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Talbot LJ, Chabot A, Ross AB, Beckett A, Nguyen P, Fleming A, Chockley PJ, Shepphard H, Wang J, Gottschalk S, DeRenzo C. Redirecting B7-H3.CAR T Cells to Chemokines Expressed in Osteosarcoma Enhances Homing and Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:4434-4449. [PMID: 39101835 PMCID: PMC11443211 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against pediatric osteosarcoma (OS) has been limited. One strategy to improve efficacy may be to drive chemokine-mediated homing of CAR T cells to tumors. We sought to determine the primary chemokines secreted by OS and evaluate the efficacy of B7-H3.CAR T cells expressing the cognate receptors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a pipeline to identify chemokines secreted by OS by correlating RNA-seq data with chemokine protein detected in media from fresh surgical specimens. We identified CXCR2 and CXCR6 as promising receptors for enhancing CAR T-cell homing against OS. We evaluated the homing kinetics and efficiency of CXCR2- and CXCR6.T cells and homing, cytokine production, and antitumor activity of CXCR2- and CXCR6.B7-H3.CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS T cells transgenically expressing CXCR2 or CXCR6 exhibited ligand-specific enhanced migration over T cells modified with nonfunctional control receptors. Differential homing kinetics were observed, with CXCR2.T-cell homing quickly and plateauing early, whereas CXCR6.T cells took longer to home but achieved a similar plateau. When expressed in B7-H3.CAR T cells, CXCR2- and CXCR6 modification conferred enhanced homing toward OS in vitro and in vivo. CXCR2- and CXCR6-B7-H3.CAR-treated mice experienced prolonged survival in a metastatic model compared with B7-H3.CAR T-cell-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our patient-based pipeline identified targets for chemokine receptor modification of CAR T cells targeting OS. CXCR2 and CXCR6 expression enhanced the homing and anti-OS activity of B7-H3.CAR T cells. These findings support clinical evaluation of CXCR-modified CAR T cells to improve adoptive cell therapy for patients with OS.
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MESH Headings
- Osteosarcoma/immunology
- Osteosarcoma/therapy
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
- Osteosarcoma/genetics
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR6/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6/immunology
- B7 Antigens/genetics
- B7 Antigens/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/immunology
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Movement
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Talbot
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ashley Chabot
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aaron B Ross
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexandra Beckett
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew Fleming
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Peter J Chockley
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Heather Shepphard
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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2
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Zhao Y, Cao J, Xu H, Cao W, Cheng C, Tan S, Zhao T. Optimizing in vitro T cell differentiation by using induced pluripotent stem cells with GFP-RUNX1 and mCherry-TCF7 labelling. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13661. [PMID: 38853761 PMCID: PMC11471423 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro T-cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) could potentially provide an unlimited source of T cells for cancer immunotherapy, which, however is still hindered by the inefficient obtaining functionally-matured, terminally-differentiated T cells. Here, we established a fluorescence reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line termed TCF7mCherryRUNX1GFP, in which the endogenous expression of RUNX1 and TCF7 are illustrated by the GFP and mCherry fluorescence, respectively. Utilizing TCF7mCherryRUNX1GFP, we defined that the feeder cells incorporating CXCL12-expressing OP9 cells with DL4-expressing OP9 cells at a 1:3 ratio (OP9-C1D3) significantly enhanced efficiency of CD8+ T cell differentiation from PSCs. Additionally, we engineered a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting EGFR into iPSCs. The CAR-T cells differentiated from these iPSCs using OP9-C1D3 feeders demonstrated effective cytotoxicity toward lung cancer cells. We anticipate this platform will help the in vitro HSPC and T cell differentiation optimization, serving the clinical demands of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Haoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chenxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shaojing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
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3
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Trautmann T, Yakobian N, Nguyen R. CAR T-cells for pediatric solid tumors: where to go from here? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10214-6. [PMID: 39317919 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite the great success that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have had in patients with B-cell malignancies and multiple myeloma, they continue to have limited efficacy against most solid tumors. Especially in the pediatric population, pre- and post-treatment biopsies are rarely performed due to ethical reasons, and thus, our understanding is still very limited regarding the mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment by which tumor cells exclude effectors and attract immune-suppressive cells. Nevertheless, based on the principles that are known, current T-cell engineering has leveraged some of these processes and created more potent CAR T-cells. The recent discovery of new oncofetal antigens and progress made in CAR design have expanded the potential pool of candidate antigens for therapeutic development. The most promising approaches to enhance CAR T-cells are novel CAR gating strategies, creative ways of cytokine delivery to the TME without enhancing systemic toxicity, and hijacking the chemokine axis of tumors for migratory purposes. With these new modifications, the next step in the era of CAR T-cell development will be the clinical validation of these promising preclinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Trautmann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, NCI, 10 Center Drive, 1W-5832, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Natalia Yakobian
