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Koreki A, Ogyu K, Miyazaki T, Takenouchi K, Matsushita K, Honda S, Koizumi T, Onaya M, Uchida H, Mimura M, Nakajima S, Noda Y. Aberrant heartbeat-evoked potential in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110969. [PMID: 38369098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Self-disturbance is considered a core feature underlying the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Interoception has an important role in the development of a sense of self, leading to increased interest in the potential contribution of abnormal interoception to self-disturbances in schizophrenia. Several neuropsychological studies have demonstrated aberrant interoception in schizophrenia. However, cortical interoceptive processing has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Thus, we sought to examine resting-state heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) in this population. We hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would exhibit significant alterations in HEP compared to healthy controls (HCs). In this cross-sectional electroencephalogram (EEG) study, we compared the HEPs between age- and sex-matched groups of patients with schizophrenia and HCs. A 10-min resting-state EEG with eyes closed and an electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded and analyzed for the time window of 450 ms to 500 ms after an ECG R peak. A positive HEP shift was observed in the frontal-central regions (F [1, 82] = 7.402, p = 0.008, partial η2 = 0.009) in patients with schizophrenia (n = 61) when compared with HCs (n = 31) after adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, and heart rate. A cluster-based correction analysis revealed that the HEP around the right frontal area (Fp2, F4, and F8) showed the most significant group differences (F [1, 82] = 10.079, p = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.021), with a peak at the F4 electrode site (F [1, 82] = 12.646, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.069). We observed no correlation between HEP and symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. A positive shift of HEP during the late component could reflect a trait abnormality in schizophrenia. Further research is required to determine the association between the altered cortical interoceptive processing indexed with HEP and self-disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koreki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Chiba-Higashi Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Takenouchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Karin Matsushita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Honda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruki Koizumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsumoto Onaya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Crucianelli L, Reader AT, Ehrsson HH. Subcortical contributions to the sense of body ownership. Brain 2024; 147:390-405. [PMID: 37847057 PMCID: PMC10834261 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of body ownership (i.e. the feeling that our body or its parts belong to us) plays a key role in bodily self-consciousness and is believed to stem from multisensory integration. Experimental paradigms such as the rubber hand illusion have been developed to allow the controlled manipulation of body ownership in laboratory settings, providing effective tools for investigating malleability in the sense of body ownership and the boundaries that distinguish self from other. Neuroimaging studies of body ownership converge on the involvement of several cortical regions, including the premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex. However, relatively less attention has been paid to subcortical structures that may also contribute to body ownership perception, such as the cerebellum and putamen. Here, on the basis of neuroimaging and neuropsychological observations, we provide an overview of relevant subcortical regions and consider their potential role in generating and maintaining a sense of ownership over the body. We also suggest novel avenues for future research targeting the role of subcortical regions in making sense of the body as our own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Crucianelli
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4DQ, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Arran T Reader
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
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Sun X, Zhong J. The dimensionality of perceptual anomalies and their relationships with bullying victimization among Chinese adolescents: From a network perspective. Schizophr Res 2023; 262:42-50. [PMID: 37922843 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous perceptual experiences in adolescents are common and may predict future psychotic disorders and other psychopathologies. However, the underlying structure and their specific relationships with bullying victimizations, a typical stressor for adolescents, remain unclear. Therefore, the current study aimed to clarify the structure of perceptual anomalies as assessed by the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS) using exploratory graph analysis (EGA), a new factor retention method based on network psychometrics. The second aim was to explore whether specific dimensions of perceptual anomalies are particularly associated with certain forms of bullying victimization. Data from a validated sample of 1199 Chinese adolescents (56.0 % females, age range: 14-20) on perceptual anomalies and bullying victimizations were analyzed using network approaches, including EGA and mixed graphical modeling (mgm). Results showed that each anomalous perception was experienced by 13.8-50.3 % of the participants. EGA identified four dimensions: aberrant bodily perceptions, altered daily experiences, chemosensation (i.e., abnormal gustatory and olfactory experiences), and clinical psychosis (i.e., visual and auditory hallucinatory experiences). Among them, the altered daily experiences dimension possessed the highest centrality. Physical bullying and cyberbullying were directly and positively linked to two of the aberrant bodily experiences. Bootstrap analyses suggest that the results are reliable. The current findings support the existence of multiple contributive factors to perceptual anomalies and underscore the importance of bullying prevention in reducing mental health risks for adolescents, particularly the risk of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Center for Mind and Brain Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Lai YJ, Lin YC, Hsu CH, Tseng HH, Lee CN, Huang PC, Hsu HY, Kuo LC. Are the sensorimotor control capabilities of the hands the factors influencing hand function in people with schizophrenia? BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:807. [PMID: 37936136 PMCID: PMC10631069 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous works reported people with schizophrenia experienced