting Task (CST); exploratory analyses are conducted with negative and depressive PLEs. METHODS We recruited university students (N = 543) who completed an online study consisting of self-report measures of problematic cannabis use (Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test; CUDIT-R) and PLEs (Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences; CAPE). Of these, n=270 completed the CST and n=251 completed the IGT. RESULTS Problematic cannabis use and high endorsement of positive PLEs related to significantly worse performance on the IGT and greater perseverative errors on the CST. In addition, people who endorsed high levels of positive PLEs were also significantly more likely to complete the IGT with less money relative to those who endorsed fewer PLEs, regardless of cannabis use. Further analyses based on negative PLEs revealed a similar pattern for perseverative errors on the CST; depressive PLEs were not related to task performance. CONCLUSION Findings highlight that problematic cannabis use and more frequent and distressing positive PLEs are associated with poorer executive functioning. Thus, executive functioning may have implications for intervention among those high on both attributes, who are at high risk of onset of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Johnstone
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cassandra Wong
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carson Pun
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Todd A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hyoun S Kim
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Plakunova VV, Omelchenko MA, Kaleda VG, Migalina VV, Alfimova MV. [Willingness to expend effort for rewards in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: a relationship with the severity and stability of negative symptoms]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:109-115. [PMID: 38465818 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124021109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the deficit in willingness to expend effort and its association with negative symptoms in the high-risk for psychosis (CHR) group. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included young men: 45 patients, who met CHR criteria and were treated for a depressive episode, and 15 controls. All subjects completed a modified version of the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). The CHR group was assessed with the SOPS, SANS and HDRS at the beginning and at the end of treatment. EEfRT was performed only at the end of treatment. RESULTS The CHR group was significantly less likely to choose high effort tasks across reward probability and magnitude levels compared with the control group (all p<0.001). No significant correlations were found between the rate of selecting the high effort task and the negative syndrome domains of amotivation and diminished expression. The subgroups of CHR with stable and transient (i.e., with a reduction >50% during treatment) negative symptoms, which were identified by a cluster analysis, did not differ in the willingness to expend effort. CONCLUSION The study confirmed a decrease in the willingness to expend effort in the CHR group; however, this deficit was only weakly correlated with negative symptoms and persisted after the symptoms reduction during treatment, which requires future studies to investigate mechanisms underlying impaired effort expenditure for rewards in CHR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V G Kaleda
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Marchi M, Elkrief L, Alkema A, van Gastel W, Schubart CD, van Eijk KR, Luykx JJ, Branje S, Mastrotheodoros S, Galeazzi GM, van Os J, Cecil CA, Conrod PJ, Boks MP. Childhood maltreatment mediates the effect of the genetic background on psychosis risk in young adults. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:219. [PMID: 35650188 PMCID: PMC9160238 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) and genetic vulnerability are both risk factors for psychosis, but the relations between them are not fully understood. Guided by the recent identification of genetic risk to CM, this study investigates the hypothesis that genetic risk to schizophrenia also increases the risk of CM and thus impacts psychosis risk. The relationship between schizophrenia polygenetic risk, CM, and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) was investigated in participants from the Utrecht Cannabis Cohort (N = 1262) and replicated in the independent IMAGEN cohort (N = 1740). Schizophrenia polygenic risk score (SZ-PRS) were calculated from the most recent GWAS. The relationship between CM, PRS, and PLE was first investigated using multivariate linear regression. Next, mediation of CM in the pathway linking SZ-PRS and PLE was examined by structural equation modeling, while adjusting for a set of potential mediators including cannabis use, smoking, and neuroticism. In agreement with previous studies, PLE were strongly associated with SZ-PRS (B = 0.190, p = 0.009) and CM (B = 0.575, p < 0.001). Novel was that CM was also significantly associated with SZ-PRS (B = 0.171, p = 0.001), and substantially mediated the effects of SZ-PRS on PLE (proportion mediated = 29.9%, p = 0.001). In the replication cohort, the analyses yielded similar results, confirming equally strong mediation by CM (proportion mediated = 34.7%, p = 0.009). Our results suggest that CM acts as a mediator in the causal pathway linking SZ-PRS and psychosis risk. These findings open new perspectives on the relations between genetic and environmental risks and warrant further studies into potential interventions to reduce psychosis risk in vulnerable people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125, Modena, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Elkrief
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Alkema
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris D Schubart
- Department of Psychiatry, Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanos Mastrotheodoros
- Department of Youth and Family, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Gian M Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125, Modena, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Cecil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Barch DM, Karcher N, Moran E. Reinventing schizophrenia - Embracing complexity and complication. Schizophr Res 2022; 242:7-11. [PMID: 34893361 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Washington University, United States of America.