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, NCI, 10 Center Drive, 1W-5832, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rosa Nguyen
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, NCI, 10 Center Drive, 1W-5832, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Maffini F, Lepanto D, Chu F, Tagliabue M, Vacirca D, De Berardinis R, Gandini S, Vignati S, Ranghiero A, Taormina S, Rappa A, Cossu Rocca M, Alterio D, Chiocca S, Barberis M, Preda L, Pagni F, Fusco N, Ansarin M. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Laryngeal Dysplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9685. [PMID: 39273632 PMCID: PMC11395940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This article describes how the transcriptional alterations of the innate immune system divide dysplasias into aggressive forms that, despite the treatment, relapse quickly and more easily, and others where the progression is slow and more treatable. It elaborates on how the immune system can change the extracellular matrix, favoring neoplastic progression, and how infections can enhance disease progression by increasing epithelial damage due to the loss of surface immunoglobulin and amplifying the inflammatory response. We investigated whether these dysregulated genes were linked to disease progression, delay, or recovery. These transcriptional alterations were observed using the RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel Oncomine Immune Response Research Assay (OIRRA) to measure the expression of genes associated with lymphocyte regulation, cytokine signaling, lymphocyte markers, and checkpoint pathways. During the analysis, it became apparent that certain alterations divide dysplasia into two categories: progressive or not. In the future, these biological alterations are the first step to provide new treatment modalities with different classes of drugs currently in use in a systemic or local approach, including classical chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin and fluorouracile, older drugs like fenretinide, and new checkpoint inhibitor drugs such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, as well as newer options like T cell therapy (CAR-T). Following these observed alterations, it is possible to differentiate which dysplasias progress or not or relapse quickly. This information could, in the future, be the basis for determining a close follow-up, minimizing surgical interventions, planning a correct and personalized treatment protocol for each patient and, after specific clinical trials, tailoring new drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Maffini
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Lepanto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Chu
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Tagliabue
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Vacirca
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita De Berardinis
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Molecular and Pharmaco-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Vignati
- Molecular and Pharmaco-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Ranghiero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Taormina
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rappa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cossu Rocca
- Medical Oncology Division of Urogenital and Head and Neck Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Alterio
- Department of Radiotherapy, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barberis
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preda
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, National Center of Oncological Hadron-Therapy (CNAO), 27100 Pavia, Italy
- State University School of Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, IRCCS Fondazione San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Surgical Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- State University School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mohssen Ansarin
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
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5
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Taylor CA, Glover M, Maher J. CAR-T cell technologies that interact with the tumour microenvironment in solid tumours. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:849-871. [PMID: 39021098 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2380894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a ground-breaking therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies due to their capacity for rapid tumor-specific killing and long-lasting tumor immunity. However, the same success has not been observed in patients with solid tumors. Largely, this is due to the additional challenges imposed by safe and uniform target selection, inefficient CAR T-cell access to sites of disease and the presence of a hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. AREAS COVERED Literature was reviewed on the PubMed database from the first description of a CAR by Kuwana, Kurosawa and colleagues in December 1987 through to the present day. This literature indicates that in order to tackle solid tumors, CAR T-cells can be further engineered with additional armoring strategies that facilitate trafficking to and infiltration of malignant lesions together with reversal of suppressive immune checkpoints that operate within solid tumor lesions. EXPERT OPINION In this review, we describe a number of recent advances in CAR T-cell technology that set out to combat the problems imposed by solid tumors including tumor recruitment, infiltration, immunosuppression, metabolic compromise, and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Maher
- Leucid Bio Ltd, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK
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6