inferior hand functions which influence their daily participation and work efficiency. Sensorimotor capability is one of indispensable elements acting in a well-executed feed-forward and feedback control loop to contribute to hand performances. However, rare studies investigated contribution of sensorimotor ability to hand functions for people with schizophrenia. This study aimed to explore hand function in people with schizophrenia based on the perspective of the sensorimotor control capabilities of the hands. METHODS Twenty-seven people at the chronic stage of schizophrenia were enrolled. The following assessment tools were used: the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) and the VALPAR Component Work Sample-8 (VCWS 8) system for hand function; the Self-Reported Graphic version of the Personal and Social Performance (SRG-PSP) scale for functionality; and the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments (SWM), the pinch-holding-up-activity (PHUA) test and the Manual Tactile Test (MTT) for the sensory and sensorimotor parameters. The Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale and the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) were used to grade the severity of the illness and the side-effects of the drugs. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze associations among hand function, functionality, and sensorimotor capabilities. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of hand function. RESULTS The results indicated that both hand function and sensorimotor capability were worse in people with schizophrenia than in healthy people, with the exception of the sensory threshold measured with the SWM. Moreover, the sensorimotor abilities of the hands were associated with hand function. The results of the regression analysis showed that the MTT measure of stereognosis was a determinant of the PPT measure of the dominant hand function and of the performance on the VCWS 8, and that the ESRS and the MTT measure of barognosis were determinants of the performance on the assembly task of the PPT. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggested that sensorimotor capabilities, especially stereognosis and barognosis, are crucial determinants of hand function in people with schizophrenia. The results also revealed that the side effects of drugs and the duration of the illness directly affect hand function. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT04941677, 28/06/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Lai
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chuan Huang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Yun Hsu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Chieh Kuo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Ye JY, Qin XJ, Cui JF, Jia LX, Shi HS, Yang TX, Lui SSY, Wang Y, Chan RCK. Mental time travel for self and others in individuals with a high level of schizotypy. Psych J 2023; 12:524-534. [PMID: 36653195 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to project oneself to the past or future through mental simulation. Moreover, MTT can involve self-related or other-related information. This study aimed to compare MTT in individuals with high levels of schizotypy and that in their counterparts with low levels of schizotypy. Participants with high (n = 37) and low (n = 37) levels of schizotypy completed an MTT task with four conditions [2 (Condition: self vs. other) × 2 (Time orientation: past vs. future)]. They were required to recall past events that had happened to themselves or to a non-intimate person, and to imagine possible future events that might happen to themselves or to a non-intimate person, related to cue words. Outcome measures included specificity, vividness, sense of experience, emotional valence, emotional intensity, proportion of first-person visual perspective in events, and difficulty in event generation. A 2 (Group: high vs. low levels of schizotypy) × 2 (Condition) × 2 (Time orientation) mixed analysis of variance was conducted on each index. Results showed that self-related MTT was more specific than other-related MTT in low levels of schizotypy participants but not in high levels of schizotypy participants. Participants with a high level of schizotypy reported fewer specific events, and reported events with lower vividness and positive emotion than did those with a low level of schizotypy. Self-related MTT showed higher levels of phenomenological characteristics than did other-related MTT. In conclusion, individuals with a high level of schizotypy have altered MTT, and cannot benefit from the self-advantage effect on the specificity of MTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Ye
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Qin
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Research Center for Information and Statistics, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Xia Jia
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Song Shi
- North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Biondo J. Dance/movement therapy as a holistic approach to diminish health discrepancies and promote wellness for people with schizophrenia: a review of the literature. F1000Res 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37593363 PMCID: PMC10429376 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.127377.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia face a myriad of obstacles to wellness, beginning with diagnostic discrepancies including over- and misdiagnoses on the schizophrenia spectrum. People with schizophrenia experience profound amounts of stigmatization from the general population, their healthcare providers, and even themselves. Such stigmatization creates a barrier for wellness, poorer prognoses, and often limits adherence to physical and mental healthcare. Moreover, it can exacerbate the already stifling symptomatology of their diagnoses, including specific bodily-related symptomatology. Oftentimes, a diagnosis of schizophrenia disrupts one's relationship with their body including a diminished mind-body connection, decreased interoceptive awareness, and thus unsuccessful intra- and interpersonal relationships. Some recent research suggests the use of mind-body therapies, however, if these practices are internalizing, they may not be appropriate for people with schizophrenia experiencing more acute symptomatology excluding them from treatment. Dance/movement therapy (DMT) is an embodied psychotherapeutic treatment option that can support participants in improving mind-body connection, social relationships, and self-regulatory skill development. Research on DMT has shown promising results for people with schizophrenia, however such research is limited and would benefit from increased studies that particularly measure the effects of DMT on mind-body connection and increased interoception for people with schizophrenia. Moreover, integrative and collaborative treatment models that couple DMT and biofeedback may further our understanding of the physiological and neurological effects of DMT interventions for people with schizophrenia and beyond. This review will examine the recent literature on health inequities for people with schizophrenia, their specific body-based disruptions and needs, and DMT as a promising treatment model, particularly when coupled with biofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacelyn Biondo