| | - Nicole Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, United States of America
| | - Erin Moran
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, United States of America
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Polner B, Hupuczi E, Kéri S, Kállai J. Adaptive and maladaptive features of schizotypy clusters in a community sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16653. [PMID: 34404855 PMCID: PMC8371157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal personality traits correlate with psychopathology and impaired functional outcome. Yet advantageous aspects of positive schizotypy may exist which could promote resilience and creativity, and several studies have identified a high positive but low negative schizotypy group with some signs of adaptation. The aim of our study was to clarify whether such individuals demonstrate only traits associated with well-being, or they also have traits that predict impairment. Participants (N = 643 students, 71.5% female) completed measures of schizotypy, resilience, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, and absorption. We identified four clusters: an overall low schizotypy, an overall high schizotypy, a disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy and a positive schizotypy cluster. The overall high schizotypy cluster seemed to be the most vulnerable as it was the least resilient and showed widespread maladaptation, whereas the high positive schizotypy cluster had intact self-esteem and high resilience and its elevated absorption may hold the promise for adaptive outcomes such as creativity and positive spirituality. However, the high positive schizotypy cluster lacked self-concept clarity. The results suggest that individuals showing high positive and low negative schizotypy demonstrate features promoting mental well-being to an extent that is higher than in all the other clusters, while their self-concept impairment is similar to that observed in the high and the disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy clusters. Better understanding of these factors could be informative for prevention and treatment of psychosis-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ernő Hupuczi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Kállai
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
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Francesconi M, Minichino A, Khandaker GM, Midouhas E, Lewis G, Flouri E. Reprint of: Internalising symptoms mediate the longitudinal association between childhood inflammation and psychotic-like experiences in adulthood. Schizophr Res 2020; 226:24-29. [PMID: 33341190 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are part of a continuum of psychosis. Previous longitudinal studies highlighted a relationship between peripheral inflammation during childhood and onset of PLEs in adulthood. In this study, we tested if this association is mediated by internalising and externalising symptoms experienced during childhood and adolescence. To test this hypothesis, we used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We investigated a subsample of 4525 individuals from this cohort with data on interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in childhood (age 9 years). We measured PLEs at age 18 years, and we used latent growth curve modelling to estimate longitudinal trajectories of internalising and externalising symptoms from ages 9 to 16 years. The individual predicted values of the intercept (set at baseline, 9 years) and the slope (rate of annual change) were then used in the mediation analysis. There was evidence for full mediation by the intercept of internalising symptoms. Our findings suggest that inflammation during childhood may be relevant for the future onset of PLEs via its association with a high level of internalising symptoms. These findings, although obtained from a non-clinical population, provide an additional step in advancing knowledge on the relationship between inflammation and symptoms of the psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francesconi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK.