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Li YR, Halladay T, Yang L. Immune evasion in cell-based immunotherapy: unraveling challenges and novel strategies. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:5. [PMID: 38217016 PMCID: PMC10785504 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies (CBIs), notably exemplified by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy, have emerged as groundbreaking approaches for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, akin to various other therapeutic modalities, tumor cells employ counterstrategies to manifest immune evasion, thereby circumventing the impact of CBIs. This phenomenon is facilitated by an intricately immunosuppression entrenched within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Principal mechanisms underpinning tumor immune evasion from CBIs encompass loss of antigens, downregulation of antigen presentation, activation of immune checkpoint pathways, initiation of anti-apoptotic cascades, and induction of immune dysfunction and exhaustion. In this review, we delve into the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the capacity of tumor cells to resist CBIs and proffer prospective stratagems to navigate around these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Tyler Halladay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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7
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Zhu Y, Jin L, Chen J, Su M, Sun T, Yang X. Promoting the Recruitment, Engagement, and Reinvigoration of Effector T Cells via an Injectable Hydrogel with a Supramolecular Binding Capability for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2309667. [PMID: 37807931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a basic and key role in immunotherapy against solid tumors, and efficiently recruiting them into neoplastic foci and sustaining long-term effector function are consistent goals that remain a critical challenge. Here, an injectable alginate-based hydrogel with abundant β-cyclodextrin (ALG-βCD) sites is developed and intratumorally injected to recruit CCR9+ CD8+ T cells (a subset of T cells with robust antitumor activity) via the trapped chemokine CCL25. In the meantime, an intravenously injected adamantane-decorated anti-PD1 antibody (Ad-aPD1) would hitchhike on recruited CCR9+ CD8+ T cells to achieve the improved intratumoral accumulation of Ad-aPD1. Moreover, the Ad-PD1 and Ad-PDL1 antibodies are immobilized in the ALG-βCD hydrogel through supramolecular host-guest interactions of Ad and βCD, which facilitate engagement between CD8+ T cells and tumor cells and reinvigorate CD8+ T cells to avoid exhaustion. Based on this treatment strategy, T cell-mediated anticancer activity is promoted at multiple levels, eventually achieving superior antitumor efficacy in both orthotopic and postsurgical B16-F10 tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liangjie Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junbin Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
| | - Miao Su
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Xianzhu Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
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8
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Lin X, Sun Y, Dong X, Liu Z, Sugimura R, Xie G. IPSC-derived CAR-NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115123. [PMID: 37406511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified immune cells have made great progress with six CAR-T cell products approved by the U.S. FDA for hematological malignancies. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells have attracted increasing attention owing to their multiple killing mechanisms, higher safety profile, and broad sources. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK (iPSC-NK) cells possess a mature phenotype and potent cytolytic activity, and can provide a homogeneous population of CAR-NK cells that can be expanded to clinical scale. Thus, iPSC-derived CAR-NK (CAR-iNK) cells could be used as a standardized and "off-the-shelf" product for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the current status of the manufacturing techniques, genetic modification strategies, preclinical and clinical evidence of CAR-iNK cells, and discuss the challenges and future prospects of CAR-iNK cell therapy as a novel cellular immunotherapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zishen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ryohichi Sugimura
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Guozhu Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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9
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Pachmayr LO, Muehlbauer A, Flommersfeld S, Graml F, Hoenninger J, von Baumgarten L, Buchholz VR, Grassmann S. Unbiased chemokine receptor screening reveals similar efficacy of lymph node- and tumor-targeted T cell immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3111-3124. [PMID: 37301772 PMCID: PMC10412482 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Localization is a crucial prerequisite for immune cell function and solid tumors evade immune control by modulating immune cell infiltration into the tumor stroma. Immunosuppressive cells like regulatory T cells are attracted, while cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are excluded. Engineering CD8+ T cells with chemokine receptors is a potent strategy to turn this mechanism of directed immune cell recruitment against the tumor. Here, we utilized fluorescent tagging to track the migratory behavior of tumor-specific T cells engineered with a library of all murine chemokine receptors in vivo. We then asked whether chemokine receptor-mediated redirection of antigen-specific T cells into tumors or tumor-draining lymph nodes showed superior anti-tumoral activity. We found that both targeting approaches showed higher therapeutic efficacy than control T cells. However, multiple receptors conveying the same homing pattern did not augment infiltration. Instead, in the MC38 colon carcinoma model, anti-tumoral efficacy as well as lymph node vs. tumor-homing patterns were mostly driven by CCR4 and CCR6, respectively. Overall, our data, based on fluorescent receptor tagging, identify the tumor-draining lymph node and the tumor itself as viable targets for chemokine receptor-mediated enhancement of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig O Pachmayr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Muehlbauer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Flommersfeld
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Graml