- Family and Community Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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7
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Chancel M, Ehrsson HH. Proprioceptive uncertainty promotes the rubber hand illusion. Cortex 2023; 165:70-85. [PMID: 37269634 PMCID: PMC10284257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Body ownership is the multisensory perception of a body as one's own. Recently, the emergence of body ownership illusions like the visuotactile rubber hand illusion has been described by Bayesian causal inference models in which the observer computes the probability that visual and tactile signals come from a common source. Given the importance of proprioception for the perception of one's body, proprioceptive information and its relative reliability should impact this inferential process. We used a detection task based on the rubber hand illusion where participants had to report whether the rubber hand felt like their own or not. We manipulated the degree of asynchrony of visual and tactile stimuli delivered to the rubber hand and the real hand under two levels of proprioceptive noise using tendon vibration applied to the lower arm's antagonist extensor and flexor muscles. As hypothesized, the probability of the emergence of the rubber hand illusion increased with proprioceptive noise. Moreover, this result, well fitted by a Bayesian causal inference model, was best described by a change in the a priori probability of a common cause for vision and touch. These results offer new insights into how proprioceptive uncertainty shapes the multisensory perception of one's own body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chancel
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain, Body and Self Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France.
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain, Body and Self Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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8
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Moradkhani A, Turki Jalil A, Mahmood Saleh M, Vanaki E, Daghagh H, Daghighazar B, Akbarpour Z, Ghahramani Almanghadim H. Correlation of rs35753505 polymorphism in Neuregulin 1 gene with psychopathology and intelligence of people with schizophrenia. Gene 2023; 867:147285. [PMID: 36905948 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders. About 0.5 to 1% of the world's population suffers from this non-Mendelian disorder. Environmental and genetic factors seem to be involved in this disorder. In this article, we investigate the alleles and genotypic correlation of mononucleotide rs35753505 polymorphism of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), one of the selected genes of schizophrenia, with psychopathology and intelligence. MATERIALS AND METHODS 102 independent and 98 healthy patients participated in this study. DNA was extracted by the salting out method and the polymorphism (rs35753505) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sanger sequencing was performed on PCR products. Allele frequency analysis was performed using COCAPHASE software, and genotype analysis was performed using Clump22 software. RESULTS According to our study's statistical findings, all case samples from the three categories of men, women, and overall participants significantly differed from the control group in terms of the prevalence of allele C and the CC risk genotype. The rs35753505 polymorphism significantly raised Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) test results, according to a correlation analysis between the two variables. However, this polymorphism led to a significant decrease in overall intelligence in case samples compared to control samples. CONCLUSION In this study, it seems that the rs35753505 polymorphism of NRG1 gene has a significant role in the sample of patients with schizophrenia in Iran and also in psychopathology and intelligence disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Moradkhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla 51001, Iraq
| | - Marwan Mahmood Saleh
- Department of Biophysics, College of Applied Sciences, University Of Anbar, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Elmira Vanaki
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Daghagh
- Biochemistry Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Daghighazar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Akbarpour
- Department of Basic Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Azad Islamic University, Tabriz, Iran
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Body transfer illusions in the schizophrenia spectrum: a systematic review. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 36424451 PMCID: PMC9691625 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been viewed as a disorder of the self. Accordingly, the question arises if and how senses of ownership and agency are impaired in schizophrenia. To address this question, several body transfer illusions (BTIs) have been investigated in schizophrenia patients and other schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ-S) populations. The objective of the study was to systematically review the current evidence from BTIs in the SCZ-S. A systematic literature search in PubMed and CENTRAL (search date: February 12, 2022) was conducted on BTI studies carried out in SCZ-S populations. Studies were included if they were published in English after peer review, reported original research data, related to the SCZ-S, and used a BTI as its study method. Conference papers, study protocols, and reviews were excluded. For each included BTI study, various study characteristics and outcomes were retrieved, and a risk-of-bias score was calculated based on six study quality criteria. K = 40 studies were identified, of which k = 20 studies met the eligibility criteria. For BTI paradigms using visuotactile stimulation, most studies found elevated sense of ownership ratings in SCZ-S populations compared to healthy controls (HC). Implicit illusion measures (e.g., proprioceptive drift), in turn, did not generally indicate elevated embodiment levels in SCZ-S populations. Likewise, no consistent group differences emerged between SCZ-S populations and HC with respect to BTI paradigms using visuomotor stimulation. Furthermore, BTI vividness was found to correlate significantly with core symptoms of schizophrenia and various subclinical characteristics related to the SCZ-S. In line with the self-disturbance hypothesis, SCZ-S populations appear to be affected by aberrations in bodily self-awareness. Review registration: PROSPERO (identifier: CRD42022287960).