| | | | | | - Emily Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
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8
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What you want may not be what you like: A test of the aberrant salience hypothesis in schizophrenia risk. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:873-887. [PMID: 32638159 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Motivational abnormalities represent a key area of dysfunction in individuals with, or at risk for, schizophrenia and severely limit broad domains of functioning in these populations. The aberrant salience hypothesis posits that motivational abnormalities are the result of an over-attribution of salience to nonpleasurable stimuli but an under-attribution of salience to pleasurable ones. Consequently, people "want" what they do not "like" but do not "want" what they "like." However, it is unclear how this hypothesis manifests in schizophrenia risk beyond monetary rewards. The current research provided a multimodal investigation of the aberrant salience hypothesis in people with elevated psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) who are at risk for developing psychosis. Study 1 examined the link between liking and incentive salience using a neurobiological indicator of incentive salience (contingent negative variation/CNV) in 23 PLEs and 21 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished CNV reactivity to pleasant (vs. neutral) social images, which was driven by an augmented response to neutral stimuli. Study 2 examined liking, incentive salience, and conscious wanting experience using a psychological indicator of incentive salience (positive spontaneous thoughts/PSTs) in 38 PLEs and 246 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished correspondence between liking, PSTs, and conscious wanting across diverse reward contexts. Collectively, individuals with PLEs over-attribute salience to neutral stimuli and, to a lesser degree, under-attribute salience to rewards. Findings of the current research support abnormal salience attribution as a trait-like feature implicated in the pathophysiology and development of schizophrenia and provide valuable insights on research and treatment of this illness.
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Learning and Motivation for Rewards in Schizophrenia: Implications for Behavioral Rehabilitation. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-020-00210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Francesconi M, Minichino A, Khandaker GM, Midouhas E, Lewis G, Flouri E. Internalising symptoms mediate the longitudinal association between childhood inflammation and psychotic-like experiences in adulthood. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:424-429. [PMID: 31387824 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are part of a continuum of psychosis. Previous longitudinal studies highlighted a relationship between peripheral inflammation during childhood and onset of PLEs in adulthood. In this study, we tested if this association is mediated by internalising and externalising symptoms experienced during childhood and adolescence. To test this hypothesis, we used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We investigated a subsample of 4525 individuals from this cohort with data on interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in childhood (age 9 years). We measured PLEs at age 18 years, and we used latent growth curve modelling to estimate longitudinal trajectories of internalising and externalising symptoms from ages 9 to 16 years. The individual predicted values of the intercept (set at baseline, 9 years) and the slope (rate of annual change) were then used in the mediation analysis. There was evidence for full mediation by the intercept of internalising symptoms. Our findings suggest that inflammation during childhood may be relevant for the future onset of PLEs via its association with a high level of internalising symptoms. These findings, although obtained from a non-clinical population, provide an additional step in advancing knowledge on the relationship between inflammation and symptoms of the psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francesconi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK.
| | | | | | - Emily Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
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Striatum-related functional activation during reward- versus punishment-based learning in psychosis risk. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1967-1974. [PMID: 31272104 PMCID: PMC6784983 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychosis is strongly related to increased striatal dopamine. However, the neural consequences of increased striatal dopamine in psychosis risk are still not fully understood. Consistent with an increase in striatal dopamine, in previous research, psychosis risk has been associated with neural EEG evidence of a greater response to unexpected reward than unexpected punishment feedback on a reversal-learning task. However, previous research has not directly examined whether psychosis risk is associated with altered striatal activation when receiving unexpected feedback on this task. There were two groups of participants: an antipsychotic medication-naive psychosis risk group (n = 21) who had both (a) extreme levels of self-reported psychotic-like beliefs and experiences and (b) interview-rated current-attenuated psychotic symptoms; and a comparison group (n = 20) who had average levels of self-reported psychotic-like beliefs and experiences. Participants completed a reversal-leaning task during fMRI scanning. As expected, in both ROI and whole-brain analyses, the psychosis risk group exhibited greater striatal activation (for whole-brain analyses, the peak was located in the right caudate) to unexpected reward than unexpected punishment feedback relative to the comparison group. These results indicate that psychosis risk is associated with a relatively increased neural sensitivity to unexpected reward than unexpected punishment outcomes and appears consistent with increased striatal dopamine. The results may help us better understand and detect striatal dysfunction in psychosis risk.
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