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Hoenninger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Tanaka T, Kitamura K, Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Establishment of a Novel Anti-Human CCR6 Monoclonal Antibody C 6Mab-19 with the High Binding Affinity in Flow Cytometry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:117-124. [PMID: 37428612 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family that is highly expressed in B lymphocytes, effector and memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and immature dendritic cells. CCR6 has been revealed to have important functions in many pathological conditions, such as cancer, intestinal bowel disease, psoriasis, and autoimmune diseases. The only CCR6 chemokine ligand, CC motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), is also involved in pathogenesis by interacting with CCR6. The CCL20/CCR6 axis is drawing attention as an attractive therapeutic target for various diseases. In this study, we developed novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human CCR6 (hCCR6) using the peptide immunization method, which are applicable to flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The established anti-hCCR6 mAb, clone C6Mab-19 (mouse IgG1, kappa), reacted with hCCR6-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/hCCR6), human liver carcinoma (HepG2), and human differentiated hepatoma (HuH-7) cells in flow cytometry. The dissociation constant (KD) of C6Mab-19 was determined as 3.0 × 10-10 M for CHO/hCCR6, 6.9 × 10-10 M for HepG2, and 1.8 × 10-10 M for HuH-7. Thus, C6Mab-19 could bind to exogenously and endogenously expressed hCCR6 with extremely high affinity. Furthermore, C6Mab-19 could stain formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node tissues from a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, C6Mab-19 is suitable for detecting hCCR6-expressing cells and tissues and could be useful for pathological analysis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaishi Kitamura
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Tanaka T, Tawara M, Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Identification of the Binding Epitope of an Anti-Mouse CCR6 Monoclonal Antibody (C 6Mab-13) Using 1× Alanine Scanning. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020032. [PMID: 37218898 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is one of the members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family that is upregulated in many immune-related cells, such as B lymphocytes, effector and memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and immature dendritic cells. The coordination between CCR6 and its ligand CC motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer, psoriasis, and autoimmune diseases. Thus, CCR6 is an attractive target for therapy and is being investigated as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. In a previous study, we developed an anti-mouse CCR6 (mCCR6) monoclonal antibody (mAb), C6Mab-13 (rat IgG1, kappa), that was applicable for flow cytometry by immunizing a rat with the N-terminal peptide of mCCR6. In this study, we investigated the binding epitope of C6Mab-13 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method, which were conducted with respect to the synthesized point-mutated-peptides within the 1-20 amino acid region of mCCR6. In the ELISA results, C6Mab-13 lost its ability to react to the alanine-substituted peptide of mCCR6 at Asp11, thereby identifying Asp11 as the epitope of C6Mab-13. In our SPR analysis, the dissociation constants (KD) could not be calculated for the G9A and D11A mutants due to the lack of binding. The SPR analysis demonstrated that the C6Mab-13 epitope comprises Gly9 and Asp11. Taken together, the key binding epitope of C6Mab-13 was determined to be located around Asp11 on mCCR6. Based on the epitope information, C6Mab-13 could be useful for further functional analysis of mCCR6 in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuki Tawara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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12
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Lahiri A, Maji A, Potdar PD, Singh N, Parikh P, Bisht B, Mukherjee A, Paul MK. Lung cancer immunotherapy: progress, pitfalls, and promises. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:40. [PMID: 36810079 PMCID: PMC9942077 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 259.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Medical management is often associated with the development of treatment resistance leading to relapse. Immunotherapy is profoundly altering the approach to cancer treatment owing to its tolerable safety profile, sustained therapeutic response due to immunological memory generation, and effectiveness across a broad patient population. Different tumor-specific vaccination strategies are gaining ground in the treatment of lung cancer. Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy (CAR T, TCR, TIL), the associated clinical trials on lung cancer, and associated hurdles are discussed in this review. Recent trials on lung cancer patients (without a targetable oncogenic driver alteration) reveal significant and sustained responses when treated with programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that a loss of effective anti-tumor immunity is associated with lung tumor evolution. Therapeutic cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can achieve better therapeutic effects. To this end, the present article encompasses a detailed overview of the recent developments in the immunotherapeutic landscape in targeting small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, the review also explores the implication of nanomedicine in lung cancer immunotherapy as well as the combinatorial application of traditional therapy along with immunotherapy regimens. Finally, ongoing clinical trials, significant obstacles, and the future outlook of this treatment strategy are also highlighted to boost further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritraa Lahiri
- grid.417960.d0000 0004 0614 7855Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Avik Maji
- grid.416241.4Department of Radiation Oncology, N. R. S. Medical College & Hospital, 138 A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata, 700014 India
| | - Pravin D. Potdar
- grid.414939.20000 0004 1766 8488Department of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, 400026 India
| | - Navneet Singh
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Purvish Parikh
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302022 India ,grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012 India
| | - Bharti Bisht
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Anubhab Mukherjee
- Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd, 4BA, 4Th Floor, B Wing, Gundecha Onclave, Khairani Road, Sakinaka, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400072, India.