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10
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Paredes R, Ferri F, Seriès P. Influence of E/I balance and pruning in peri-personal space differences in schizophrenia: A computational approach. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:368-377. [PMID: 34509334 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The encoding of the space close to the body, named peri-personal space (PPS), is thought to play a crucial role in the unusual experiences of the self observed in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, it is unclear why SCZ patients and high schizotypal (H-SPQ) individuals present a narrower PPS and why the boundaries of the PPS are more sharply defined in patients. We hypothesise that the unusual PPS representation observed in SCZ is caused by an imbalance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) in recurrent synapses of unisensory neurons or an impairment of bottom-up and top-down connectivity between unisensory and multisensory neurons. These hypotheses were tested computationally by manipulating the effects of E/I imbalance, feedback weights and synaptic density in the network. Using simulations we explored the effects of such impairments in the PPS representation generated by the network and fitted the model to behavioural data. We found that increased excitation of sensory neurons could account for the smaller PPS observed in SCZ and H-SPQ, whereas a decrease of synaptic density caused the sharp definition of the PPS observed in SCZ. We propose a novel conceptual model of PPS representation in the SCZ spectrum that can account for alterations in self-world demarcation, failures in tactile discrimination and symptoms observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Paredes
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Argentina; Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Peggy Seriès
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Informatics, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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11
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Tonna M, Lucarini V, Lucchese J, Presta V, Paraboschi F, Marsella F, Daniel BD, Vitale M, Marchesi C, Gobbi G. Posture, gait and self‐disorders: An empirical study in individuals with schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 17:447-461. [PMID: 37156494 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM In schizophrenia, subjectively perceived disruptions of the sense of the Self (also referred to as "self-disorders") seem to be intimately associated with a perturbation of the implicit awareness of one's own body. Indeed, an early impairment of the motor system, including posture and gait, is now considered a marker of schizophrenia neurodevelopmental substrate and appears more pronounced in early-onset schizophrenia. Therefore, the present study was aimed at: (1) investigating a possible relationship between self-disorders, symptom dimensions and postural and gait profile in schizophrenia; (2) identifying a specific motor profile in early-onset conditions. METHODS A total of 43 schizophrenia outpatients and 38 healthy controls underwent an exhaustive investigation of posture and gait pattern. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), the examination of anomalous self experience scale (EASE) and the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) were administered to the schizophrenia group. Subsequently, schizophrenia patients were divided into early and adult-onset subgroups and compared with respect to their motor profile. RESULTS We found an association between specific postural patterns (impaired sway area), a general disruption of the gait cycle and subjective bodily experiences (concerning the loss of bodily integrity, cohesion and demarcation). Only motor parameters (increased sway area and gait cadence reduction) differentiated between early and adult-onset patients. CONCLUSION The results of the present study hint at a link between motor impairment and self-disturbances in schizophrenia and candidate a specific motor profile as a possible marker of early-onset forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatry Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Lucchese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatry Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Presta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Marsella
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Movement Analysis Laboratory (LAM), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatry Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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12
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Zarbo C, Agosta S, Casiraghi L, De Novellis A, Leuci E, Paulillo G, Rocchetti M, Starace F, Zamparini M, de Girolamo G. Assessing adherence to and usability of Experience Sampling Method (ESM) and actigraph in patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: A mixed-method study. Psychiatry Res 2022; 314:114675. [PMID: 35751998 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of innovative technologies in psychiatry is promising, but the debate about its feasibility is not settled. Our aim was to investigate and compare adherence to and usability of 7-day monitoring with an Experience Sampling Method (ESM) and Actigraphy among a sample of individuals with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) and paired healthy controls. Twenty-two patients living in residential facilities (RFs), 20 outpatients and 26 controls were enrolled in this study as part of the DiAPAson project. Participants wore an actigraph and were evaluated for daily time use and mood with a smartphone-based ESM. Then, they completed questionnaires to assess the usability of the devices and were interviewed. Adherence was assessed as the percentage of time spent wearing actigraph and answering ESM notifications. Residential patients, compared to controls, showed significantly higher usability of the actigraph and lower adherence to both the actigraph and ESM. From the qualitative interviews, four high-order themes emerged: effects of monitoring, adherence and usability, emotions and mental states, and advice. Findings are promising for the application of these methodologies in such populations. The role of multidisciplinary staff in RFs is crucial for guaranteeing the realization of such projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zarbo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sara Agosta