| | - Manash K. Paul
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.411639.80000 0001 0571 5193Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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13
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Mei H, Hari P, Hu Y. Exercise "CALM" and make CAR-T therapy work better. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1925-1928. [PMID: 36546195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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14
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Kankeu Fonkoua LA, Sirpilla O, Sakemura R, Siegler EL, Kenderian SS. CAR T cell therapy and the tumor microenvironment: Current challenges and opportunities. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:69-77. [PMID: 35434273 PMCID: PMC8980704 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable outcomes in individuals with hematological malignancies, but its success has been hindered by barriers intrinsic to the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly for solid tumors, where it has yet to make its mark. In this article, we provide an updated review and future perspectives on features of the TME that represent barriers to CART cell therapy efficacy, including competition for metabolic fuels, physical barriers to infiltration, and immunosuppressive factors. We then discuss novel and promising strategies to overcome these obstacles that are in preclinical development or under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. Kankeu Fonkoua
- T Cell Engineering Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Olivia Sirpilla
- T Cell Engineering Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Reona Sakemura
- T Cell Engineering Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Siegler
- T Cell Engineering Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Saad S. Kenderian
- T Cell Engineering Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Hussain A. Therapeutic applications of engineered chimeric antigen receptors-T cell for cancer therapy. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Findings of new targeted treatments with adequate safety evaluations are essential for better cancer cures and mortality rates. Immunotherapy holds promise for patients with relapsed disease, with the ability to elicit long-term remissions. Emerging promising clinical results in B-cell malignancy using gene-altered T-lymphocytes uttering chimeric antigen receptors have sparked a lot of interest. This treatment could open the path for a major difference in the way we treat tumors that are resistant or recurring.
Main body
Genetically altered T cells used to produce tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors are resurrected fields of adoptive cell therapy by demonstrating remarkable success in the treatment of malignant tumors. Because of the molecular complexity of chimeric antigen receptors-T cells, a variety of engineering approaches to improve safety and effectiveness are necessary to realize larger therapeutic uses. In this study, we investigate new strategies for enhancing chimeric antigen receptors-T cell therapy by altering chimeric antigen receptors proteins, T lymphocytes, and their relations with another solid tumor microenvironment (TME) aspects. Furthermore, examine the potential region of chimeric antigen receptors-T cells therapy to become a most effective treatment modality, taking into account the basic and clinical and practical aspect.
Short conclusions
Chimeric antigen receptors-T cells have shown promise in the therapy of hematological cancers. Recent advancements in protein and cell editing, as well as genome-editing technologies, have paved the way for multilayered T cell therapy techniques that can address numerous important demands. At around the same time, there is crosstalk between various intended aspects within the chimeric antigen receptors-T cell diverse biological complexity and possibilities. These breakthroughs substantially improve the ability to comprehend these complex interactions in future solid tumor chimeric antigen receptor-T cell treatment and open up new treatment options for patients that are currently incurable.