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, AUSL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Letizia Casiraghi
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Matteo Rocchetti
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, AUSL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuel Zamparini
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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13
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Fotia F, Van Dam L, Sykes JJ, Ambrosini E, Costantini M, Ferri F. Body structural representation in schizotypy. Schizophr Res 2022; 239:1-10. [PMID: 34775304 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A deficient sense of self, typically observed in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, is often accompanied by abnormalities in bodily perception and awareness. These abnormalities are seemingly among the most powerful predictive factors for the onset of schizophrenic illnesses. According to the hypothesis of the psychosis continuum, high schizotypal traits in the general population may be characterized by a progressive sense of detachment from one's lived body. Building upon previous research that found an abnormal Body Structural Representation (BSR) in individuals with schizophrenia, this study aims to extend these findings to schizotypy. To investigate this, we utilized the Finger Localization Task (FLT), in which participants must identify the finger touched by the experimenter, and the In Between Task (IBT), in which two fingers are touched and participants must specify the number of fingers in between the two stimulated fingers. We found that individuals with high schizotypy were significantly less accurate than individuals with low schizotypy in determining the spatial configuration of their own fingers relative to each other. Most significantly, performances on both tasks were negatively correlated with the score on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). These findings support the hypothesis that the progressive loss of one's sense of self is associated with abnormal bodily experiences and dissociative symptomatology which may represent a potential marker for schizophrenia proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK.
| | - Loes Van Dam
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK; Institute of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Science, TU-Darmstadt, Germany
| | - John James Sykes
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies FILCOM, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Costantini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferri
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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14
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Thomas L, Torregrossa L, Reniers R, Humpston C. Exploring multimodal hallucinations and disturbances in the basic and bodily self: A cross-sectional study in a non-clinical sample. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:144-154. [PMID: 34487991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The bodily self is key to emotional embodiment, which is important for social functioning and emotion regulation. There is a paucity of research systematically assessing how basic and bodily self-disturbances relate to multimodal hallucinations. This study hypothesised that participants with greater hallucination-proneness would report greater degrees of basic and bodily self-disturbance and would demonstrate more ambiguous and less discrete mapping of emotional embodiment. Stage one screened non-clinical participants' degree of hallucination-proneness. Stage two participants completed seven further questionnaires. Hierarchical linear regression modelled the influence of hallucination-proneness and covariates on measures of basic and bodily self-disturbance and sensed presence. Stage two participants also completed a computerised body mapping task (EmBODY) which assessed emotional embodiment. Topographical maps were generated to compare patterns of embodiment between high and low hallucination-proneness groups. 55 respondents participated in stage two, with 18 participants from the high or low hallucination-proneness groups completing EmBODY. In the hierarchical regression analyses, the addition of a measure of hallucination proneness in the final step only increased predictive power where the dependent variable assessed sensed presence (p = 0.035 and p = 0.009, respectively). The EmBODY data revealed that participants with low hallucination-proneness consistently reported more bodily activation across 14 emotional states, whereas the high hallucination-proneness group reported more deactivation. In conclusion, hallucination-proneness was most strongly associated with sensed presence experiences. Patterns of embodiment appeared similar between the two groups, despite consistent differences in activation and deactivation. These findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucretia Thomas
- Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Lénie Torregrossa
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Renate Reniers
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clara Humpston
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Stripeikyte G, Potheegadoo J, Progin P, Rognini G, Blondiaux E, Salomon R, Griffa A, Hagmann P, Faivre N, Do KQ, Conus P, Blanke O. Fronto-Temporal Disconnection Within the Presence Hallucination Network in Psychotic Patients With Passivity Experiences. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1718-1728. [PMID: 33823042 PMCID: PMC8530400 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis, characterized by hallucinations and delusions, is a common feature of psychiatric disease, especially schizophrenia. One prominent theory posits that psychosis is driven by abnormal sensorimotor predictions leading to the misattribution of self-related events. This misattribution has been linked to passivity experiences (PE), such as loss of agency and, more recently, to presence hallucinations (PH), defined as the conscious experience of the presence of an alien agent while no person is actually present. PH has been observed in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and neurological patients with brain lesions and, recently, the brain mechanisms of PH (PH-network) have been determined comprising bilateral posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and ventral premotor cortex (vPMC). Given that the experience of an alien agent is a common feature of PE, we here analyzed the functional connectivity within the PH-network in psychotic patients with (N = 39) vs without PE (N = 26). We observed reduced fronto-temporal functional connectivity in patients with PE compared to patients without PE between the right pMTG and the right and left IFG of the PH-network. Moreover, when seeding from these altered regions, we observed specific alterations with brain regions commonly linked to auditory-verbal hallucinations (such as Heschl's gyrus). The present connectivity findings within the PH-network extend the disconnection hypothesis for hallucinations to the specific case of PH and associates the PH-network with key brain regions for frequent psychotic symptoms such as auditory-verbal hallucinations, showing that PH are relevant to the study of the brain mechanisms of psychosis and PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Stripeikyte
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jevita Potheegadoo
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Progin
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Rognini
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eva Blondiaux
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roy Salomon
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University (BIU), Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alessandra Griffa
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Vastano R, Costantini M, Widerstrom-Noga E. Maladaptive reorganization following SCI: The role of body representation and multisensory integration. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102179. [PMID: 34600947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review we focus on maladaptive brain reorganization after spinal cord injury (SCI), including the development of neuropathic pain, and its relationship with impairments in body representation and multisensory integration. We will discuss the implications of altered sensorimotor interactions after SCI with and without neuropathic pain and possible deficits in multisensory integration and body representation. Within this framework we will examine published research findings focused on the use of bodily illusions to manipulate multisensory body representation to induce analgesic effects in heterogeneous chronic pain populations and in SCI-related neuropathic pain. We propose that the development and intensification of neuropathic pain after SCI is partly dependent on brain reorganization associated with dysfunctional multisensory integration processes and distorted body representation. We conclude this review by suggesting future research avenues that may lead to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the sense of the body after SCI, with a focus on cortical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Vastano
- University of Miami, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Marcello Costantini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Eva Widerstrom-Noga
- University of Miami, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, FL, USA.
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17
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Laurin A, Ramoz N, Ameller A, Dereux A, Zajac J, Bonjour M, Tebeka S, Le Strat Y, Dubertret C. Self-consciousness impairments in schizophrenia with and without first rank symptoms using the moving rubber hand illusion. Conscious Cogn 2021; 93:103154. [PMID: 34052640 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The moving rubber hand illusion allows the evaluation both the sense of body ownership and agency using visuo-motor stimulations. METHODS We used the moving rubber hand illusion in anatomic congruence with explicit measures to compare active asynchronous and passive synchronous movements in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia with first rank symptoms (FRS) (n = 31) versus without FRS (n = 25). RESULTS Patients with FRS are characterized by a lack of agency in active asynchronous condition. The two groups had no sense of ownership in synchronous passive condition. Using a multivariate regression model, we found an association between agency and body ownership measures in the active asynchronous condition in two groups (OR: 1.825, p < 0.001). In the passive condition, this association was only present in the group with first rank symptoms (OR: 2.04, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Temporal proximity and sensorimotor information are essential in the understanding of self-consciousness disorders in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Laurin
- AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Colombes, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurély Ameller
- INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Dereux
- INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Zajac
- AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Colombes, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Maxime Bonjour
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Tebeka
- AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Colombes, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Colombes, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Bichat-Lariboisière, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Colombes, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; INSERM UMRS1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Bichat-Lariboisière, France
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