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16
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Zhang PF, Wang C, Zhang L, Li Q. Reversing chemokine/chemokine receptor mismatch to enhance the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cells. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:459-473. [PMID: 35232284 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the antitumor efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in solid tumors is modest. Both chemokines and their receptors play a key role in the proliferation of cancer cells, tumor angiogenesis, organ-selective metastasis and migration of immune cells to solid tumors. Unfortunately, frequent chemokine/chemokine receptor 'mismatch' between effector cells and the tumor microenvironment results in inefficient T-cell infiltration and antitumor efficacy. Thus, reversing the 'mismatch' of chemokines and chemokine receptors appears to be a promising method for promoting T-cell infiltration into the tumor and enhancing their antitumor efficacy. In this review, we discuss functions of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis in cancer immunity and the current understanding, challenges and prospects for improving the effect of chimeric antigen receptor T cells by reversing the mismatch between chemokines and chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases & Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases & Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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17
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Wu Y, Huang Z, Harrison R, Liu L, Zhu L, Situ Y, Wang Y. Engineering CAR T cells for enhanced efficacy and safety. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:011502. [PMID: 35071966 PMCID: PMC8769768 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its success in treating hematologic malignancies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy faces two major challenges which hinder its broader applications: the limited effectiveness against solid tumors and the nonspecific toxicities. To address these concerns, researchers have used synthetic biology approaches to develop optimization strategies. In this review, we discuss recent improvements on the CAR and other non-CAR molecules aimed to enhance CAR T cell efficacy and safety. We also highlight the development of different types of inducible CAR T cells that can be controlled by environmental cues and/or external stimuli. These advancements are bringing CAR T therapy one step closer to safer and wider applications, especially for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Wu
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ziliang Huang
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Reed Harrison
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Longwei Liu
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Linshan Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yinglin Situ
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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18
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Ghahri-Saremi N, Akbari B, Soltantoyeh T, Hadjati J, Ghassemi S, Mirzaei HR. Genetic Modification of Cytokine Signaling to Enhance Efficacy of CAR T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738456. [PMID: 34721401 PMCID: PMC8552010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown unprecedented success in treating advanced hematological malignancies. Its effectiveness in solid tumors has been limited due to heterogeneous antigen expression, a suppressive tumor microenvironment, suboptimal trafficking to the tumor site and poor CAR T cell persistence. Several approaches have been developed to overcome these obstacles through various strategies including the genetic engineering of CAR T cells to blunt the signaling of immune inhibitory receptors as well as to modulate signaling of cytokine/chemokine molecules and their receptors. In this review we offer our perspective on how genetically modifying cytokine/chemokine molecules and their receptors can improve CAR T cell qualities such as functionality, persistence (e.g. resistance to pro-apoptotic signals) and infiltration into tumor sites. Understanding how such modifications can overcome barriers to CAR T cell effectiveness will undoubtedly enhance the potential of CAR T cells against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Ghahri-Saremi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soltantoyeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Ghassemi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Li G, Guo J, Zheng Y, Ding W, Han Z, Qin L, Mo W, Luo M. CXCR5 guides migration and tumor eradication of anti-EGFR chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:507-517. [PMID: 34553036 PMCID: PMC8433065 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T is still not optimal for solid tumors, partly due to the lack of T cell infiltration to the tumor site. One promising strategy is to guide T cells through tumor-specific chemokines, provided that the matching chemokine receptors are expressed on T cells. Previous reports showed that, for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, the tumor sites express high levels of chemokine CXCL13, whereas CXCR5, the only receptor for CXCL13, is mainly expressed on B cells and follicle helper T cells. Therefore, we engineered an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) CAR-T cell to express a second receptor CXCR5, to facilitate migration of CAR-T cells to the CXCL13-expressing NSCLC tumors, and to minimize EGFR-CAR-T possible off-tumor, on-target toxicity. We first confirmed CXCL13 expression in NSCLC patient blood and cancer tissues and the absence of CXCR5 expression in normal CD3 T cells. Next, we demonstrated that EGFR-CXCR5-CAR-T cells have similar killing activity as EGFR-CAR-T with a cytotoxicity assay in vitro. Furthermore, the in vitro Transwell assay and in vivo xenograft tumor mouse model were used to confirm that EGFR-CXCR5-CAR-T exhibits a significant increase in T cell infiltration to CXCL13-expressing tumors and eradicates the CXCL13-expressing tumors more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Li
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jintao Guo
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheping Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingyu Qin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjun Mo
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Luo
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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20
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Zhong C, Chen J. CAR-T cell engineering with CCR6 exhibits superior anti-solid tumor efficacy. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:755-756. [PMID: 36654130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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